FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Journal of clinical microbiology2000; 38(12); 4523-4526; doi: 10.1128/JCM.38.12.4523-4526.2000

Characterization of a coronavirus isolated from a diarrheic foal.

Abstract: A coronavirus was isolated from feces of a diarrheic foal and serially propagated in human rectal adenocarcinoma (HRT-18) cells. Antigenic and genomic characterizations of the virus (isolate NC99) were based on serological comparison with other avian and mammalian coronaviruses and sequence analysis of the nucleocapsid (N) protein gene. Indirect fluorescent-antibody assay procedures and virus neutralization assays demonstrated a close antigenic relationship with bovine coronavirus (BCV) and porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (mammalian group 2 coronaviruses). Using previously described BCV primers, the N protein gene of isolate NC99 was amplified by a reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) procedure. The RT-PCR product was cloned into pUC19 and sequenced; the complete N protein of NC99 (446 amino acids) was then compared with published N protein sequences of other avian and mammalian coronaviruses. A high degree of identity (89.0 to 90.1%) was observed between the N protein sequence of NC99 and published sequences of BCV (Mebus and F15 strains) and human coronavirus (strain OC43); only limited identity (<25%) was observed with group 1 and group 3 coronaviruses. Based on these findings, the virus has been tentatively identified as equine coronavirus (ECV). ECV NC99 was determined to have close antigenic and/or genetic relationships with mammalian group 2 coronaviruses, thus identifying it as a member of this coronavirus antigenic group.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2000-12-02 PubMed ID: 11101590PubMed Central: PMC87631DOI: 10.1128/JCM.38.12.4523-4526.2000Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The main purpose of this study was to identify and characterize a particular coronavirus strain, isolated from the feces of a foal with diarrhea. The virus was examined and genetically analyzed and determined to have strong similarities with particular strains of bovine coronavirus (BCV) and porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus, among other types.

Methodology

The researchers implemented several procedures and assays to examine this coronavirus:

  • They propagated the virus in human rectal adenocarcinoma (HRT-18) cells.
  • They used indirect fluorescent-antibody assay procedures and virus neutralization assays. These methods made it possible to determine a close antigenic relationship with bovine coronavirus (BCV) and porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus, wildly known as mammalian group 2 coronaviruses.
  • A form of reverse transcriptase PCR procedure was applied, using previously described BCV primers.
  • An RT-PCR product was cloned into pUC19, then sequenced.
  • We compared the complete N protein of NC99 (446 amino acids) with previously published N protein sequences of other avian and mammalian coronaviruses.

Findings

Through these processes, the researchers made several key determinations:

  • They found the N protein sequence of NC99 to have a high degree of identity (89.0 to 90.1%) with the sequences of BCV (Mebus and F15 strains) and the human coronavirus (strain OC43).
  • They noted that the N protein sequence of NC99 had only limited identity (<25%) with group 1 and group 3 coronaviruses.

Conclusion

Based on these results, the researchers tentatively identified the virus as the equine coronavirus (ECV). Further, due to its close antigenic and/or genetic relationships with mammalian group 2 coronaviruses, it was classified as a member of this coronavirus antigenic group. This study is beneficial as it helps in understanding viruses that cause diseases in different hosts and may provide insights into virus-host interactions.

Cite This Article

APA
Guy JS, Breslin JJ, Breuhaus B, Vivrette S, Smith LG. (2000). Characterization of a coronavirus isolated from a diarrheic foal. J Clin Microbiol, 38(12), 4523-4526. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.38.12.4523-4526.2000

Publication

Journal of clinical microbiology
ISSN: 0095-1137
NlmUniqueID: 7505564
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 38
Issue: 12
Pages: 4523-4526

Researcher Affiliations

Guy, J S
  • Department of Microbiology, Pathology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA. Jim_Guy@ncsu.edu
Breslin, J J
    Breuhaus, B
      Vivrette, S
        Smith, L G

          MeSH Terms

          • Amino Acid Sequence
          • Animals
          • Capsid / genetics
          • Coronavirus / classification
          • Coronavirus / isolation & purification
          • Coronavirus OC43, Human
          • Diarrhea / veterinary
          • Diarrhea / virology
          • Feces / virology
          • Horse Diseases / virology
          • Horses
          • Humans
          • Microscopy, Electron
          • Molecular Sequence Data
          • Phylogeny
          • Polymerase Chain Reaction

