FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Veterinary research2017; 48(1); 14; doi: 10.1186/s13567-017-0419-4

CCL2 and CCL5 driven attraction of CD172a+ monocytic cells during an equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) infection in equine nasal mucosa and the impact of two migration inhibitors, rosiglitazone (RSG) and quinacrine (QC).

Abstract: Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) causes respiratory disease, abortion and neurological disorders in horses. Besides epithelial cells, CD172a monocytic cells become infected with EHV-1 in the respiratory mucosa and transport the virus from the apical side of the epithelium to the lamina propria en route to the lymph and blood circulation. Whether CD172a monocytic cells are specifically recruited to the infection sites in order to pick up virus is unknown. In our study, equine nasal mucosa explants were inoculated with EHV-1 neurological strains 03P37 and 95P105 or the non-neurological strains 97P70 and 94P247 and the migration of monocytic cells was examined by immunofluorescence. Further, the role of monokines CCL2 and CCL5 was determined and the effect of migration inhibitors rosiglitazone (RSG) or quinacrine was analyzed. It was shown that with neurological strains but not with the non-neurological strains, CD172a cells specifically migrated towards EHV-1 infected regions and that CCL2 and CCL5 were involved. CCL2 started to be expressed in infected epithelial cells at 24 h post-incubation (hpi) and CCL5 at 48 hpi, which corresponded with the CD172a migration. RSG treatment of EHV-1-inoculated equine nasal mucosa had no effect on the virus replication in the epithelium, but decreased the migration of CD172a cells in the lamina propria. Overall, these findings bring new insights in the early pathogenesis of EHV-1 infections, illustrate differences between neurological and non-neurological strains and show the way for EHV-1 treatment.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2017-02-27 PubMed ID: 28241864PubMed Central: PMC5327560DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0419-4Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research focused on understanding how a type of horse herpes virus (EHV-1) interacts with certain cells in the horse’s respiratory system and how two drugs might affect this interaction. The researchers observed differences between neurological and non-neurological strains of the virus and suggest their findings may provide new insights for treating EHV-1 infections.

Research Objective and Methodology

  • The researchers aimed to understand whether specific monocytic cells, known as CD172a cells, are purposely attracted to infection areas to collect the EHV-1 virus in horses.
  • Equine nasal mucosa explants were infected with both neurological (03P37 and 95P105) and non-neurological (97P70 and 94P247) strains of EHV-1. The researchers then examined the migration patterns of CD172a cells.
  • In addition, they evaluated the roles of monokines CCL2 and CCL5, two substances assumed to play a role in cell migration. They also examined how migration inhibitors rosiglitazone (RSG) and quinacrine (QC) influence these processes.

Findings and Interpretations

  • With neurological strains of EHV-1, but not the non-neurological strains, CD172a cells migrated towards EHV-1 infected areas. This suggests a selectively reactive response from CD172a cells towards distinct EHV-1 strains.
  • Monokines CCL2 and CCL5 were implicated in this process. CCL2 began to be expressed in infected epithelial cells 24 hours after exposure to the virus, and CCL5 at 48 hours. This time frame aligns with when the CD172a cell migration occurred, suggesting a relationship between them.
  • RSG, when introduced to the EHV-1 infected equine nasal mucosa, did not influence virus replication in the epithelium. However, the application of RSG did reduce the migration of CD172a cells in the part of the mucosa underneath the epithelium.

Conclusion and Potential Implications

  • The study’s findings provided new information about the early stages of EHV-1 infections, demonstrating differences between neurological and non-neurological virus strains.
  • The way CD172a cells interact with the EHV-1 virus and how this interaction is influenced by CCL2 and CCL5 may influence future research on disease spread and containment strategies.
  • The observed effect of RSG on CD172a cell migration could have implications for developing treatments for EHV-1 infections, though it is important to note that the study did not find an effect of RSG on viral replication.

