FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
BMC veterinary research2016; 12; 83; doi: 10.1186/s12917-016-0706-8

Characterization and differentiation of equine experimental local and early systemic inflammation by expression responses of inflammation-related genes in peripheral blood leukocytes.

Abstract: Local inflammation may progress into systemic inflammation. To increase our understanding of the basic immunological processes during transition of equine local inflammation into a systemic state, investigation into the equine systemic immune response to local inflammation is warranted. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the innate peripheral blood leukocyte (PBL) immune response to local inflammation in horses, and to compare this response with the PBL immune response during the early phase of acute systemic inflammation. Expression of 22 selected inflammation-related genes was measured in whole blood leukocytes from 6 horses in an experimental cross-over model of lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced acute synovitis (3 μg LPS intraarticularly; locally inflamed [LI] horses) and endotoxemia (1 μg LPS/kg intravenously; systemically inflamed [SI] horses). Multiple clinical and hematological/biochemical examinations were performed, and serial blood samples were analyzed by reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR. Post-induction expression profiles of all genes were compared between study groups using principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering. Results: Moderate synovitis and mild systemic inflammation of approximately 24 h duration was confirmed by clinical and paraclinical observations in LI and SI horses, respectively. In the LI group, samples obtained 3-16 h post-injection showed distinct clustering in the PCA compared with baseline levels, indicating a transcriptional response to local inflammation in PBLs in this time interval. There was no clinical or hematological indication of actual systemic inflammation. There was a clear separation of all LI samples from all SI samples in two distinct clusters, indicating that expression profiles in the two study groups were different, independent of time since LPS injection. Co-regulated genes formed four clusters across study groups which were distinctly differently regulated. Only few of individual genes displayed different expression between the study groups at all times after LPS injection. Conclusions: Local inflammation in horses initiated an innate transcriptional response in PBLs, which differed from the transcriptional response during the early phase of systemic inflammation. This study may provide new insights into the immunobiology of PBLs during the transition of local inflammation into a systemic state.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2016-06-01 PubMed ID: 27250718PubMed Central: PMC4888743DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0706-8Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study explores how local inflammation in horses can potentially evolve into a broader, systemic inflammation by analyzing the immune response of peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) to local inflammation. Moreover, the study also compares this response with the immune response during early acute systemic inflammation. Several clinical, hematological, and biochemical tests were conducted, along with analyzing gene expressions.

Study Methodology

  • The study used a cross-over model comprising six horses which were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a type of bacterial endotoxin, to induce acute synovitis (local inflammation) and endotoxemia (systemic inflammation).
  • The horses were divided into two groups – those with local inflammation (LI) experienced LPS-induced acute synovitis following intraarticular LPS injection, while the systemically inflamed (SI) group underwent endotoxemia after intravenous LPS injection.
  • Expression responses of 22 inflammation-related genes were traced and measured in the leukocytes of the horses’ blood.
  • Serial blood samples were acquired for analysis using reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR, which is a technique used for detecting and measuring nucleic acids.
  • A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering were used to compare post-induction gene expression profiles between the study groups.

Study Findings

  • Observations confirmed that there was moderate synovitis and mild systemic inflammation of about 24 hours duration in LI and SI horses respectively.
  • For the LI group, samples taken 3-16 hours post LPS injection displayed clear clustering in the PCA as compared to baseline levels, indicating a transcriptional response to local inflammation in PBLs within this time frame.
  • Notably, there was no sign of actual systemic inflammation either clinically or hematologically.
  • There was a clear separation of all LI samples from all SI samples into two distinct clusters, indicating that the gene expression profiles in the two study groups were different regardless of the time lapsed since LPS injection.
  • Co-regulated genes formed four different clusters which were distinctly regulated across study groups.
  • However, only a few individual genes exhibited different expressions between the study groups at all times following LPS injection.

Conclusion

  • The results indicate that local inflammation activates an innate transcriptional response in PBLs, which differs from the transcriptional response during the initial phase of systemic inflammation.
  • This investigation provides new insights into the immunobiology of PBLs during the transition of local inflammation to a systemic state in horses and can potentially shed light on similar processes in other mammals.