          References

          This article includes 30 references
          1. Bass EP, Sharpee RL. Coronavirus and gastroenteritis in foals.. Lancet 1975 Oct 25;2(7939):822.
            pmc: PMC7135031pubmed: 78197doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(75)80058-4google scholar: lookup
          2. Boursnell ME, Binns MM, Foulds IJ, Brown TD. Sequences of the nucleocapsid genes from two strains of avian infectious bronchitis virus.. J Gen Virol 1985 Mar;66 ( Pt 3):573-80.
            pubmed: 2983001doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-66-3-573google scholar: lookup
          3. Breslin JJ, Smith LG, Fuller FJ, Guy JS. Sequence analysis of the matrix/nucleocapsid gene region of turkey coronavirus.. Intervirology 1999;42(1):22-9.
            pmc: PMC7179554pubmed: 10393500doi: 10.1159/000024956google scholar: lookup
          4. Breslin JJ, Smith LG, Fuller FJ, Guy JS. Sequence analysis of the turkey coronavirus nucleocapsid protein gene and 3' untranslated region identifies the virus as a close relative of infectious bronchitis virus.. Virus Res 1999 Dec 15;65(2):187-93.
            pmc: PMC7127622pubmed: 10581391doi: 10.1016/s0168-1702(99)00117-3google scholar: lookup
          5. Brian D A, Hogue B G, Kienzle T E. The coronavirus hemagglutinin esterase glycoprotein.. 1995;pp. 165–179.
          6. Crucière C, Laporte J. Sequence and analysis of bovine enteritic coronavirus (F15) genome. I. Sequence of the gene coding for the nucleocapsid protein; analysis of the predicted protein.. Ann Inst Pasteur Virol 1988 Jan-Mar;139(1):123-38.
            pmc: PMC7136935pubmed: 3207501doi: 10.1016/s0769-2617(88)80012-1google scholar: lookup
          7. Davis E, Rush BR, Cox J, DeBey B, Kapil S. Neonatal enterocolitis associated with coronavirus infection in a foal: a case report.. J Vet Diagn Invest 2000 Mar;12(2):153-6.
            pubmed: 10730946doi: 10.1177/104063870001200210google scholar: lookup
          8. Durham PJ, Stevenson BJ, Farquharson BC. Rotavirus and coronavirus associated diarrhoea in domestic animals.. N Z Vet J 1979 Mar;27(3):30-2.
            pubmed: 221870doi: 10.1080/00480169.1979.34595google scholar: lookup
          9. Guy JS, Barnes HJ. Partial characterization of a turkey enterovirus-like virus.. Avian Dis 1991 Jan-Mar;35(1):197-203.
            pubmed: 1851415
          10. Guy JS, Barnes HJ, Smith LG. Rapid diagnosis of infectious laryngotracheitis using a monoclonal antibody-based immunoperoxidase procedure.. Avian Pathol 1992;21(1):77-86.
            pubmed: 18670917doi: 10.1080/03079459208418820google scholar: lookup
          11. Guy JS, Brian DA. Bovine coronavirus genome.. J Virol 1979 Jan;29(1):293-300.
            pmc: PMC353118pubmed: 571025doi: 10.1128/jvi.29.1.293-300.1979google scholar: lookup
          12. Holmes K V, Lai M M C. Coronaviridae: the viruses and their replication.. 1996;pp. 1075–1093.
          13. Huang JC, Wright SL, Shipley WD. Isolation of coronavirus-like agent from horses suffering from acute equine diarrhoea syndrome.. Vet Rec 1983 Sep 17;113(12):262-3.
            pubmed: 6314633doi: 10.1136/vr.113.12.262google scholar: lookup
          14. Kamahora T, Soe LH, Lai MM. Sequence analysis of nucleocapsid gene and leader RNA of human coronavirus OC43.. Virus Res 1989 Jan;12(1):1-9.
            pmc: PMC7134120pubmed: 2541577doi: 10.1016/0168-1702(89)90048-8google scholar: lookup
          15. Kapke PA, Brian DA. Sequence analysis of the porcine transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus nucleocapsid protein gene.. Virology 1986 May;151(1):41-9.
            pmc: PMC7131278pubmed: 3008432doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(86)90102-9google scholar: lookup
          16. Lapps W, Hogue BG, Brian DA. Sequence analysis of the bovine coronavirus nucleocapsid and matrix protein genes.. Virology 1987 Mar;157(1):47-57.
            pmc: PMC7130558pubmed: 3029965doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(87)90312-6google scholar: lookup
          17. Mair TS, Taylor FG, Harbour DA, Pearson GR. Concurrent cryptosporidium and coronavirus infections in an Arabian foal with combined immunodeficiency syndrome.. Vet Rec 1990 Feb 10;126(6):127-30.
            pubmed: 2156372
          18. Majhdi F, Minocha HC, Kapil S. Isolation and characterization of a coronavirus from elk calves with diarrhea.. J Clin Microbiol 1997 Nov;35(11):2937-42.
            pmc: PMC230091pubmed: 9350763doi: 10.1128/jcm.35.11.2937-2942.1997google scholar: lookup
          19. Murphy F A. Virus taxonomy.. 1996;pp. 15–57.
          20. Parker MM, Masters PS. Sequence comparison of the N genes of five strains of the coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus suggests a three domain structure for the nucleocapsid protein.. Virology 1990 Nov;179(1):463-8.
            pmc: PMC7131444pubmed: 2171216doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(90)90316-jgoogle scholar: lookup
          21. Pedersen NC, Ward J, Mengeling WL. Antigenic relationship of the feline infectious peritonitis virus to coronaviruses of other species.. Arch Virol 1978;58(1):45-53.
            pmc: PMC7087319pubmed: 81044doi: 10.1007/bf01315534google scholar: lookup
          22. Robb J A, Bond C W. Coronaviridae.. 1979;pp. 193–247.
          23. Sambrook J, Fritsch E F, Maniatis T. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual.. 1989.
          24. Schreiber SS, Kamahora T, Lai MM. Sequence analysis of the nucleocapsid protein gene of human coronavirus 229E.. Virology 1989 Mar;169(1):142-51.
            pmc: PMC7131124pubmed: 2922924doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(89)90050-0google scholar: lookup
          25. Sharpee RL, Mebus CA, Bass EP. Characterization of a calf diarrheal coronavirus.. Am J Vet Res 1976 Sep;37(9):1031-41.
            pubmed: 786086
          26. Siddell S G. The Coronaviridae: an introduction.. 1995;pp. 1–9.
          27. Siddell SG, Anderson R, Cavanagh D, Fujiwara K, Klenk HD, Macnaughton MR, Pensaert M, Stohlman SA, Sturman L, van der Zeijst BA. Coronaviridae.. Intervirology 1983;20(4):181-9.
            pmc: PMC7182641pubmed: 6654644doi: 10.1159/000149390google scholar: lookup
          28. Thompson JD, Gibson TJ, Plewniak F, Jeanmougin F, Higgins DG. The CLUSTAL_X windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools.. Nucleic Acids Res 1997 Dec 15;25(24):4876-82.
            pmc: PMC147148pubmed: 9396791doi: 10.1093/nar/25.24.4876google scholar: lookup
          29. Wege H, Siddell S, ter Meulen V. The biology and pathogenesis of coronaviruses.. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1982;99:165-200.
            pubmed: 6178564doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-68528-6_5google scholar: lookup
          30. Williams AK, Wang L, Sneed LW, Collisson EW. Comparative analyses of the nucleocapsid genes of several strains of infectious bronchitis virus and other coronaviruses.. Virus Res 1992 Sep 15;25(3):213-22.
            pmc: PMC7134110pubmed: 1332275doi: 10.1016/0168-1702(92)90135-vgoogle scholar: lookup