Cite This Article

APA
Zhao J, Poelaert KCK, Van Cleemput J, Nauwynck HJ. (2017). CCL2 and CCL5 driven attraction of CD172a+ monocytic cells during an equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) infection in equine nasal mucosa and the impact of two migration inhibitors, rosiglitazone (RSG) and quinacrine (QC). Vet Res, 48(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-017-0419-4

Publication

Veterinary research
ISSN: 1297-9716
NlmUniqueID: 9309551
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 48
Issue: 1
Pages: 14
PII: 14

Researcher Affiliations

Zhao, Jing
  • Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
Poelaert, Katrien C K
  • Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
Van Cleemput, Jolien
  • Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
Nauwynck, Hans J
  • Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium. Hans.Nauwynck@UGent.be.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Cell Movement / drug effects
  • Chemokine CCL2 / physiology
  • Chemokine CCL5 / physiology
  • Fluorescent Antibody Technique / veterinary
  • Herpesviridae Infections / immunology
  • Herpesviridae Infections / veterinary
  • Herpesviridae Infections / virology
  • Herpesvirus 1, Equid
  • Horse Diseases / immunology
  • Horse Diseases / virology
  • Horses / virology
  • Monocytes / drug effects
  • Monocytes / physiology
  • Nasal Mucosa / immunology
  • Nasal Mucosa / virology
  • Quinacrine / pharmacology
  • Receptors, Immunologic / physiology
  • Rosiglitazone
  • Thiazolidinediones / pharmacology

