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Veterinary world2022; 15(11); 2673-2680; doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2673-2680

Characterizing the antimicrobial resistance profile of Escherichia coli found in sport animals (fighting cocks, fighting bulls, and sport horses) and soils from their environment.

Abstract: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant threat to global health and development. Inappropriate antimicrobial drug use in animals cause AMR, and most studies focus on livestock because of the widespread use of antimicrobial medicines. There is a lack of studies on sports animals and AMR issues. This study aimed to characterize the AMR profile of E. coli found in sports animals (fighting cocks, fighting bulls, and sport horses) and soils from their environment. Unassigned: Bacterial isolation and identification were conducted to identify E. coli isolates recovered from fresh feces that were obtained from fighting cocks (n = 32), fighting bulls (n = 57), sport horses (n = 33), and soils from those farms (n = 32) at Nakhon Si Thammarat. Antimicrobial resistance was determined using 15 tested antimicrobial agents - ampicillin (AM), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cephalexin (CN), cefalotin (CF), cefoperazone, ceftiofur, cefquinome, gentamicin, neomycin, flumequine (UB), enrofloxacin, marbofloaxacin, polymyxin B, tetracycline (TE), and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (SXT). The virulence genes, AMR genes, and phylogenetic groups were also examined. Five virulence genes, iroN, ompT, hlyF, iss, and iutA, are genes determining the phylogenetic groups, chuA, cjaA, and tspE4C2, were identified. The AMR genes selected for detection were blaTEM and blaSHV for the beta-lactamase group; cml-A for phenicol; dhfrV for trimethoprim; sul1 and sul2 for sulfonamides; tetA, tetB, and tetC for TEs; and qnrA, qnrB, and qnrS for quinolones. Unassigned: The E. coli derived from sports animals were resistant at different levels to AM, CF, CN, UB, SXT, and TE. The AMR rate was overall higher in fighting cocks than in other animals, with significantly higher resistance to AM, CF, and TE. The highest AMR was found in fighting cocks, where 62.5% of their isolates were AM resistant. In addition, multidrug resistance was highest in fighting cocks (12.5%). One extended-spectrum beta-lactamase E. coli isolate was found in the soils, but none from animal feces. The phylogenetic analysis showed that most E. coli isolates were in Group B1. The E. coli isolates from fighting cocks had more virulence and AMR genes than other sources. The AMR genes found in 20% or more of the isolates were blaTEM (71.9%), qnrB (25%), qnrS (46.9%), and tetA (56.25%), whereas in the E. coli isolates collected from soils, the only resistance genes found in 20% or more of the isolates were blaTEM (30.8%), and tetA (23.1%). Unassigned: Escherichia coli from fighting cock feces had significantly higher resistance to AM, CF, and TE than isolates from other sporting animals. Hence, fighting cocks may be a reservoir of resistant E. coli that can transfer to the environment and other animals and humans in direct contact with the birds or the birds' habitat. Programs for antimicrobial monitoring should also target sports animals and their environment.
Copyright: © Wongtawan, et al.
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Publication Date: 2022-11-25 PubMed ID: 36590125PubMed Central: PMC9798048DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2673-2680Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research explores antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles in sports animals including fighting cocks, fighting bulls, and sports horses, as well as the soil in their environments. In particular, the study investigates the AMR in the Escherichia coli bacteria from these sources, drawing attention to the need for monitoring programs for sports animals and their habitats.

Methodology

  • Researchers gathered E. coli from fresh feces of fighting cocks, fighting bulls, sports horses, and soils from their farms in Nakhon Si Thammarat.
  • The antimicrobial resistance of E. coli isolates was tested against 15 antimicrobial agents such as ampicillin, cephalothin, ceftiofur, and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim.
  • The study also scanned for the presence of various virulence genes, AMR genes, and identified the phylogenetic groups.

Findings

  • The E. coli isolates derived from sports animals showed varying degrees of resistance to different antimicrobial agents.
  • Particularly, the resistance level was significantly higher in fighting cocks, especially to ampicillin, cefalotin, and tetracycline. Moreover, multi-drug resistance was primarily observed in fighting cocks.
  • Interestingly, the study found an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) E. coli isolate in the soil samples, possibly hinting at environment-AMR linkage.
  • On analyzing phylogenetic groups, most E. coli isolates fit into Group B1.
  • E. coli from fighting cocks contained more virulence and AMR genes than other sources.

Significance and Recommendations

  • The study points out the notably higher resistance of E. coli found in fighting cock feces, suggesting that these birds could be carriers of resistant E. coli which may spread to the environment, other animals, and possibly humans in contact.
  • This highlights that there is a potential risk of AMR spread from sports animals, which were not traditionally included in antimicrobial monitoring programs. Therefore, the authors recommended the inclusion of sports animals and their environment into AMR monitoring programs.

Cite This Article

APA
Wongtawan T, Narinthorn R, Sontigun N, Sansamur C, Petcharat Y, Fungwithaya P, Saengsawang P, Blackall PJ, Thomrongsuwannakij T. (2022). Characterizing the antimicrobial resistance profile of Escherichia coli found in sport animals (fighting cocks, fighting bulls, and sport horses) and soils from their environment. Vet World, 15(11), 2673-2680. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2022.2673-2680

Publication

Veterinary world
ISSN: 0972-8988
NlmUniqueID: 101504872
Country: India
Language: English
Volume: 15
Issue: 11
Pages: 2673-2680

Researcher Affiliations

Wongtawan, Tuempong
  • Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand.
  • Centre for One Health, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand.
  • Excellence Centre for Melioidosis and other microorganisms, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand.
Narinthorn, Ruethai
  • Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand.
  • Centre for One Health, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand.
Sontigun, Narin
  • Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand.
  • Centre for One Health, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand.
  • Excellence Centre for Melioidosis and other microorganisms, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand.
Sansamur, Chalutwan
  • Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand.
  • Centre for One Health, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand.
Petcharat, Yotsapat
  • Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand.
Fungwithaya, Punpichaya
  • Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand.
  • Centre for One Health, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand.
  • Excellence Centre for Melioidosis and other microorganisms, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand.
Saengsawang, Phirabhat
  • Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand.
  • Centre for One Health, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand.
Blackall, Patrick J
  • Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4067, Australia.
Thomrongsuwannakij, Thotsapol
  • Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand.
  • Centre for One Health, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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Citations

This article has been cited 3 times.
  1. Pereira AJ, Amaral F, Coppo MJC, Bailey KE, Ting S, Gilkerson J, Browning GF, Jong JBDC, Toribio JLML. Knowledge and practices related to antimicrobial use in fighting cocks - a survey of fighting cock owners in Timor-Leste. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2025;15:1569037.
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  3. Thomson P, García P, Río CD, Castro R, Núñez A, Miranda C. Antimicrobial Resistance and Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Genes in Enterobacterales, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter Isolates from the Uterus of Healthy Mares. Pathogens 2023 Sep 8;12(9).
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