          Citations

          This article has been cited 87 times.
          1. Stummer M, Frisch V, Glitz F, Hinney B, Spergser J, Krücken J, Diekmann I, Dimmel K, Riedel C, Cavalleri JV, Rümenapf T, Joachim A, Lyrakis M, Auer A. Presence of Equine and Bovine Coronaviruses, Endoparasites, and Bacteria in Fecal Samples of Horses with Colic. Pathogens 2023 Aug 15;12(8).
            doi: 10.3390/pathogens12081043pubmed: 37624003google scholar: lookup
          2. Widyasari K, Kim S. Efficacy of novel SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen tests in the era of omicron outbreak. PLoS One 2023;18(8):e0289990.
            doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289990pubmed: 37561721google scholar: lookup
          3. Ullah S, Ullah A, Lee J, Jeong Y, Hashmi M, Zhu C, Joo KI, Cha HJ, Kim IS. Reusability Comparison of Melt-Blown vs Nanofiber Face Mask Filters for Use in the Coronavirus Pandemic. ACS Appl Nano Mater 2020 Jul 24;3(7):7231-7241.
            doi: 10.1021/acsanm.0c01562pubmed: 37556250google scholar: lookup
          4. Bannai H, Kambayashi Y, Ohta M, Nemoto M, Tsujimura K. Prevalence of serum and salivary virus-neutralizing antibodies against equine coronavirus in four riding stables in Japan. J Equine Sci 2023 Mar;34(1):13-18.
            doi: 10.1294/jes.34.13pubmed: 37155492google scholar: lookup
          5. Mashin VV, Sergeev AN, Martynova NN, Oganov MD, Sergeev AA, Kataeva VV, Zagidullin NV. Ensuring Viral Safety of Equine Immunoglobulins during Production. Pharm Chem J 2022;56(2):283-288.
            doi: 10.1007/s11094-022-02632-zpubmed: 35571872google scholar: lookup
          6. Sajid M, Marriam S, Mukhtar H, Sohail S, Sajid M, Sehgal SA. Epitope-based peptide vaccine design and elucidation of novel compounds against 3C like protein of SARS-CoV-2. PLoS One 2022;17(3):e0264700.
            doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264700pubmed: 35324925google scholar: lookup
          7. Shehata AA, Attia YA, Rahman MT, Basiouni S, El-Seedi HR, Azhar EI, Khafaga AF, Hafez HM. Diversity of Coronaviruses with Particular Attention to the Interspecies Transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Animals (Basel) 2022 Feb 4;12(3).
            doi: 10.3390/ani12030378pubmed: 35158701google scholar: lookup
          8. Haque MH, Islam MA, Karim MR, Kayesh MEH, Sarker S, Nazir KHMNH, Anwer MS. Coronavirus disease 2019 and future pandemics: Impacts on livestock health and production and possible mitigation measures. Vet World 2021 Sep;14(9):2434-2443.
            doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.2434-2443pubmed: 34840464google scholar: lookup
          9. Uzal FA, Arroyo LG, Navarro MA, Gomez DE, Asín J, Henderson E. Bacterial and viral enterocolitis in horses: a review. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022 May;34(3):354-375.
            doi: 10.1177/10406387211057469pubmed: 34763560google scholar: lookup
          10. Nova N. Cross-Species Transmission of Coronaviruses in Humans and Domestic Mammals, What Are the Ecological Mechanisms Driving Transmission, Spillover, and Disease Emergence?. Front Public Health 2021;9:717941.
            doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.717941pubmed: 34660513google scholar: lookup
          11. Garg SS, Sharma A, Gupta J. Immunomodulation and immunotherapeutics of COVID-19. Clin Immunol 2021 Oct;231:108842.
            doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2021.108842pubmed: 34461289google scholar: lookup
          12. Shi Y, Tao J, Li B, Shen X, Cheng J, Liu H. The Gut Viral Metagenome Analysis of Domestic Dogs Captures Snapshot of Viral Diversity and Potential Risk of Coronavirus. Front Vet Sci 2021;8:695088.
            doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.695088pubmed: 34307533google scholar: lookup
          13. Korath ADJ, Janda J, Untersmayr E, Sokolowska M, Feleszko W, Agache I, Adel Seida A, Hartmann K, Jensen-Jarolim E, Pali-Schöll I. One Health: EAACI Position Paper on coronaviruses at the human-animal interface, with a specific focus on comparative and zoonotic aspects of SARS-CoV-2. Allergy 2022 Jan;77(1):55-71.
            doi: 10.1111/all.14991pubmed: 34180546google scholar: lookup
          14. Waqas M, Haider A, Rehman A, Qasim M, Umar A, Sufyan M, Akram HN, Mir A, Razzaq R, Rasool D, Tahir RA, Sehgal SA. Immunoinformatics and Molecular Docking Studies Predicted Potential Multiepitope-Based Peptide Vaccine and Novel Compounds against Novel SARS-CoV-2 through Virtual Screening. Biomed Res Int 2021;2021:1596834.
            doi: 10.1155/2021/1596834pubmed: 33728324google scholar: lookup