References

This article includes 43 references
  1. Telford EA, Watson MS, McBride K, Davison AJ. The DNA sequence of equine herpesvirus-1.. Virology 1992 Jul;189(1):304-16.
    doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(92)90706-Upubmed: 1318606google scholar: lookup
  2. Glorieux S, Favoreel HW, Steukers L, Vandekerckhove AP, Nauwynck HJ. A trypsin-like serine protease is involved in pseudorabies virus invasion through the basement membrane barrier of porcine nasal respiratory mucosa.. Vet Res 2011 Apr 14;42(1):58.
    doi: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-58pmc: PMC3089791pubmed: 21492440google scholar: lookup
  3. Glorieux S, Bachert C, Favoreel HW, Vandekerckhove AP, Steukers L, Rekecki A, Van den Broeck W, Goossens J, Croubels S, Clayton RF, Nauwynck HJ. Herpes simplex virus type 1 penetrates the basement membrane in human nasal respiratory mucosa.. PLoS One 2011;6(7):e22160.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022160pmc: PMC3137608pubmed: 21789229google scholar: lookup
  4. Steukers L, Vandekerckhove AP, Van den Broeck W, Glorieux S, Nauwynck HJ. Kinetics of BoHV-1 dissemination in an in vitro culture of bovine upper respiratory tract mucosa explants.. ILAR J 2012;53(1):E43-54.
    doi: 10.1093/ilar.53.1.43pubmed: 23382270google scholar: lookup
  5. Vandekerckhove AP, Glorieux S, Gryspeerdt AC, Steukers L, Duchateau L, Osterrieder N, Van de Walle GR, Nauwynck HJ. Replication kinetics of neurovirulent versus non-neurovirulent equine herpesvirus type 1 strains in equine nasal mucosal explants.. J Gen Virol 2010 Aug;91(Pt 8):2019-2028.
    doi: 10.1099/vir.0.019257-0pubmed: 20427565google scholar: lookup
  6. Laval K, Favoreel HW, Poelaert KC, Van Cleemput J, Nauwynck HJ. Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 Enhances Viral Replication in CD172a+ Monocytic Cells upon Adhesion to Endothelial Cells.. J Virol 2015 Nov;89(21):10912-23.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.01589-15pmc: PMC4621108pubmed: 26292328google scholar: lookup
  7. Bannazadeh Baghi H, Nauwynck HJ. Effect of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) infection of nasal mucosa epithelial cells on integrin alpha 6 and on different components of the basement membrane.. Arch Virol 2016 Jan;161(1):103-10.
    doi: 10.1007/s00705-015-2643-4pubmed: 26497179google scholar: lookup
  8. Lunn DP, Davis-Poynter N, Flaminio MJ, Horohov DW, Osterrieder K, Pusterla N, Townsend HG. Equine herpesvirus-1 consensus statement.. J Vet Intern Med 2009 May-Jun;23(3):450-61.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0304.xpubmed: 19645832google scholar: lookup
  9. Pusterla N, David Wilson W, Madigan JE, Ferraro GL. Equine herpesvirus-1 myeloencephalopathy: a review of recent developments.. Vet J 2009 Jun;180(3):279-89.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.08.004pubmed: 18805030google scholar: lookup
  10. Nugent J, Birch-Machin I, Smith KC, Mumford JA, Swann Z, Newton JR, Bowden RJ, Allen GP, Davis-Poynter N. Analysis of equid herpesvirus 1 strain variation reveals a point mutation of the DNA polymerase strongly associated with neuropathogenic versus nonneuropathogenic disease outbreaks.. J Virol 2006 Apr;80(8):4047-60.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.80.8.4047-4060.2006pmc: PMC1440451pubmed: 16571821google scholar: lookup
  11. Baghi HB, Nauwynck HJ. Impact of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) infection on the migration of monocytic cells through equine nasal mucosa.. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2014 Dec;37(5-6):321-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cimid.2014.09.004pubmed: 25456193google scholar: lookup
  12. Vareille M, Kieninger E, Edwards MR, Regamey N. The airway epithelium: soldier in the fight against respiratory viruses.. Clin Microbiol Rev 2011 Jan;24(1):210-29.
    doi: 10.1128/CMR.00014-10pmc: PMC3021210pubmed: 21233513google scholar: lookup
  13. Rudraraju R, Sealy RE, Surman SL, Thomas PG, Dayton BH, Hurwitz JL. Non-random lymphocyte distribution among virus-infected cells of the respiratory tract.. Viral Immunol 2013 Dec;26(6):378-84.
    doi: 10.1089/vim.2013.0033pmc: PMC3868404pubmed: 24328934google scholar: lookup
  14. Herold S, von Wulffen W, Steinmueller M, Pleschka S, Kuziel WA, Mack M, Srivastava M, Seeger W, Maus UA, Lohmeyer J. Alveolar epithelial cells direct monocyte transepithelial migration upon influenza virus infection: impact of chemokines and adhesion molecules.. J Immunol 2006 Aug 1;177(3):1817-24.
    doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.3.1817pubmed: 16849492google scholar: lookup
  15. Wimer CL, Damiani A, Osterrieder N, Wagner B. Equine herpesvirus type-1 modulates CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, CXCL9, and CXCL10 chemokine expression.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011 Apr 15;140(3-4):266-74.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.01.009pubmed: 21349590google scholar: lookup
  16. Wuest TR, Carr DJ. The role of chemokines during herpes simplex virus-1 infection.. Front Biosci 2008 May 1;13:4862-72.
    doi: 10.2741/3045pmc: PMC2430744pubmed: 18508551google scholar: lookup
  17. Rebenko-Moll NM, Liu L, Cardona A, Ransohoff RM. Chemokines, mononuclear cells and the nervous system: heaven (or hell) is in the details.. Curr Opin Immunol 2006 Dec;18(6):683-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2006.09.005pubmed: 17010588google scholar: lookup
  18. Carr DJ, Tomanek L. Herpes simplex virus and the chemokines that mediate the inflammation.. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2006;303:47-65.
    pmc: PMC4076168pubmed: 16570856doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-33397-5_3google scholar: lookup
  19. Wuest T, Farber J, Luster A, Carr DJ. CD4+ T cell migration into the cornea is reduced in CXCL9 deficient but not CXCL10 deficient mice following herpes simplex virus type 1 infection.. Cell Immunol 2006 Oct;243(2):83-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2007.01.001pmc: PMC1839954pubmed: 17296171google scholar: lookup
  20. Van de Walle GR, May ML, Sukhumavasi W, von Einem J, Osterrieder N. Herpesvirus chemokine-binding glycoprotein G (gG) efficiently inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis in vitro and in vivo.. J Immunol 2007 Sep 15;179(6):4161-9.
    doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.6.4161pubmed: 17785855google scholar: lookup
  21. Bażanów B, Jackulak N, Frącka A, Staroniewicz Z. Abortogenic viruses in horses. Equine Vet Educ 2014;26:48–55.
    doi: 10.1111/eve.12084google scholar: lookup
  22. Baghi HB, Laval K, Favoreel H, Nauwynck HJ. Isolation and characterization of equine nasal mucosal CD172a + cells.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014 Feb 15;157(3-4):155-63.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.12.001pubmed: 24370377google scholar: lookup
  23. Angeli V, Hammad H, Staels B, Capron M, Lambrecht BN, Trottein F. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma inhibits the migration of dendritic cells: consequences for the immune response.. J Immunol 2003 May 15;170(10):5295-301.
    doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.10.5295pubmed: 12734379google scholar: lookup
  24. Gorbachev AV, Gasparian AV, Gurova KV, Gudkov AV, Fairchild RL. Quinacrine inhibits the epidermal dendritic cell migration initiating T cell-mediated skin inflammation.. Eur J Immunol 2007 Aug;37(8):2257-67.
    doi: 10.1002/eji.200636708pubmed: 17634953google scholar: lookup
  25. Garré B, Gryspeerdt A, Croubels S, De Backer P, Nauwynck H. Evaluation of orally administered valacyclovir in experimentally EHV1-infected ponies.. Vet Microbiol 2009 Mar 30;135(3-4):214-21.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.09.062pubmed: 18986780google scholar: lookup
  26. Van der Meulen K, Vercauteren G, Nauwynck H, Pensaert M. A local epidemic of equine herpesvirus 1-induced neurological. Vlaams Diergeneeskd Tijdschr 2003;72:366–372.
  27. van Der Meulen KM, Nauwynck HJ, Bí¶®rt W, Pensaert MB. Replication of equine herpesvirus type 1 in freshly isolated equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells and changes in susceptibility following mitogen stimulation.. J Gen Virol 2000 Jan;81(Pt 1):21-5.
    doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-81-1-21pubmed: 10640538google scholar: lookup
  28. Vairo S, Van den Broeck W, Favoreel H, Scagliarini A, Nauwynck H. Development and use of a polarized equine upper respiratory tract mucosal explant system to study the early phase of pathogenesis of a European strain of equine arteritis virus.. Vet Res 2013 Mar 28;44(1):22.
    doi: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-22pmc: PMC3668984pubmed: 23537375google scholar: lookup
  29. Nauwynck HJ, Pensaert MB. Effect of specific antibodies on the cell-associated spread of pseudorabies virus in monolayers of different cell types.. Arch Virol 1995;140(6):1137-46.
    doi: 10.1007/BF01315422pubmed: 7611884google scholar: lookup
