FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2023; 13(13); doi: 10.3390/ani13132201

Central and Peripheral Fatigue Evaluation during Physical Exercise in Athletic Horses by Means of Raman Spectroscopy.

Abstract: The evaluation of the performance levels in athletic horses is of major importance to prevent sports injuries. Raman spectroscopy is an innovative technique that allows for a rapid evaluation of biomolecules in biological fluids. It also permits qualitative and quantitative sample analyses, which lead to the simultaneous determination of the components of the examined biological fluids. On the basis of this, the Raman spectroscopy technique was applied on serum samples collected from five Italian Saddle horses subjected to a standardized obstacle course preceded by a warm-up to evaluate the applicability of this technique for the assessment of central and peripheral fatigue in athletic horses. Blood samples were collected via jugular venipuncture in a vacutainer tube with a clot activator before exercise, immediately after exercise, and 30 min and 1 h after the end of the obstacle course. Observing the obtained Raman spectra, the major changes due to the experimental conditions appeared in the (1300-1360) cm-1 and (1385-1520) cm-1 bands. In the (1300-1360) cm-1 band, lipids and tryptophan were identified; in the (1385-1520) cm-1 band, leucine, glycine, isoleucine, lactic acid, tripeptide, adenosine, and beta carotene were identified. A significant effect of exercise was recorded on all the sub-bands. In particular, a change immediately after exercise versus before exercise was found. Moreover, the mean lactic concentration was positively correlated with the Raman area of the sub-band assigned to lactic acid. In this context, the application of Raman spectroscopy on blood serum samples represents a useful technique for secondary-structure protein identification to investigate the metabolic changes that occur in athletic horses during physical exercise.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2023-07-05 PubMed ID: 37443998PubMed Central: PMC10339962DOI: 10.3390/ani13132201Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study investigates the use of Raman spectroscopy as a method to measure central and peripheral fatigue in athletic horses. The research demonstrates that this technique can identify changes in certain biomolecules in blood samples taken before, immediately after, and at intervals following exercise, which can indicate the presence and extent of physical fatigue.

Methodology

  • Five Italian Saddle horses underwent a standard obstacle course preceded by a warm-up phase. This controlled exercise regimen ensured that fatigue developed was as a direct result of the physical activity.
  • At four different times – before exercise, immediately after exercise, 30 minutes after completing the obstacle course, and an hour after – blood samples were collected from each horse via jugular venipuncture.
  • The blood samples were then analyzed using Raman spectroscopy, an innovative technique that allows for a quick evaluation of biomolecules in biological fluids.

Raman Spectroscopy Analysis

  • The Raman spectra observed in this study focused on changes that occurred in two bands, (1300-1360) cm-1 and (1385-1520) cm-1.
  • In the (1300-1360) cm-1 band, lipids and tryptophan were identified, while leucine, glycine, isoleucine, lactic acid, tripeptide, adenosine, and beta carotene were identified in the (1385-1520) cm-1 band.
  • Significant effects of exercise were recorded on all of these biomolecules. Importantly, there were clear differences in these biomolecules immediately after exercise, compared to before exercise.

Findings and Implications

  • A positive correlation was found between the mean lactic concentration and the Raman area of the sub-band assigned to lactic acid, signaling the involvement of lactic acid in energy metabolism during physical exertion.
  • The study found that Raman spectroscopy on blood serum samples is a possible method to investigate the metabolic changes that occur in athletic horses during physical exercise. This can provide a non-invasive and quick way to assess equine performance and wellness.
  • The ability to identify and monitor these changes could offer valuable information for trainers and veterinarians, potentially aiding in the prevention of sports-related injuries in horses.