Cite This Article

APA
Vinther AM, Heegaard PM, Skovgaard K, Buhl R, Andreassen SM, Andersen PH. (2016). Characterization and differentiation of equine experimental local and early systemic inflammation by expression responses of inflammation-related genes in peripheral blood leukocytes. BMC Vet Res, 12, 83. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-016-0706-8

Publication

BMC veterinary research
ISSN: 1746-6148
NlmUniqueID: 101249759
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 12
Pages: 83
PII: 83

Researcher Affiliations

Vinther, Anne Mette L
  • Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark. aml.vinther@gmail.com.
Heegaard, Peter M H
  • Innate Immunology Group, Section for Immunology and Vaccinology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
Skovgaard, Kerstin
  • Innate Immunology Group, Section for Immunology and Vaccinology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
Buhl, Rikke
  • Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark.
Andreassen, Stine M
  • Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark.
Andersen, Pia H
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Cross-Over Studies
  • Female
  • Gene Expression Profiling
  • Horses
  • Immunity, Innate
  • Inflammation / genetics
  • Inflammation / veterinary
  • Inflammation Mediators / metabolism
  • Leukocytes / immunology
  • Lipopolysaccharides
  • Male
  • Synovitis / chemically induced
  • Synovitis / immunology
  • Synovitis / veterinary