  30. Rosseau S, Selhorst J, Wiechmann K, Leissner K, Maus U, Mayer K, Grimminger F, Seeger W, Lohmeyer J. Monocyte migration through the alveolar epithelial barrier: adhesion molecule mechanisms and impact of chemokines.. J Immunol 2000 Jan 1;164(1):427-35.
    doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.1.427pubmed: 10605039google scholar: lookup
  31. Deshmane SL, Kremlev S, Amini S, Sawaya BE. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1): an overview.. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2009 Jun;29(6):313-26.
    doi: 10.1089/jir.2008.0027pmc: PMC2755091pubmed: 19441883google scholar: lookup
  32. Standiford TJ, Kunkel SL, Phan SH, Rollins BJ, Strieter RM. Alveolar macrophage-derived cytokines induce monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression from human pulmonary type II-like epithelial cells.. J Biol Chem 1991 May 25;266(15):9912-8.
    pubmed: 2033076
  33. Vilela MC, Mansur DS, Lacerda-Queiroz N, Rodrigues DH, Lima GK, Arantes RM, Kroon EG, da Silva Campos MA, Teixeira MM, Teixeira AL. The chemokine CCL5 is essential for leukocyte recruitment in a model of severe Herpes simplex encephalitis.. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009 Feb;1153:256-63.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2008.03959.xpubmed: 19236348google scholar: lookup
  34. Perkins GA, Goodman LB, Tsujimura K, Van de Walle GR, Kim SG, Dubovi EJ, Osterrieder N. Investigation of the prevalence of neurologic equine herpes virus type 1 (EHV-1) in a 23-year retrospective analysis (1984-2007).. Vet Microbiol 2009 Nov 18;139(3-4):375-8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.06.033pubmed: 19615831google scholar: lookup
  35. Liu S, Knafels JD, Chang JS, Waszak GA, Baldwin ET, Deibel MR Jr, Thomsen DR, Homa FL, Wells PA, Tory MC, Poorman RA, Gao H, Qiu X, Seddon AP. Crystal structure of the herpes simplex virus 1 DNA polymerase.. J Biol Chem 2006 Jun 30;281(26):18193-200.
    doi: 10.1074/jbc.M602414200pubmed: 16638752google scholar: lookup
  36. Laval K, Favoreel HW, Nauwynck HJ. Equine herpesvirus type 1 replication is delayed in CD172a+ monocytic cells and controlled by histone deacetylases.. J Gen Virol 2015 Jan;96(Pt 1):118-130.
    doi: 10.1099/vir.0.067363-0pubmed: 25239765google scholar: lookup
  37. Gryspeerdt AC, Vandekerckhove AP, Baghi HB, Van de Walle GR, Nauwynck HJ. Expression of late viral proteins is restricted in nasal mucosal leucocytes but not in epithelial cells during early-stage equine herpes virus-1 infection.. Vet J 2012 Aug;193(2):576-8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.01.022pubmed: 22425309google scholar: lookup
  38. Naing Z, Webel R, Hamilton S, Schmeiser C, Scott G, Marschall M, Rawlinson W. Stimulatory effects of human cytomegalovirus tegument protein pp71 lead to increased expression of CCL2 (monocyte chemotactic protein-1) during infection.. J Gen Virol 2015 Jul;96(Pt 7):1855-62.
    doi: 10.1099/vir.0.000101pubmed: 25711967google scholar: lookup
  39. Choi YB, Nicholas J. Induction of angiogenic chemokine CCL2 by human herpesvirus 8 chemokine receptor.. Virology 2010 Feb 20;397(2):369-78.
    doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.11.024pmc: PMC3024549pubmed: 20004457google scholar: lookup
  40. Caselli E, Benedetti S, Grigolato J, Caruso A, Di Luca D. Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) is upregulated by human herpesvirus 8 infection, increases virus replication and promotes proangiogenic properties.. Arch Virol 2012 Jan;157(1):63-74.
    doi: 10.1007/s00705-011-1144-3pubmed: 22016052google scholar: lookup
  41. Smith PM, Kahan SM, Rorex CB, von Einem J, Osterrieder N, O'Callaghan DJ. Expression of the full-length form of gp2 of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) completely restores respiratory virulence to the attenuated EHV-1 strain KyA in CBA mice.. J Virol 2005 Apr;79(8):5105-15.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.79.8.5105-5115.2005pmc: PMC1069573pubmed: 15795295google scholar: lookup
  42. Kintscher U, Goetze S, Wakino S, Kim S, Nagpal S, Chandraratna RA, Graf K, Fleck E, Hsueh WA, Law RE. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor and retinoid X receptor ligands inhibit monocyte chemotactic protein-1-directed migration of monocytes.. Eur J Pharmacol 2000 Aug 11;401(3):259-70.
    doi: 10.1016/S0014-2999(00)00461-1pubmed: 10936484google scholar: lookup
  43. Holt PG, Haining S, Nelson DJ, Sedgwick JD. Origin and steady-state turnover of class II MHC-bearing dendritic cells in the epithelium of the conducting airways.. J Immunol 1994 Jul 1;153(1):256-61.
    pubmed: 8207240