          15. Colina SE, Serena MS, Echeverría MG, Metz GE. Clinical and molecular aspects of veterinary coronaviruses. Virus Res 2021 May;297:198382.
            doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198382pubmed: 33705799google scholar: lookup
          16. Smail SW, Saeed M, Twana Alkasalias, Khudhur ZO, Younus DA, Rajab MF, Abdulahad WH, Hussain HI, Niaz K, Safdar M. Inflammation, immunity and potential target therapy of SARS-COV-2: A total scale analysis review. Food Chem Toxicol 2021 Apr;150:112087.
            doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112087pubmed: 33640537google scholar: lookup
          17. Mulabbi EN, Tweyongyere R, Byarugaba DK. The history of the emergence and transmission of human coronaviruses. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 2021 Feb 10;88(1):e1-e8.
            doi: 10.4102/ojvr.v88i1.1872pubmed: 33567843google scholar: lookup
          18. Yang D. Application of Nanotechnology in the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int J Nanomedicine 2021;16:623-649.
            doi: 10.2147/IJN.S296383pubmed: 33531805google scholar: lookup
          19. Renz A, Widerspick L, Dräger A. FBA reveals guanylate kinase as a potential target for antiviral therapies against SARS-CoV-2. Bioinformatics 2020 Dec 30;36(Suppl 2):i813-i821.
            doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btaa813pubmed: 33381848google scholar: lookup
          20. Zappulli V, Ferro S, Bonsembiante F, Brocca G, Calore A, Cavicchioli L, Centelleghe C, Corazzola G, De Vreese S, Gelain ME, Mazzariol S, Moccia V, Rensi N, Sammarco A, Torrigiani F, Verin R, Castagnaro M. Pathology of Coronavirus Infections: A Review of Lesions in Animals in the One-Health Perspective. Animals (Basel) 2020 Dec 11;10(12).
            doi: 10.3390/ani10122377pubmed: 33322366google scholar: lookup
          21. Poudel U, Subedi D, Pantha S, Dhakal S. Animal coronaviruses and coronavirus disease 2019: Lesson for One Health approach. Open Vet J 2020 Oct;10(3):239-251.
            doi: 10.4314/ovj.v10i3.1pubmed: 33282694google scholar: lookup
          22. de Morais HA, Dos Santos AP, do Nascimento NC, Kmetiuk LB, Barbosa DS, Brandão PE, Guimarães AMS, Pettan-Brewer C, Biondo AW. Natural Infection by SARS-CoV-2 in Companion Animals: A Review of Case Reports and Current Evidence of Their Role in the Epidemiology of COVID-19. Front Vet Sci 2020;7:591216.
            doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.591216pubmed: 33195627google scholar: lookup
          23. Waqas M, Haider A, Sufyan M, Siraj S, Sehgal SA. Determine the Potential Epitope Based Peptide Vaccine Against Novel SARS-CoV-2 Targeting Structural Proteins Using Immunoinformatics Approaches. Front Mol Biosci 2020;7:227.
            doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00227pubmed: 33195402google scholar: lookup
          24. Aleebrahim-Dehkordi E, Soveyzi F, Deravi N, Rabbani Z, Saghazadeh A, Rezaei N. Human Coronaviruses SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 in Children. J Pediatr Nurs 2021 Jan-Feb;56:70-79.
            doi: 10.1016/j.pedn.2020.10.020pubmed: 33186866google scholar: lookup
          25. Belhadi A, Kamble SS, Khan SAR, Touriki FE, Kumar M D. Infectious Waste Management Strategy during COVID-19 Pandemic in Africa: an Integrated Decision-Making Framework for Selecting Sustainable Technologies. Environ Manage 2020 Dec;66(6):1085-1104.
            doi: 10.1007/s00267-020-01375-5pubmed: 33095317google scholar: lookup
          26. Edwards CE, Yount BL, Graham RL, Leist SR, Hou YJ, Dinnon KH 3rd, Sims AC, Swanstrom J, Gully K, Scobey TD, Cooley MR, Currie CG, Randell SH, Baric RS. Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus replication in primary human cells reveals potential susceptibility to infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020 Oct 27;117(43):26915-26925.
            doi: 10.1073/pnas.2001046117pubmed: 33046644google scholar: lookup
          27. Khan ZA, Yumnamcha T, Mondal G, Devi SD, Rajiv C, Labala RK, Sanjita Devi H, Chattoraj A. Artificial Light at Night (ALAN): A Potential Anthropogenic Component for the COVID-19 and HCoVs Outbreak. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020;11:622.
            doi: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00622pubmed: 33013700google scholar: lookup
          28. Khamassi Khbou M, Daaloul Jedidi M, Bouaicha Zaafouri F, Benzarti M. Coronaviruses in farm animals: Epidemiology and public health implications. Vet Med Sci 2021 Mar;7(2):322-347.