Cite This Article

APA
Acri G, Testagrossa B, Piccione G, Arfuso F, Giudice E, Giannetto C. (2023). Central and Peripheral Fatigue Evaluation during Physical Exercise in Athletic Horses by Means of Raman Spectroscopy. Animals (Basel), 13(13). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13132201

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 13
Issue: 13

Researcher Affiliations

Acri, Giuseppe
  • Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy.
Testagrossa, Barbara
  • Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy.
Piccione, Giuseppe
  • Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci n 13, 98168 Messina, Italy.
Arfuso, Francesca
  • Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci n 13, 98168 Messina, Italy.
Giudice, Elisabetta
  • Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci n 13, 98168 Messina, Italy.
Giannetto, Claudia
  • Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci n 13, 98168 Messina, Italy.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 62 references
  1. Caola G. Fisiologia Dell’esercizio Fisico Del Cavallo. 1st ed. Calderini Edagricole; Bologna, Italy: 2001.
  2. Wan JJ, Qin Z, Wang PY, Sun Y, Liu X. Muscle fatigue: general understanding and treatment.. Exp Mol Med 2017 Oct 6;49(10):e384.
    doi: 10.1038/emm.2017.194pmc: PMC5668469pubmed: 28983090google scholar: lookup
  3. Pösö AR, Hyyppa S, Geor RJ. Metabolic responses to exercise and training. Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery Saunders; London, UK: 2004. pp. 771–792.
  4. Farris JW, Hinchcliff KW, McKeever KH, Lamb DR, Thompson DL. Effect of tryptophan and of glucose on exercise capacity of horses.. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1998 Sep;85(3):807-16.
    doi: 10.1152/jappl.1998.85.3.807pubmed: 9729551google scholar: lookup
  5. Evans DL. Welfare of the Racehorse During Exercise Training and Racing. The Welfare of Horses Volume 1. Springer; Dordrecht, The Netherlands: 2007. Animal Welfare.
    doi: 10.1007/978-0-306-48215-1_8google scholar: lookup
  6. Allen KJ, van Erch-Westergren E, Franklin SH. Exercise testing in the equine athlete. Equine Vet. Educ. 2016;28:89–98.
    doi: 10.1111/eve.12410google scholar: lookup
  7. Jang H-J, Kim JW, Ryu SH, Kim YJ, Kwon O, Kim S, Kim S, Kim K-B. Metabolic profiling of antioxidant supplement with phytochemicals using plasma 1H NMR-based meta-bolomics in humans. J. Funct. Foods 2016;24:112–121.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.04.003google scholar: lookup
  8. Barding GA Jr, Salditos R, Larive CK. Quantitative NMR for bioanalysis and metabolomics.. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012 Sep;404(4):1165-79.
    doi: 10.1007/s00216-012-6188-zpubmed: 22766756google scholar: lookup
  9. van den Berg RA, Hoefsloot HC, Westerhuis JA, Smilde AK, van der Werf MJ. Centering, scaling, and transformations: improving the biological information content of metabolomics data.. BMC Genomics 2006 Jun 8;7:142.
    doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-7-142pmc: PMC1534033pubmed: 16762068google scholar: lookup
  10. Asher SA. UV resonance Raman studies of molecular structure and dynamics: applications in physical and biophysical chemistry.. Annu Rev Phys Chem 1988;39:537-88.
    doi: 10.1146/annurev.pc.39.100188.002541pubmed: 3075468google scholar: lookup
  11. Dong J, Wan Z, Popov M, Carey PR, Weiss MA. Insulin assembly damps conformational fluctuations: Raman analysis of amide I linewidths in native states and fibrils.. J Mol Biol 2003 Jul 4;330(2):431-42.
    doi: 10.1016/S0022-2836(03)00536-9pubmed: 12823980google scholar: lookup
  12. Giuseppe A, Annastella F, Giannetto C, Elisabetta G, Giuseppe P, Barbara T, Cicero L, Cassata G, Simona DP. Preliminary study for the application of Raman spectroscopy for the identification of Leishmania infected dogs.. Sci Rep 2022 May 6;12(1):7489.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-11525-wpmc: PMC9076911pubmed: 35523983google scholar: lookup