References

This article includes 66 references
  1. Fry DE. Sepsis, systemic inflammatory response, and multiple organ dysfunction: the mystery continues.. Am Surg 2012 Jan;78(1):1-8.
    pubmed: 22273282
  2. Peters K, Unger RE, Brunner J, Kirkpatrick CJ. Molecular basis of endothelial dysfunction in sepsis.. Cardiovasc Res 2003 Oct 15;60(1):49-57.
    doi: 10.1016/S0008-6363(03)00397-3pubmed: 14522406google scholar: lookup
  3. Zhang Q, Raoof M, Chen Y, Sumi Y, Sursal T, Junger W, Brohi K, Itagaki K, Hauser CJ. Circulating mitochondrial DAMPs cause inflammatory responses to injury.. Nature 2010 Mar 4;464(7285):104-7.
    doi: 10.1038/nature08780pmc: PMC2843437pubmed: 20203610google scholar: lookup
  4. Seeley EJ, Matthay MA, Wolters PJ. Inflection points in sepsis biology: from local defense to systemic organ injury.. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2012 Sep;303(5):L355-63.
    doi: 10.1152/ajplung.00069.2012pmc: PMC3468422pubmed: 22707617google scholar: lookup
  5. Hack CE, Zeerleder S. The endothelium in sepsis: source of and a target for inflammation.. Crit Care Med 2001 Jul;29(7 Suppl):S21-7.
    doi: 10.1097/00003246-200107001-00011pubmed: 11445730google scholar: lookup
  6. Janeway CA Jr, Travers P, Walport M, Shlomchik MJ. Innate Immunity. Immunobiology 5. New York City: New York Garland Publishing; 2001. pp. 35–91.
  7. MacKay RJ. Endotoxemia. Large Animal Internal Medicine 4. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Elsevier; 2009. pp. 711–723.
  8. Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, Annane D, Gerlach H, Opal SM, Sevransky JE, Sprung CL, Douglas IS, Jaeschke R, Osborn TM, Nunnally ME, Townsend SR, Reinhart K, Kleinpell RM, Angus DC, Deutschman CS, Machado FR, Rubenfeld GD, Webb S, Beale RJ, Vincent JL, Moreno R. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock, 2012.. Intensive Care Med 2013 Feb;39(2):165-228.
    doi: 10.1007/s00134-012-2769-8pmc: PMC7095153pubmed: 23361625google scholar: lookup
  9. Jacobsen S, Niewold TA, Halling-Thomsen M, Nanni S, Olsen E, Lindegaard C, Andersen PH. Serum amyloid A isoforms in serum and synovial fluid in horses with lipopolysaccharide-induced arthritis.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006 Apr 15;110(3-4):325-30.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.10.012pubmed: 16337010google scholar: lookup
  10. Palmer JL, Bertone AL. Experimentally-induced synovitis as a model for acute synovitis in the horse.. Equine Vet J 1994 Nov;26(6):492-5.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1994.tb04056.xpubmed: 7889925google scholar: lookup
  11. Campebell RC, Peiró JR, Valadão CAA, Santana AE, Cunha FQ. Effects of lidocaine on lipopolysaccharide-induced synovitis in horses. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec 2004;56:281–291.
    doi: 10.1590/S0102-09352004000300001google scholar: lookup
  12. Hultén C, Grönlund U, Hirvonen J, Tulamo RM, Suominen MM, Marhaug G, Forsberg M. Dynamics in serum of the inflammatory markers serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin, fibrinogen and alpha2-globulins during induced noninfectious arthritis in the horse.. Equine Vet J 2002 Nov;34(7):699-704.
    doi: 10.2746/042516402776250405pubmed: 12455841google scholar: lookup
  13. Christoffersen M, Baagoe CD, Jacobsen S, Bojesen AM, Petersen MR, Lehn-Jensen H. Evaluation of the systemic acute phase response and endometrial gene expression of serum amyloid A and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in mares with experimentally induced endometritis.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010 Nov 15;138(1-2):95-105.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.07.011pubmed: 20728224google scholar: lookup
  14. Netea MG, Kullberg BJ, Van der Meer JW. Circulating cytokines as mediators of fever.. Clin Infect Dis 2000 Oct;31 Suppl 5:S178-84.
    doi: 10.1086/317513pubmed: 11113021google scholar: lookup
  15. von Vietinghoff S, Ley K. Homeostatic regulation of blood neutrophil counts.. J Immunol 2008 Oct 15;181(8):5183-8.
    doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.8.5183pmc: PMC2745132pubmed: 18832668google scholar: lookup
  16. Christopher MJ, Link DC. Regulation of neutrophil homeostasis.. Curr Opin Hematol 2007 Jan;14(1):3-8.
    doi: 10.1097/00062752-200701000-00003pubmed: 17133093google scholar: lookup
  17. Gabay C, Kushner I. Acute-phase proteins and other systemic responses to inflammation.. N Engl J Med 1999 Feb 11;340(6):448-54.