            doi: 10.1002/vms3.359pubmed: 32976707google scholar: lookup
          29. D'arc M, Cosentino MC, Moreira FRR, Cavalcante LTF, Augusto AM, Trocolli F, Ubiali DG, Verona CE, Soares MA, Santos AF. A novel Betacoronavirus characterised in collared peccaries from the Rio de Janeiro Zoo (Brazil) killed by unknown disease. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2020;115:e200153.
            doi: 10.1590/0074-02760200153pubmed: 32785421google scholar: lookup
          30. Amesty MA, Alió Del Barrio JL, Alió JL. COVID-19 Disease and Ophthalmology: An Update. Ophthalmol Ther 2020 Sep;9(3):1-12.
            doi: 10.1007/s40123-020-00260-ypubmed: 32445134google scholar: lookup
          31. Prutton JSW, Barnum S, Pusterla N. Evaluation of safety, humoral immune response and faecal shedding in horses inoculated with a modified-live bovine coronavirus vaccination. Equine Vet Educ 2020 Aug;32(Suppl 11):33-36.
            doi: 10.1111/eve.13175pubmed: 32427191google scholar: lookup
          32. Decaro N, Lorusso A. Novel human coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): A lesson from animal coronaviruses. Vet Microbiol 2020 May;244:108693.
            doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108693pubmed: 32402329google scholar: lookup
          33. Pusterla N, Vin R, Leutenegger C, Mittel LD, Divers TJ. Equine coronavirus: An emerging enteric virus of adult horses. Equine Vet Educ 2016 Apr;28(4):216-223.
            doi: 10.1111/eve.12453pubmed: 32313392google scholar: lookup
          34. Mallicote M, House AM, Sanchez LC. A review of foal diarrhoea from birth to weaning. Equine Vet Educ 2012 Apr;24(4):206-214.
            doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2011.00358.xpubmed: 32313387google scholar: lookup
          35. Agranovski IE, Safatov AS, Pyankov OV, Sergeev AN, Agafonov AP, Ignatiev GM, Ryabchikova EI, Borodulin AI, Sergeev AA, Doerr HW, Rabenau HF, Agranovski V. Monitoring of viable airborne SARS virus in ambient air. Atmos Environ (1994) 2004 Jul;38(23):3879-3884.
            doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.03.044pubmed: 32288549google scholar: lookup
          36. Zhao S, Smits C, Schuurman N, Barnum S, Pusterla N, Kuppeveld FV, Bosch BJ, Maanen KV, Egberink H. Development and Validation of a S1 Protein-Based ELISA for the Specific Detection of Antibodies against Equine Coronavirus. Viruses 2019 Nov 30;11(12).
            doi: 10.3390/v11121109pubmed: 31801275google scholar: lookup
          37. Liu P, Chen W, Chen JP. Viral Metagenomics Revealed Sendai Virus and Coronavirus Infection of Malayan Pangolins (Manis javanica). Viruses 2019 Oct 24;11(11).
            doi: 10.3390/v11110979pubmed: 31652964google scholar: lookup
          38. Schaefer E, Harms C, Viner M, Barnum S, Pusterla N. Investigation of an experimental infection model of equine coronavirus in adult horses. J Vet Intern Med 2018 Nov;32(6):2099-2104.
            doi: 10.1111/jvim.15318pubmed: 30353949google scholar: lookup
          39. Corman VM, Muth D, Niemeyer D, Drosten C. Hosts and Sources of Endemic Human Coronaviruses. Adv Virus Res 2018;100:163-188.
            doi: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2018.01.001pubmed: 29551135google scholar: lookup
          40. Pusterla N, Vin R, Leutenegger CM, Mittel LD, Divers TJ. Enteric coronavirus infection in adult horses. Vet J 2018 Jan;231:13-18.
            doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.11.004pubmed: 29429482google scholar: lookup
          41. Nemoto M, Kanno T, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Yamanaka T, Kokado H. Antibody response to equine coronavirus in horses inoculated with a bovine coronavirus vaccine. J Vet Med Sci 2017 Nov 17;79(11):1889-1891.
            doi: 10.1292/jvms.17-0414pubmed: 28993568google scholar: lookup
          42. Hemida MG, Chu DKW, Perera RAPM, Ko RLW, So RTY, Ng BCY, Chan SMS, Chu S, Alnaeem AA, Alhammadi MA, Webby RJ, Poon LLM, Balasuriya UBR, Peiris M. Coronavirus infections in horses in Saudi Arabia and Oman. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017 Dec;64(6):2093-2103.
            doi: 10.1111/tbed.12630pubmed: 28296228google scholar: lookup
          43. Kooijman LJ, James K, Mapes SM, Theelen MJ, Pusterla N. Seroprevalence and risk factors for infection with equine coronavirus in healthy horses in the USA. Vet J 2017 Feb;220:91-94.
            doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.01.007pubmed: 28190504google scholar: lookup