  13. Li Y, Lin H, He Q, Zuo C, Lin M, Xu T. Label-Free Detection and Classification of Glaucoma Based on Drop-Coating Deposition Raman Spectroscopy. Appl. Sci. 2023;13:6476.
    doi: 10.3390/app13116476google scholar: lookup
  14. Acri G, Sansotta C, Salmeri FM, Romeo M, Ruello EV, Denaro L, Testagrossa B. Use of Raman Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy in a Multi-Technique Approach for Physical Char-acterization of Purple Urine Bag Syndrome. Appl. Sci. 2022;12:4034.
    doi: 10.3390/app12084034google scholar: lookup
  15. Sikirzhytski V, Sikirzhytskaya A, Lednev IK. Multidimensional Raman spectroscopic signature of sweat and its potential application to forensic body fluid identification.. Anal Chim Acta 2012 Mar 9;718:78-83.
    doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.12.059pubmed: 22305901google scholar: lookup
  16. Venuti V, Crupi V, Fazio B, Majolino D, Acri G, Testagrossa B, Stancanelli R, De Gaetano F, Gagliardi A, Paolino D, Floresta G, Pistarà V, Rescifina A, Ventura CA. Physicochemical Characterization and Antioxidant Activity Evaluation of Idebenone/Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex †.. Biomolecules 2019 Sep 25;9(10).
    doi: 10.3390/biom9100531pmc: PMC6843366pubmed: 31557949google scholar: lookup
  17. Oladepo SA, Xiong K, Hong Z, Asher SA, Handen J, Lednev IK. UV resonance Raman investigations of peptide and protein structure and dynamics.. Chem Rev 2012 May 9;112(5):2604-28.
    doi: 10.1021/cr200198apmc: PMC3349015pubmed: 22335827google scholar: lookup
  18. Orkoula MG, Kontoyannis CG. Raman spectroscopy for the study of biological organisms (biogenic materials and biological tissues): A valuable analytical tool. Spectrosc. Eur. 2014;26:16–19.
  19. Kuhar N, Sil S, Verma T, Umapathy S. Challenges in application of Raman spectroscopy to biology and materials.. RSC Adv 2018 Jul 19;8(46):25888-25908.
    doi: 10.1039/C8RA04491Kpmc: PMC9083091pubmed: 35541973google scholar: lookup
  20. Acri G, Micali A, D'Angelo R, Puzzolo D, Aragona P, Testagrossa B, Aragona E, Wylegala E, Nowinska A. Raman Spectroscopic Study of Amyloid Deposits in Gelatinous Drop-like Corneal Dystrophy.. J Clin Med 2022 Mar 4;11(5).
    doi: 10.3390/jcm11051403pmc: PMC8911144pubmed: 35268494google scholar: lookup
  21. Acri G, Testagrossa B, Faenza P, Caridi F. Spectroscopic Analysis of pigments of the Antonello Gagini annunciation’s sculptural marble group, church of St. Thodore martyr (Bagaladi, Reggio calabria, Italy): Case study. Mediterr. Archaeol. Archaeom. 2020;20:1–5.
    doi: 10.5281/zenodo.3364817google scholar: lookup
  22. Mapstone M, Cheema AK, Fiandaca MS, Zhong X, Mhyre TR, MacArthur LH, Hall WJ, Fisher SG, Peterson DR, Haley JM, Nazar MD, Rich SA, Berlau DJ, Peltz CB, Tan MT, Kawas CH, Federoff HJ. Plasma phospholipids identify antecedent memory impairment in older adults.. Nat Med 2014 Apr;20(4):415-8.
    doi: 10.1038/nm.3466pmc: PMC5360460pubmed: 24608097google scholar: lookup
  23. Acri G, Romano C, Costa S, Pellegrino S, Testagrossa B. Raman Spectroscopy Technique: A Non-Invasive Tool in Celiac Disease Diagnosis.. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021 Jul 16;11(7).
    doi: 10.3390/diagnostics11071277pmc: PMC8306584pubmed: 34359362google scholar: lookup
  24. Pezzotti G. Raman spectroscopy in cell biology and microbiology. J. Raman Spectrosc. 2021;52:2348–2443.
    doi: 10.1002/jrs.6204google scholar: lookup
  25. Stewart S, Fredericks PM. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of amino acids adsorbed on an electrochemically prepared silver surface. Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectros. 1999;55:1641–1660.