    doi: 10.1056/NEJM199902113400607pubmed: 9971870google scholar: lookup
  18. Lohmann KL, Barton MH. Endotoxemia. Equine Internal Medicine 3. St. Louis, Missouri: Saunders Elsevier; 2010. pp. 807–823.
  19. Andonegui G, Goyert SM, Kubes P. Lipopolysaccharide-induced leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions: a role for CD14 versus toll-like receptor 4 within microvessels.. J Immunol 2002 Aug 15;169(4):2111-9.
    doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.4.2111pubmed: 12165539google scholar: lookup
  20. Stockham SL, Scott MA. Fundamentals of veterinary clinical pathology. 2. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons Ltd; 2010.
  21. Henriquez-Camacho C, Losa J. Biomarkers for sepsis.. Biomed Res Int 2014;2014:547818.
    doi: 10.1155/2014/547818pmc: PMC3985161pubmed: 24800240google scholar: lookup
  22. Lichtenstern C, Brenner T, Bardenheuer HJ, Weigand MA. Predictors of survival in sepsis: what is the best inflammatory marker to measure?. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2012 Jun;25(3):328-36.
    doi: 10.1097/QCO.0b013e3283522038pubmed: 22421751google scholar: lookup
  23. Calvano SE, Xiao W, Richards DR, Felciano RM, Baker HV, Cho RJ, Chen RO, Brownstein BH, Cobb JP, Tschoeke SK, Miller-Graziano C, Moldawer LL, Mindrinos MN, Davis RW, Tompkins RG, Lowry SF. A network-based analysis of systemic inflammation in humans.. Nature 2005 Oct 13;437(7061):1032-7.
    doi: 10.1038/nature03985pubmed: 16136080google scholar: lookup
  24. Talwar S, Munson PJ, Barb J, Fiuza C, Cintron AP, Logun C, Tropea M, Khan S, Reda D, Shelhamer JH, Danner RL, Suffredini AF. Gene expression profiles of peripheral blood leukocytes after endotoxin challenge in humans.. Physiol Genomics 2006 Apr 13;25(2):203-15.
    doi: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00192.2005pmc: PMC5560445pubmed: 16403844google scholar: lookup
  25. Nieto JE, MacDonald MH, Braim AE, Aleman M. Effect of lipopolysaccharide infusion on gene expression of inflammatory cytokines in normal horses in vivo.. Equine Vet J 2009 Sep;41(7):717-9.
    doi: 10.2746/042516409X464780pubmed: 19927593google scholar: lookup
  26. Fossum C, Hjertner B, Olofsson KM, Lindberg R, Ahooghalandari P, Camargo MM, Bröjer J, Edner A, Nostell K. Expression of tlr4, md2 and cd14 in equine blood leukocytes during endotoxin infusion and in intestinal tissues from healthy horses.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012 Dec 15;150(3-4):141-8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.09.005pubmed: 23036528google scholar: lookup
  27. Tadros EM, Frank N. Effects of continuous or intermittent lipopolysaccharide administration for 48 hours on the systemic inflammatory response in horses.. Am J Vet Res 2012 Sep;73(9):1394-402.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.73.9.1394pubmed: 22924721google scholar: lookup
  28. Vinther AM, Skovgaard K, Heegaard PM, Andersen PH. Dynamic expression of leukocyte innate immune genes in whole blood from horses with lipopolysaccharide-induced acute systemic inflammation.. BMC Vet Res 2015 Jun 16;11:134.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-015-0450-5pmc: PMC4467047pubmed: 26076814google scholar: lookup
  29. Aiello SEE. The Merck veterinary manual. 8. Whitehouse Station: Merck & Co., Inc; 1998.
  30. Holcombe SJ, Jacobs CC, Cook VL, Gandy JC, Hauptman JG, Sordillo LM. Duration of in vivo endotoxin tolerance in horses.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016 May;173:10-6.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.03.016pubmed: 27090620google scholar: lookup
  31. Anonymous. Guide for Veterinary Service and Judging of Equestrian Events. 4. Lexington: American Association of Equine Practitioners; 1991. Definition and classification of lameness; p. 19.
  32. Schroeder A, Mueller O, Stocker S, Salowsky R, Leiber M, Gassmann M, Lightfoot S, Menzel W, Granzow M, Ragg T. The RIN: an RNA integrity number for assigning integrity values to RNA measurements.. BMC Mol Biol 2006 Jan 31;7:3.
    doi: 10.1186/1471-2199-7-3pmc: PMC1413964pubmed: 16448564google scholar: lookup
  33. Skovgaard K, Cirera S, Vasby D, Podolska A, Breum SØ, Dürrwald R, Schlegel M, Heegaard PM. Expression of innate immune genes, proteins and microRNAs in lung tissue of pigs infected experimentally with influenza virus (H1N2).. Innate Immun 2013 Oct;19(5):531-44.