          44. Koo B, Jin CE, Lee TY, Lee JH, Park MK, Sung H, Park SY, Lee HJ, Kim SM, Kim JY, Kim SH, Shin Y. An isothermal, label-free, and rapid one-step RNA amplification/detection assay for diagnosis of respiratory viral infections. Biosens Bioelectron 2017 Apr 15;90:187-194.
            doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.11.051pubmed: 27894035google scholar: lookup
          45. Nemoto M, Oue Y, Higuchi T, Kinoshita Y, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Yamanaka T, Kondo T. Low prevalence of equine coronavirus in foals in the largest thoroughbred horse breeding region of Japan, 2012-2014. Acta Vet Scand 2015 Sep 22;57(1):53.
            doi: 10.1186/s13028-015-0149-4pubmed: 26395082google scholar: lookup
          46. Nemoto M, Morita Y, Niwa H, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Yamanaka T, Kondo T. Rapid detection of equine coronavirus by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification. J Virol Methods 2015 Apr;215-216:13-6.
            doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.02.001pubmed: 25682750google scholar: lookup
          47. Lau SK, Woo PC, Li KS, Tsang AK, Fan RY, Luk HK, Cai JP, Chan KH, Zheng BJ, Wang M, Yuen KY. Discovery of a novel coronavirus, China Rattus coronavirus HKU24, from Norway rats supports the murine origin of Betacoronavirus 1 and has implications for the ancestor of Betacoronavirus lineage A. J Virol 2015 Mar;89(6):3076-92.
            doi: 10.1128/JVI.02420-14pubmed: 25552712google scholar: lookup
          48. Nemoto M, Oue Y, Morita Y, Kanno T, Kinoshita Y, Niwa H, Ueno T, Katayama Y, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Yamanaka T, Kondo T. Experimental inoculation of equine coronavirus into Japanese draft horses. Arch Virol 2014 Dec;159(12):3329-34.
            doi: 10.1007/s00705-014-2205-1pubmed: 25139547google scholar: lookup
          49. Miszczak F, Tesson V, Kin N, Dina J, Balasuriya UB, Pronost S, Vabret A. First detection of equine coronavirus (ECoV) in Europe. Vet Microbiol 2014 Jun 25;171(1-2):206-9.
            doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.03.031pubmed: 24768449google scholar: lookup
          50. Barros IN, Silva SO, Nogueira Neto FS, Asano KM, Souza SP, Richtzenhain LJ, Brandao PE. A multigene approach for comparing genealogy of Betacoronavirus from cattle and horses. ScientificWorldJournal 2013;2013:349702.
            doi: 10.1155/2013/349702pubmed: 24348152google scholar: lookup
          51. Drexler JF, Corman VM, Drosten C. Ecology, evolution and classification of bat coronaviruses in the aftermath of SARS. Antiviral Res 2014 Jan;101:45-56.
            doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.10.013pubmed: 24184128google scholar: lookup
          52. Slovis NM, Elam J, Estrada M, Leutenegger CM. Infectious agents associated with diarrhoea in neonatal foals in central Kentucky: a comprehensive molecular study. Equine Vet J 2014 May;46(3):311-6.
            doi: 10.1111/evj.12119pubmed: 23773143google scholar: lookup
          53. Kanno T, Ishihara R, Hatama S, Uchida I. Antigenic variation among recent Japanese isolates of bovine coronaviruses belonging to phylogenetically distinct genetic groups. Arch Virol 2013 May;158(5):1047-53.
            doi: 10.1007/s00705-012-1587-1pubmed: 23269444google scholar: lookup
          54. Pusterla N, Mapes S, Wademan C, White A, Ball R, Sapp K, Burns P, Ormond C, Butterworth K, Bartol J, Magdesian KG. Emerging outbreaks associated with equine coronavirus in adult horses. Vet Microbiol 2013 Feb 22;162(1):228-31.
            doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.10.014pubmed: 23123176google scholar: lookup
          55. Pratelli A. The evolutionary processes of canine coronaviruses. Adv Virol 2011;2011:562831.
            doi: 10.1155/2011/562831pubmed: 22315601google scholar: lookup
          56. Pagamjav O, Kobayashi K, Murakami H, Tabata Y, Miura Y, Boldbaatar B, Sentsui H. Serological survey of equine viral diseases in Mongolia. Microbiol Immunol 2011 Apr;55(4):289-92.
            doi: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2011.00312.xpubmed: 21447048google scholar: lookup
          57. Oue Y, Ishihara R, Edamatsu H, Morita Y, Yoshida M, Yoshima M, Hatama S, Murakami K, Kanno T. Isolation of an equine coronavirus from adult horses with pyrogenic and enteric disease and its antigenic and genomic characterization in comparison with the NC99 strain. Vet Microbiol 2011 May 12;150(1-2):41-8.
            doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.01.004pubmed: 21273011google scholar: lookup
          58. Chung JY, Kim HR, Bae YC, Lee OS, Oem JK. Detection and characterization of bovine-like coronaviruses from four species of zoo ruminants. Vet Microbiol 2011 Mar 24;148(2-4):396-401.
            doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.08.035pubmed: 20880639google scholar: lookup
          59. Decaro N, Cirone F, Mari V, Nava D, Tinelli A, Elia G, Di Sarno A, Martella V, Colaianni ML, Aprea G, Tempesta M, Buonavoglia C. Characterisation of bubaline coronavirus strains associated with gastroenteritis in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) calves. Vet Microbiol 2010 Oct 26;145(3-4):245-51.
            doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.04.010pubmed: 20483547google scholar: lookup
          60. Frederick J, Giguère S, Sanchez LC. Infectious agents detected in the feces of diarrheic foals: a retrospective study of 233 cases (2003-2008). J Vet Intern Med 2009 Nov-Dec;23(6):1254-60.
            doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0383.xpubmed: 19747192google scholar: lookup
          61. Hasoksuz M, Vlasova A, Saif LJ. Detection of group 2a coronaviruses with emphasis on bovine and wild ruminant strains. Virus isolation and detection of antibody, antigen, and nucleic acid. Methods Mol Biol 2008;454:43-59.
            doi: 10.1007/978-1-59745-181-9_5pubmed: 19057864google scholar: lookup
          62. Decaro N, Buonavoglia C. An update on canine coronaviruses: viral evolution and pathobiology. Vet Microbiol 2008 Dec 10;132(3-4):221-34.
            doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.06.007pubmed: 18635322google scholar: lookup
          63. Vabret A, Dina J, Brison E, Brouard J, Freymuth F. [Human coronaviruses]. Pathol Biol (Paris) 2009 Mar;57(2):149-60.
            doi: 10.1016/j.patbio.2008.02.018pubmed: 18456429google scholar: lookup
          64. Suzuki K, Matsui Y, Miura Y, Sentsui H. Equine coronavirus induces apoptosis in cultured cells. Vet Microbiol 2008 Jun 22;129(3-4):390-5.
            doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.11.034pubmed: 18243587google scholar: lookup
          65. Decaro N, Martella V, Elia G, Campolo M, Mari V, Desario C, Lucente MS, Lorusso A, Greco G, Corrente M, Tempesta M, Buonavoglia C. Biological and genetic analysis of a bovine-like coronavirus isolated from water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) calves. Virology 2008 Jan 5;370(1):213-22.
            doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.08.031pubmed: 17916374google scholar: lookup
          66. Zhang J, Guy JS, Snijder EJ, Denniston DA, Timoney PJ, Balasuriya UB. Genomic characterization of equine coronavirus. Virology 2007 Dec 5;369(1):92-104.
            doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.06.035pubmed: 17706262google scholar: lookup
          67. Hasoksuz M, Alekseev K, Vlasova A, Zhang X, Spiro D, Halpin R, Wang S, Ghedin E, Saif LJ. Biologic, antigenic, and full-length genomic characterization of a bovine-like coronavirus isolated from a giraffe. J Virol 2007 May;81(10):4981-90.
            doi: 10.1128/JVI.02361-06pubmed: 17344285google scholar: lookup
          68. Erles K, Shiu KB, Brownlie J. Isolation and sequence analysis of canine respiratory coronavirus. Virus Res 2007 Mar;124(1-2):78-87.
            doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2006.10.004pubmed: 17092595google scholar: lookup
          69. Pyrc K, Dijkman R, Deng L, Jebbink MF, Ross HA, Berkhout B, van der Hoek L. Mosaic structure of human coronavirus NL63, one thousand years of evolution. J Mol Biol 2006 Dec 15;364(5):964-73.
            doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.09.074pubmed: 17054987google scholar: lookup
          70. Masters PS. The molecular biology of coronaviruses. Adv Virus Res 2006;66:193-292.
            doi: 10.1016/S0065-3527(06)66005-3pubmed: 16877062google scholar: lookup
          71. Magdesian KG. Neonatal foal diarrhea. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2005 Aug;21(2):295-312, vi.
            doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2005.04.009pubmed: 16051051google scholar: lookup
          72. Moës E, Vijgen L, Keyaerts E, Zlateva K, Li S, Maes P, Pyrc K, Berkhout B, van der Hoek L, Van Ranst M. A novel pancoronavirus RT-PCR assay: frequent detection of human coronavirus NL63 in children hospitalized with respiratory tract infections in Belgium. BMC Infect Dis 2005 Feb 1;5:6.
            doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-5-6pubmed: 15686594google scholar: lookup
          73. Groneberg DA, Hilgenfeld R, Zabel P. Molecular mechanisms of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Respir Res 2005 Jan 20;6(1):8.