    doi: 10.1016/S1386-1425(98)00294-7google scholar: lookup
  26. Klein DJ, Anthony TG, McKeever KH. Metabolomics in equine sport and exercise.. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2021 Jan;105(1):140-148.
    doi: 10.1111/jpn.13384pubmed: 32511844google scholar: lookup
  27. Staritzbichler R, Hunold P, Estrela-Lopis I, Hildebrand PW, Isermann B, Kaiser T. Raman spectroscopy on blood serum samples of patients with end-stage liver disease.. PLoS One 2021;16(9):e0256045.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256045pmc: PMC8423274pubmed: 34492024google scholar: lookup
  28. McCurnin D, Bassert J. Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians. 5th ed. Saunders; Philadelphia, PA, USA: 2002.
  29. Arfuso F, Giannetto C, Giudice E, Fazio F, Panzera M, Piccione G. Peripheral Modulators of the Central Fatigue Development and Their Relationship with Athletic Performance in Jumper Horses.. Animals (Basel) 2021 Mar 8;11(3).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11030743pmc: PMC8002136pubmed: 33800520google scholar: lookup
  30. Piccione G, Messina V, Bazzano M, Giannetto C, Fazio F. Heart rate, net cost of transport, and metabolic power in horse subjected to different physical exercises. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2013;33:386–389.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.09.010google scholar: lookup
  31. Castiglione F, Crupi V, Majolino D, Mele A, Rossi B, Trotta F, Venuti V. Vibrational spectroscopy investigation of swelling phenomena in cyclodextrin nanosponges. J. Raman Spectrosc. 2013;44:1463–1469.
    doi: 10.1002/jrs.4282google scholar: lookup
  32. Usoltsev D, Sitnikova V, Kajava A, Uspenskaya M. Systematic FTIR Spectroscopy Study of the Secondary Structure Changes in Human Serum Albumin under Various Denaturation Conditions.. Biomolecules 2019 Aug 12;9(8).
    doi: 10.3390/biom9080359pmc: PMC6723850pubmed: 31409012google scholar: lookup
  33. Susi H, Byler DM. Protein structure by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy: second derivative spectra.. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1983 Aug 30;115(1):391-7.
    doi: 10.1016/0006-291X(83)91016-1pubmed: 6615537google scholar: lookup
  34. Zheng X, Lv G, Du G, Zhai Z, Mo J, Lv X. Rapid and Low-Cost Detection of Thyroid Dysfunction Using Raman Spectroscopy and an Improved Support Vector Machine. IEEE Photonics J. 2018;10:1–12.
    doi: 10.1109/JPHOT.2018.2876686google scholar: lookup
  35. Dong A, Huang P, Caughey B, Caughey WS. Infrared analysis of ligand- and oxidation-induced conformational changes in hemoglobins and myoglobins.. Arch Biochem Biophys 1995 Feb 1;316(2):893-8.
    doi: 10.1006/abbi.1995.1120pubmed: 7864648google scholar: lookup
  36. Cameron D, Moffatt DA. Generalized approach to derivative spectroscopy. Appl. Spectrosc. 1987;41:539–544.
    doi: 10.1366/0003702874448445google scholar: lookup
  37. Giannetto C, Acri G, Giudice E, Arfuso F, Testagrossa B, Piccione G. Quantifying Serum Total Lipids and Tryptophan Concentrations by Raman Spectroscopy During Standardized Obstacle Course in Horses.. J Equine Vet Sci 2022 Jan;108:103820.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103820pubmed: 34798171google scholar: lookup
  38. Kurouski D, Van Duyne RP, Lednev IK. Exploring the structure and formation mechanism of amyloid fibrils by Raman spectroscopy: a review.. Analyst 2015 Aug 7;140(15):4967-80.
    doi: 10.1039/C5AN00342Cpubmed: 26042229google scholar: lookup
  39. Silveira L Jr, Borges RCF, Navarro RS, Giana HE, Zângaro RA, Pacheco MTT, Fernandes AB. Quantifying glucose and lipid components in human serum by Raman spectroscopy and multivariate statistics.. Lasers Med Sci 2017 May;32(4):787-795.
    doi: 10.1007/s10103-017-2173-2pubmed: 28271376google scholar: lookup