    doi: 10.1177/1753425912473668pubmed: 23405029google scholar: lookup
  34. Andersen CL, Jensen JL, Ørntoft TF. Normalization of real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR data: a model-based variance estimation approach to identify genes suited for normalization, applied to bladder and colon cancer data sets.. Cancer Res 2004 Aug 1;64(15):5245-50.
    doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-0496pubmed: 15289330google scholar: lookup
  35. Vandesompele J, De Preter K, Pattyn F, Poppe B, Van Roy N, De Paepe A, Speleman F. Accurate normalization of real-time quantitative RT-PCR data by geometric averaging of multiple internal control genes.. Genome Biol 2002 Jun 18;3(7):RESEARCH0034.
    doi: 10.1186/gb-2002-3-7-research0034pmc: PMC126239pubmed: 12184808google scholar: lookup
  36. Bergkvist A, Rusnakova V, Sindelka R, Garda JM, Sjögreen B, Lindh D, Forootan A, Kubista M. Gene expression profiling--Clusters of possibilities.. Methods 2010 Apr;50(4):323-35.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2010.01.009pubmed: 20079843google scholar: lookup
  37. Kubista M, Andrade JM, Bengtsson M, Forootan A, Jonák J, Lind K, Sindelka R, Sjöback R, Sjögreen B, Strömbom L, Ståhlberg A, Zoric N. The real-time polymerase chain reaction.. Mol Aspects Med 2006 Apr-Jun;27(2-3):95-125.
    doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2005.12.007pubmed: 16460794google scholar: lookup
  38. McIlwraith CW. Diagnosis of joint disease. Adam’s lameness in horses 5. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002. pp. 479–488.
  39. Bussières G, Jacques C, Lainay O, Beauchamp G, Leblond A, Cadoré JL, Desmaizières LM, Cuvelliez SG, Troncy E. Development of a composite orthopaedic pain scale in horses.. Res Vet Sci 2008 Oct;85(2):294-306.
    doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.10.011pubmed: 18061637google scholar: lookup
  40. Cook VL, Jones Shults J, McDowell MR, Campbell NB, Davis JL, Marshall JF, Blikslager AT. Anti-inflammatory effects of intravenously administered lidocaine hydrochloride on ischemia-injured jejunum in horses.. Am J Vet Res 2009 Oct;70(10):1259-68.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.70.10.1259pubmed: 19795941google scholar: lookup
  41. Christoffersen M, Woodward E, Bojesen AM, Jacobsen S, Petersen MR, Troedsson MH, Lehn-Jensen H. Inflammatory responses to induced infectious endometritis in mares resistant or susceptible to persistent endometritis.. BMC Vet Res 2012 Mar 29;8:41.
    doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-41pmc: PMC3368729pubmed: 22458733google scholar: lookup
  42. Bauer N, Mensinger S, Daube G, Failing K, Moritz A. A moderate aseptic local inflammation does not induce a significant systemic inflammatory response.. Res Vet Sci 2012 Aug;93(1):321-30.
    doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.06.010pubmed: 21764091google scholar: lookup
  43. Horst K, Eschbach D, Pfeifer R, Hübenthal S, Sassen M, Steinfeldt T, Wulf H, Ruchholtz S, Pape HC, Hildebrand F. Local inflammation in fracture hematoma: results from a combined trauma model in pigs.. Mediators Inflamm 2015;2015:126060.
    doi: 10.1155/2015/126060pmc: PMC4324980pubmed: 25694748google scholar: lookup
  44. Kobbe P, Vodovotz Y, Kaczorowski DJ, Billiar TR, Pape HC. The role of fracture-associated soft tissue injury in the induction of systemic inflammation and remote organ dysfunction after bilateral femur fracture.. J Orthop Trauma 2008 Jul;22(6):385-90.
    doi: 10.1097/BOT.0b013e318175dd88pubmed: 18594302google scholar: lookup
  45. Grigoryev DN, Liu M, Hassoun HT, Cheadle C, Barnes KC, Rabb H. The local and systemic inflammatory transcriptome after acute kidney injury.. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008 Mar;19(3):547-58.
    doi: 10.1681/ASN.2007040469pmc: PMC2391061pubmed: 18235097google scholar: lookup
  46. Jacobsen S, Andersen PH, Toelboell T, Heegaard PM. Dose dependency and individual variability of the lipopolysaccharide-induced bovine acute phase protein response.. J Dairy Sci 2004 Oct;87(10):3330-9.
    doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73469-4pubmed: 15377612google scholar: lookup
  47. Merrell DS, Falkow S. Frontal and stealth attack strategies in microbial pathogenesis.. Nature 2004 Jul 8;430(6996):250-6.
    doi: 10.1038/nature02760pubmed: 15241423google scholar: lookup
