Cardiorespiratory, endocrine and metabolic changes in ponies undergoing intravenous or inhalation anaesthesia.
Abstract: Six Welsh gelding ponies (weight 246 +/- 6 kg) were premedicated with 0.03 mg/kg of acepromazine intravenously (i.v.) followed by 0.02 mg/kg of detomidine i.v. Anaesthesia was induced with 2 mg/kg of ketamine i.v. Ponies were intubated and lay in left lateral recumbency. On one occasion anaesthesia was maintained for 2 h using 1.2% halothane in oxygen. The same group of ponies were anaesthetized 1 month later using the same induction regime and anaesthesia was maintained with a combination of detomidine, ketamine and guaiphenesin, while the ponies breathed oxygen-enriched air. Electrocardiogram, heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, respiratory rate, blood gases, temperature, haematocrit, glucose, lactate and cortisol were measured and cardiac index and systemic vascular resistance were calculated in both groups. Beta-endorphin, met-enkephalin, dynorphin, arginine vasopressin (AVP), adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and catecholamines were measured in the halothane anaesthesia group only and 11-deoxycortisol during total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) only. Cardiorespiratory depression was more marked during halothane anaesthesia. Hyperglycaemia developed in both groups. Lactate and AVP increased during halothane anaesthesia. Cortisol increased during halothane and decreased during TIVA. There were no changes in the other hormones during anaesthesia. Recovery was smooth in both groups. TIVA produced better cardiorespiratory performance and suppressed the endocrine stress response observed during halothane anaesthesia.
Publication Date: 1996-08-01 PubMed ID: 8866452DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.1996.tb00046.xGoogle Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
Summary
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The study investigates the differences in cardiorespiratory, hormonal, and metabolic responses in ponies anaesthetized either by inhalation or intravenous methods. It concludes that total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) resulted in better cardiorespiratory performance and lesser endocrine stress compared to halothane inhalation anaesthesia.
Study Design and Procedure
- The experiment involved six Welsh gelding ponies. They were given premedications and anesthetized either through the injection of a combination of substances or by inhalation of halothane in oxygen.
- The same ponies were anesthetized one month later, but this time using total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) while they breathed oxygen-rich air.
Data Collection
- During these two processes, various physical and internal metrics were tracked and examined. These included factors like heart rate, arterial blood pressure, respiratory rate, blood gases, temperature, glucose and cortisol levels, etc.
- The effects of halothane anesthesia were specifically explored with respect to the assessment of beta-endorphin, met-enkephalin, dynorphin, arginine vasopressin (AVP), and catecholamines. In contrast, 11-deoxycortisol was measured during TIVA only.
Findings and Conclusions
- It was found that the inhalation of halothane led to more considerable cardiorespiratory depression compared to TIVA.
- Increased levels of glucose (hyperglycaemia) were seen in both groups. However, lactate and AVP increased only during halothane anaesthesia. Cortisol, a stress hormone, increased during halothane anaesthesia but decreased during TIVA.
- There were no significant changes in the other hormones during anaesthesia. Recovery in both cases was smooth, indicating both methods to be viable.
- This study concludes that TIVA was more effective by providing superior cardiorespiratory performance and reducing the endocrine stress response seen during halothane anesthesia.
Cite This Article
APA
Luna SP, Taylor PM, Wheeler MJ.
(1996).
Cardiorespiratory, endocrine and metabolic changes in ponies undergoing intravenous or inhalation anaesthesia.
J Vet Pharmacol Ther, 19(4), 251-258.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2885.1996.tb00046.x Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, UK.
MeSH Terms
- Acepromazine / administration & dosage
- Acepromazine / adverse effects
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / blood
- Analgesics / administration & dosage
- Analgesics / adverse effects
- Analysis of Variance
- Anesthesia, Inhalation / adverse effects
- Anesthesia, Inhalation / veterinary
- Anesthesia, Intravenous / adverse effects
- Anesthesia, Intravenous / veterinary
- Anesthetics, Dissociative / administration & dosage
- Anesthetics, Dissociative / adverse effects
- Animals
- Arginine Vasopressin / blood
- Blood Gas Analysis / veterinary
- Blood Glucose / metabolism
- Blood Pressure / drug effects
- Body Temperature
- Cardiac Output / drug effects
- Catecholamines / blood
- Dopamine Antagonists / administration & dosage
- Dopamine Antagonists / adverse effects
- Electrocardiography / drug effects
- Electrocardiography / veterinary
- Endorphins / blood
- Halothane / administration & dosage
- Halothane / adverse effects
- Heart Rate / drug effects
- Hematocrit
- Horses / metabolism
- Hydrocortisone / blood
- Imidazoles / administration & dosage
- Imidazoles / adverse effects
- Ketamine / administration & dosage
- Ketamine / adverse effects
- Lactic Acid / blood
Citations
This article has been cited 7 times.- Moreno-Martinez F, Byrne D, Raisis A, Waldmann AD, Hosgood G, Mosing M. Comparison of Effects of an Endotracheal Tube or Facemask on Breathing Pattern and Distribution of Ventilation in Anesthetized Horses. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:895268.
- Gozalo-Marcilla M, Ringer SK. Recovery after General Anaesthesia in Adult Horses: A Structured Summary of the Literature. Animals (Basel) 2021 Jun 14;11(6).
- Umar MA, Fukui S, Kawase K, Itami T, Yamashita K. Cardiovascular effects of total intravenous anesthesia using ketamine-medetomidine-propofol (KMP-TIVA) in horses undergoing surgery. J Vet Med Sci 2015 Mar;77(3):281-8.
- Nóbrega Neto PI, Luna SP, Queiroz-Williams P, Mama KR, Steffey EP, Carregaro AB. Cardiorespiratory and antinociceptive effects of two different doses of lidocaine administered to horses during a constant intravenous infusion of xylazine and ketamine. BMC Vet Res 2013 Oct 9;9:199.
- Hart KA, Barton MH. Adrenocortical insufficiency in horses and foals. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2011 Apr;27(1):19-34.
- Edner AH, Nyman GC, Essén-Gustavsson B. Metabolism before, during and after anaesthesia in colic and healthy horses. Acta Vet Scand 2007 Nov 15;49(1):34.
- Marntell S, Nyman G, Funkquist P. Dissociative anaesthesia during field and hospital conditions for castration of colts. Acta Vet Scand 2006;47(1):1-11.
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