  40. Herrero AM, Cambero MI, Ordóñez JA, de la Hoz L, Carmona P. Raman spectroscopy study of the structural effect of microbial transglutaminase on meat systems and its relationship with textural characteristics.. Food Chem 2008 Jul 1;109(1):25-32.
    doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.12.003pubmed: 26054261google scholar: lookup
  41. Stone N, Kendall C, Smith J, Crow P, Barr H. Raman spectroscopy for identification of epithelial cancers.. Faraday Discuss 2004;126:141-57; discussion 169-83.
    doi: 10.1039/b304992bpubmed: 14992404google scholar: lookup
  42. Stone N, Kendell C, Shepherd N, Crow P, Barr H. Near-infrared Raman spectroscopy for the classification of epithelial pre-cancers and cancers. J. Raman Spectrosc. 2002;33:564–573.
    doi: 10.1002/jrs.882google scholar: lookup
  43. Shao L, Zhang A, Rong Z, Wang C, Jia X, Zhang K, Xiao R, Wang S. Fast and non-invasive serum detection technology based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and multivariate statistical analysis for liver disease.. Nanomedicine 2018 Feb;14(2):451-459.
    doi: 10.1016/j.nano.2017.11.022pubmed: 29197594google scholar: lookup
  44. Rygula A, Majzner K, Marzec KM, Kaczor A, Pilarczyk M, Baranska M. Raman spectroscopy of proteins: A review. J. Raman Spectrosc. 2013;44:1061–1076.
    doi: 10.1002/jrs.4335google scholar: lookup
  45. Sjöberg B, Foley S, Cardey B, Enescu M. An experimental and theoretical study of the amino acid side chain Raman bands in proteins.. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2014 Jul 15;128:300-11.
    doi: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.02.080pubmed: 24681316google scholar: lookup
  46. Birech Z, Mwangi PW, Bukachi F, Mandela KM. Application of Raman spectroscopy in type 2 diabetes screening in blood using leucine and isoleucine amino-acids as biomarkers and in comparative anti-diabetic drugs efficacy studies.. PLoS One 2017;12(9):e0185130.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185130pmc: PMC5605051pubmed: 28926628google scholar: lookup
  47. Zhou G, Yu D, Li S, Yang D. Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy of leucine and isoleucine. Acta Chim. Sin. 2007;65:640.
    doi: 10.1117/12.843500google scholar: lookup
  48. Zhu G, Zhu X, Fan Q, Wan X. Raman spectra of amino acids and their aqueous solutions.. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2011 Mar;78(3):1187-95.
    doi: 10.1016/j.saa.2010.12.079pubmed: 21242101google scholar: lookup
  49. Hernández B, Pflüger F, Nsangou M, Ghomi M. Vibrational analysis of amino acids and short peptides in hydrated media. IV. Amino acids with hydrophobic side chains: L-alanine, L-valine, and L-isoleucine.. J Phys Chem B 2009 Mar 12;113(10):3169-78.
    doi: 10.1021/jp809204dpubmed: 19708268google scholar: lookup
  50. Zhan R, Liu B. End Functionalized Nonionic Water-Dispersible Conjugated Polymers.. Macromol Rapid Commun 2017 Sep;38(18).
    doi: 10.1002/marc.201700010pubmed: 28508508google scholar: lookup
  51. Pösö AR, Viljanen-Tarifa E, Soveri T, Oksanen HE. Exercise-induced transient hyperlipidemia in the racehorse.. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 1989 Oct;36(8):603-11.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.1989.tb00771.xpubmed: 2515694google scholar: lookup
  52. Arfuso F, Giannetto C, Giudice E, Fazio F, Piccione G. Dynamic modulation of platelet aggregation, albumin and nonesterified fatty acids during physical exercise in Thoroughbred horses.. Res Vet Sci 2016 Feb;104:86-91.
    doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.11.013pubmed: 26850543google scholar: lookup
  53. Eaton MD. Energetics and performance. The Athletic Horse Saunders; Phyladelphia, PA, USA: 1994. pp. 49–61.
  54. Fernstrom JD, Fernstrom MH, Grubb PE. Twenty-four-hour variations in rat blood and brain levels of the aromatic and branched-chain amino acids: chronic effects of dietary protein content.. Metabolism 1987 Jul;36(7):643-50.