  48. Warny M, Pepin J, Fang A, Killgore G, Thompson A, Brazier J, Frost E, McDonald LC. Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe.. Lancet 2005 Sep 24-30;366(9491):1079-84.
    doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67420-Xpubmed: 16182895google scholar: lookup
  49. McKENZIE H, Reid N, Dijkhuizen RS. Clinical and microbiological epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteraemia.. J Med Microbiol 2000 Apr;49(4):361-366.
    doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-49-4-361pubmed: 10755631google scholar: lookup
  50. Stüber F, Petersen M, Bokelmann F, Schade U. A genomic polymorphism within the tumor necrosis factor locus influences plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentrations and outcome of patients with severe sepsis.. Crit Care Med 1996 Mar;24(3):381-4.
    doi: 10.1097/00003246-199603000-00004pubmed: 8625623google scholar: lookup
  51. Petersen HH, Nielsen JP, Heegaard PM. Application of acute phase protein measurements in veterinary clinical chemistry.. Vet Res 2004 Mar-Apr;35(2):163-87.
    doi: 10.1051/vetres:2004002pubmed: 15099494google scholar: lookup
  52. Jacobsen S, Andersen PH. The acute phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) as a marker of inflammation in horses. Equine Veterinary Education 2007;19:36–46.
  53. Belgrave RL, Dickey MM, Arheart KL, Cray C. Assessment of serum amyloid A testing of horses and its clinical application in a specialized equine practice.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013 Jul 1;243(1):113-9.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.243.1.113pubmed: 23786199google scholar: lookup
  54. Castagnetti C, Mariella J, Pirrone A, Cinotti S, Mari G, Peli A. Expression of interleukin-1β, interleukin-8, and interferon-γ in blood samples obtained from healthy and sick neonatal foals.. Am J Vet Res 2012 Sep;73(9):1418-27.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.73.9.1418pubmed: 22924724google scholar: lookup
  55. Eady JJ, Wortley GM, Wormstone YM, Hughes JC, Astley SB, Foxall RJ, Doleman JF, Elliott RM. Variation in gene expression profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy volunteers.. Physiol Genomics 2005 Aug 11;22(3):402-11.
    doi: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00080.2005pubmed: 16014386google scholar: lookup
  56. Skibsted S, Bhasin MK, Aird WC, Shapiro NI. Bench-to-bedside review: future novel diagnostics for sepsis - a systems biology approach.. Crit Care 2013 Oct 4;17(5):231.
    doi: 10.1186/cc12693pmc: PMC4057467pubmed: 24093155google scholar: lookup
  57. Prabhakar U, Conway TM, Murdock P, Mooney JL, Clark S, Hedge P, Bond BC, Jazwinska EC, Barnes MR, Tobin F, Damian-Iordachi V, Greller L, Hurle M, Stubbs AP, Li Z, Valoret EI, Erickson-Miller C, Cass L, Levitt B, Davis HM, Jorkasky DK, Williams WV. Correlation of protein and gene expression profiles of inflammatory proteins after endotoxin challenge in human subjects.. DNA Cell Biol 2005 Jul;24(7):410-31.
    doi: 10.1089/dna.2005.24.410pubmed: 16008510google scholar: lookup
  58. Tadros EM, Frank N, Donnell RL. Effects of equine metabolic syndrome on inflammatory responses of horses to intravenous lipopolysaccharide infusion.. Am J Vet Res 2013 Jul;74(7):1010-9.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.74.7.1010pubmed: 23802673google scholar: lookup
  59. Gold JR, Cohen ND, Welsh TH Jr. Association of adrenocorticotrophin and cortisol concentrations with peripheral blood leukocyte cytokine gene expression in septic and nonseptic neonatal foals.. J Vet Intern Med 2012 May-Jun;26(3):654-61.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00910.xpubmed: 22443385google scholar: lookup
  60. Gold JR, Perkins GA, Erb HN, Ainsworth DM. Cytokine profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from septic and healthy neonatal foals.. J Vet Intern Med 2007 May-Jun;21(3):482-8.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb02994.xpubmed: 17552455google scholar: lookup
  61. Pusterla N, Magdesian KG, Mapes S, Leutenegger CM. Expression of molecular markers in blood of neonatal foals with sepsis.. Am J Vet Res 2006 Jun;67(6):1045-9.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.67.6.1045pubmed: 16740100google scholar: lookup
  62. Zhang JM, An J. Cytokines, inflammation, and pain.. Int Anesthesiol Clin 2007 Spring;45(2):27-37.
    doi: 10.1097/AIA.0b013e318034194epmc: PMC2785020pubmed: 17426506google scholar: lookup