            doi: 10.1186/1465-9921-6-8pubmed: 15661082google scholar: lookup
          74. Burnouf T, Griffiths E, Padilla A, Seddik S, Stephano MA, Gutiérrez JM. Assessment of the viral safety of antivenoms fractionated from equine plasma. Biologicals 2004 Sep;32(3):115-28.
            doi: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2004.07.001pubmed: 15536042google scholar: lookup
          75. Agafonov AP, Gus'kov AA, Ternovoi VA, Ryabchikova EI, Durymanov AG, Vinogradov IV, Maksimov NL, Ignat'ev GM, Nechaeva EA, Netesov SV. Primary characterization of SARS coronavirus strain Frankfurt 1. Dokl Biol Sci 2004 Jan-Feb;394(1):58-60.
            doi: 10.1023/b:dobs.0000017131.06970.74pubmed: 15088406google scholar: lookup
          76. van der Hoek L, Pyrc K, Jebbink MF, Vermeulen-Oost W, Berkhout RJ, Wolthers KC, Wertheim-van Dillen PM, Kaandorp J, Spaargaren J, Berkhout B. Identification of a new human coronavirus. Nat Med 2004 Apr;10(4):368-73.
            doi: 10.1038/nm1024pubmed: 15034574google scholar: lookup
          77. Lai MM. SARS virus: the beginning of the unraveling of a new coronavirus. J Biomed Sci 2003 Nov-Dec;10(6 Pt 2):664-75.
            doi: 10.1159/000074077pubmed: 14631105google scholar: lookup
          78. Wu HY, Guy JS, Yoo D, Vlasak R, Urbach E, Brian DA. Common RNA replication signals exist among group 2 coronaviruses: evidence for in vivo recombination between animal and human coronavirus molecules. Virology 2003 Oct 10;315(1):174-83.
            doi: 10.1016/s0042-6822(03)00511-7pubmed: 14592769google scholar: lookup
          79. Usserbayev B, Zhugunissov K, Smekenov I, Akmyrzayev N, Abdykalyk A, Abeuov K, Zhumadil B, Melisbek A, Shirinbekov M, Zhaksylyk S, Nagymzhanova Z, Seidakhmetova A, Beltramo C, Peletto S, Kerimbaev A, Nurabaev S, Chervyakova O, Kozhabergenov N. Alpha- and Beta-Coronaviruses in Humans and Animals: Taxonomy, Reservoirs, Hosts, and Interspecies Transmission. Microorganisms 2025 Dec 24;14(1).
            doi: 10.3390/microorganisms14010043pubmed: 41597563google scholar: lookup
          80. Kouadria W, Poder SL, van Maanen K, Seuberlich T, Dawson KLD, Zientara S, Laabassi F. First serological evidence of equine coronavirus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in horses in North Africa. Vet Res Commun 2025 Oct 4;49(6):347.
            doi: 10.1007/s11259-025-10928-0pubmed: 41045398google scholar: lookup
          81. Ricci I, Rosone F, Pacchiarotti G, Manna G, Cersini A, Carvelli A, La Rocca D, Cammalleri E, Giordani R, Tofani S, Conti R, Rombolà P, Nardini R, Minniti CA, Caforio R, Linardi B, Scicluna MT. Pegiviruses and Coronavirus: Biomolecular Prevalence and Phylogenetic Analysis of Strains Detected in Italian Horse Populations. Viruses 2025 Aug 2;17(8).
            doi: 10.3390/v17081076pubmed: 40872790google scholar: lookup
          82. Fukumoto N, Bannai H, Kawanishi N, Shibata M, Kishi D, Kambayashi Y, Tsujimura K, Nemoto M. The first outbreak of equine coronavirus infection in 13 years among draft horses at Obihiro Racecourse in Japan in 2025. J Vet Med Sci 2025 Oct 1;87(10):1158-1163.
            doi: 10.1292/jvms.25-0271pubmed: 40754417google scholar: lookup
          83. Gim Y, Jeong SH, Lee YJ, Jang G, Lee C. Incidence and Genetic Investigation of Avian Coronaviruses in Migratory Ducks From South Korea. Transbound Emerg Dis 2024;2024:9502737.
            doi: 10.1155/2024/9502737pubmed: 40303022google scholar: lookup
          84. Haywood LMB, Sheahan BJ. A Review of Epithelial Ion Transporters and Their Roles in Equine Infectious Colitis. Vet Sci 2024 Oct 7;11(10).
            doi: 10.3390/vetsci11100480pubmed: 39453072google scholar: lookup
          85. Kambayashi Y, Nemoto M, Ochi A, Kishi D, Ueno T, Tsujimura K, Bannai H, Kawanishi N, Ohta M, Suzuki T. Equine coronavirus infection and replication in equine intestinal enteroids. Vet Res 2024 Oct 10;55(1):135.
            doi: 10.1186/s13567-024-01381-zpubmed: 39390558google scholar: lookup
          86. Si F, Yu R, Dong S, Chen B, Li C, Song S. Towards a Safer Future: Enhancing Vaccine Development to Combat Animal Coronaviruses. Vaccines (Basel) 2024 Mar 19;12(3).
            doi: 10.3390/vaccines12030330pubmed: 38543964google scholar: lookup
          87. Pusterla N, Lawton K, Barnum S. Investigation of the seroprevalence to equine coronavirus and SARS-CoV-2 in healthy adult horses recently imported to the United States. Vet Q 2024 Dec;44(1):1-6.
            doi: 10.1080/01652176.2023.2288876pubmed: 38010292google scholar: lookup
          Subscribe to our newsletter
          Join 99,727 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.