    doi: 10.1016/0026-0495(87)90147-8pubmed: 3600278google scholar: lookup
  55. Horowitz M, Nauck MA. To be or not to be--an incretin or enterogastrone?. Gut 2006 Feb;55(2):148-50.
    doi: 10.1136/gut.2005.071787pmc: PMC1856501pubmed: 16407380google scholar: lookup
  56. Assenza A, Bergero D, Congiu F, Tosto F, Giannetto C, Piccione G. Evaluation of serum electrolytes and blood lactate concentration during repeated maximal exercise in horse. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2014;34:1175–1180.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2014.07.001google scholar: lookup
  57. Hodgson D.R., Rose R.J. The Athletic Horse: Principles and Practice of Equine Sports Medicine. Saunders; Phyladelphia, PA, USA: 1994. Changes in Plasma or Serum Biochemical and Hormonal Values Associated with Training.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.147.21.593google scholar: lookup
  58. Ullah R, Khan S, Chaudhary II, Shahzad S, Ali H, Bilal M. Cost effective and efficient screening of tuberculosis disease with Raman spectroscopy and machine learning algorithms.. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020 Dec;32:101963.
    doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101963pubmed: 33321570google scholar: lookup
  59. Bilal M, Ullah R, Khan S, Ali H, Saleem M, Ahmed M. Lactate based optical screening of dengue virus infection in human sera using Raman spectroscopy.. Biomed Opt Express 2017 Feb 1;8(2):1250-1256.
    doi: 10.1364/BOE.8.001250pmc: PMC5330547pubmed: 28271015google scholar: lookup
  60. Lin H, Lee HJ, Tague N, Lugagne JB, Zong C, Deng F, Shin J, Tian L, Wong W, Dunlop MJ, Cheng JX. Microsecond fingerprint stimulated Raman spectroscopic imaging by ultrafast tuning and spatial-spectral learning.. Nat Commun 2021 May 24;12(1):3052.
    doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-23202-zpmc: PMC8144602pubmed: 34031374google scholar: lookup
  61. Arfuso F, Assenza A, Fazio F, Rizzo M, Giannetto C, Piccione G. Dynamic Change of Serum Levels of Some Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Tryptophan in Athletic Horses After Different Physical Exercises.. J Equine Vet Sci 2019 Jun;77:12-16.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.02.006pubmed: 31133304google scholar: lookup
  62. Bergero D, Assenza A, Schiavone A, Piccione G, Perona G, Caola G. Amino acid concentrations in blood serum of horses performing long lasting low-intensity exercise.. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2005 Apr-Jun;89(3-6):146-50.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2005.00556.xpubmed: 15787986google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 3 times.
  1. Wang J, Ren W, Li Z, Li L, Wang R, Ma S, Zeng Y, Meng J, Yao X. Plasma Lipidomics and Proteomics Analyses Pre- and Post-5000 m Race in Yili Horses. Animals (Basel) 2025 Mar 30;15(7).
    doi: 10.3390/ani15070994pubmed: 40218387google scholar: lookup
  2. Rimskaya E, Gorevoy A, Shelygina S, Perevedentseva E, Timurzieva A, Saraeva I, Melnik N, Kudryashov S, Kuchmizhak A. Multi-Wavelength Raman Differentiation of Malignant Skin Neoplasms. Int J Mol Sci 2024 Jul 6;25(13).
    doi: 10.3390/ijms25137422pubmed: 39000528google scholar: lookup
  3. Acri G, Testagrossa B, Lucanto MC, Cristadoro S, Pellegrino S, Ruello E, Costa S. Raman Spectroscopy and Cystic Fibrosis Disease: An Alternative Potential Tool for Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) Modulator Response Differentiation-A Pilot Study Based on Serum Samples. Molecules 2024 Jan 16;29(2).
    doi: 10.3390/molecules29020433pubmed: 38257346google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,911 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.