  63. Krumrych W, Dabrowska J, Danek J, Soszynski D. Endotoxin tolerance in horses - clinical observations. Bull Vet Inst Pulawy 1998;42(2):143–150.
  64. Dumeaux V, Olsen KS, Nuel G, Paulssen RH, Børresen-Dale AL, Lund E. Deciphering normal blood gene expression variation--The NOWAC postgenome study.. PLoS Genet 2010 Mar 12;6(3):e1000873.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000873pmc: PMC2837385pubmed: 20300640google scholar: lookup
  65. Gruden K, Hren M, Herman A, Blejec A, Albrecht T, Selbig J, Bauer C, Schuchardt J, Or-Guil M, Zupančič K, Svajger U, Stabuc B, Ihan A, Kopitar AN, Ravnikar M, Knežević M, Rožman P, Jeras M. A "crossomics" study analysing variability of different components in peripheral blood of healthy caucasoid individuals.. PLoS One 2012;7(1):e28761.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028761pmc: PMC3257221pubmed: 22253695google scholar: lookup
  66. Hooijberg EH, van den Hoven R, Tichy A, Schwendenwein I. Diagnostic and predictive capability of routine laboratory tests for the diagnosis and staging of equine inflammatory disease.. J Vet Intern Med 2014 Sep-Oct;28(5):1587-93.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.12404pmc: PMC4895560pubmed: 25056342google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 10 times.
  1. Kihl P, Krych L, Deng L, Hansen LH, Buschard K, Skov S, Nielsen DS, Kornerup Hansen A. Effect of gluten-free diet and antibiotics on murine gut microbiota and immune response to tetanus vaccination. PLoS One 2022;17(4):e0266719.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266719pubmed: 35417506google scholar: lookup
  2. Jiminez J, Timsit E, Orsel K, van der Meer F, Guan LL, Plastow G. Whole-Blood Transcriptome Analysis of Feedlot Cattle With and Without Bovine Respiratory Disease. Front Genet 2021;12:627623.
    doi: 10.3389/fgene.2021.627623pubmed: 33763112google scholar: lookup
  3. Bittar IP, Neves CA, Araújo CT, Oliveira YVR, Silva SL, Borges NC, Franco LG. Dose-Finding in the Development of an LPS-Induced Model of Synovitis in Sheep. Comp Med 2021 Apr 1;71(2):141-147.
    doi: 10.30802/AALAS-CM-20-000032pubmed: 33568256google scholar: lookup
  4. Perez-Ecija A, Buzon-Cuevas A, Aguilera-Aguilera R, Gonzalez-De Cara C, Mendoza Garcia FJ. Reference intervals of acute phase proteins in healthy Andalusian donkeys and response to experimentally induced endotoxemia. J Vet Intern Med 2021 Jan;35(1):580-589.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16015pubmed: 33336874google scholar: lookup
  5. Jacobsen S, Vinther AM, Kjelgaard-Hansen M, Nielsen LN. Validation of an equine serum amyloid A assay with an unusually broad working range. BMC Vet Res 2019 Dec 19;15(1):462.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-019-2211-3pubmed: 31856804google scholar: lookup
  6. Starzonek J, Roscher K, Blüher M, Blaue D, Schedlbauer C, Hirz M, Raila J, Vervuert I. Effects of a blend of green tea and curcuma extract supplementation on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in horses and ponies. PeerJ 2019;7:e8053.
    doi: 10.7717/peerj.8053pubmed: 31741800google scholar: lookup
  7. Sheats MK. A Comparative Review of Equine SIRS, Sepsis, and Neutrophils. Front Vet Sci 2019;6:69.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00069pubmed: 30931316google scholar: lookup
  8. Sun J, Pan X, Christiansen LI, Yuan XL, Skovgaard K, Chatterton DEW, Kaalund SS, Gao F, Sangild PT, Pankratova S. Necrotizing enterocolitis is associated with acute brain responses in preterm pigs. J Neuroinflammation 2018 Jun 9;15(1):180.
    doi: 10.1186/s12974-018-1201-xpubmed: 29885660google scholar: lookup
  9. Andreassen SM, Vinther AML, Nielsen SS, Andersen PH, Tnibar A, Kristensen AT, Jacobsen S. Changes in concentrations of haemostatic and inflammatory biomarkers in synovial fluid after intra-articular injection of lipopolysaccharide in horses. BMC Vet Res 2017 Jun 19;13(1):182.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-017-1089-1pubmed: 28629364google scholar: lookup
  10. Kyari F, Pogu CJ, Mairiga IA, Adamu L. The use of systemic immune inflammatory index as a predictor for nematodes infections in horses. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2025 Aug;30:e00453.
    doi: 10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00453pubmed: 40837204google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,850 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.