Citations

This article has been cited 11 times.
  1. Zarski LM, Vaala WE, Barnett DC, Bain FT, Soboll Hussey G. A Live-Attenuated Equine Influenza Vaccine Stimulates Innate Immunity in Equine Respiratory Epithelial Cell Cultures That Could Provide Protection From Equine Herpesvirus 1. Front Vet Sci 2021;8:674850.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.674850pubmed: 34179166google scholar: lookup
  2. Laval K, Poelaert KCK, Van Cleemput J, Zhao J, Vandekerckhove AP, Gryspeerdt AC, Garré B, van der Meulen K, Baghi HB, Dubale HN, Zarak I, Van Crombrugge E, Nauwynck HJ. The Pathogenesis and Immune Evasive Mechanisms of Equine Herpesvirus Type 1. Front Microbiol 2021;12:662686.
    doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.662686pubmed: 33746936google scholar: lookup
  3. Pavulraj S, Kamel M, Stephanowitz H, Liu F, Plendl J, Osterrieder N, Azab W. Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 Modulates Cytokine and Chemokine Profiles of Mononuclear Cells for Efficient Dissemination to Target Organs. Viruses 2020 Sep 8;12(9).
    doi: 10.3390/v12090999pubmed: 32911663google scholar: lookup
  4. Poelaert KCK, Van Cleemput J, Laval K, Favoreel HW, Couck L, Van den Broeck W, Azab W, Nauwynck HJ. Equine Herpesvirus 1 Bridles T Lymphocytes To Reach Its Target Organs. J Virol 2019 Apr 1;93(7).
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.02098-18pubmed: 30651370google scholar: lookup
  5. Poelaert KCK, Van Cleemput J, Laval K, Favoreel HW, Soboll Hussey G, Maes RK, Nauwynck HJ. Abortigenic but Not Neurotropic Equine Herpes Virus 1 Modulates the Interferon Antiviral Defense. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018;8:312.
    doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00312pubmed: 30258819google scholar: lookup
  6. Wang H, Zhang C, Li M, Zhao W, Wang J, Ran Y, Yang X, Deng Z, Chen J, Li H. Human cytomegalovirus UL23 inhibits immune cell migration and blocks antiviral immune cell responses by reducing the expression of chemokines CCL2 and CCL5. Virulence 2025 Dec;16(1):2500493.
    doi: 10.1080/21505594.2025.2500493pubmed: 40521898google scholar: lookup
  7. Weldearegay YB, Brogaard L, Rautenschlein S, Meens J, Valentin-Weigand P, Schaaf D. Primary cell culture systems to investigate host-pathogen interactions in bacterial respiratory tract infections of livestock. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2025;15:1565513.
    doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2025.1565513pubmed: 40415959google scholar: lookup
  8. Mohamed E, Zarak I, Vereecke N, Theuns S, Laval K, Nauwynck H. Genomic analysis and replication kinetics of the closely related EHV-1 neuropathogenic 21P40 and abortigenic 97P70 strains. Vet Res 2025 Jan 13;56(1):12.
    doi: 10.1186/s13567-024-01434-3pubmed: 39806433google scholar: lookup
  9. Holmes CM, Wagner B. Characterization of Nasal Mucosal T Cells in Horses and Their Response to Equine Herpesvirus Type 1. Viruses 2024 Sep 25;16(10).
    doi: 10.3390/v16101514pubmed: 39459849google scholar: lookup
  10. Holmes CM, Babasyan S, Eady N, Schnabel CL, Wagner B. Immune horses rapidly increase antileukoproteinase and lack type I interferon secretion during mucosal innate immune responses against equine herpesvirus type 1. Microbiol Spectr 2024 Oct 3;12(10):e0109224.
    doi: 10.1128/spectrum.01092-24pubmed: 39162558google scholar: lookup
  11. Giessler KS, Goehring LS, Jacob SI, Davis A, Esser MM, Lee Y, Zarski LM, Weber PSD, Hussey GS. Impact of the host immune response on the development of equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy in horses. J Gen Virol 2024 May;105(5).
    doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.001987pubmed: 38767608google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,727 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.