FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Iran J Vet Res / Clinical and laboratorial description of the differential di...
Iranian journal of veterinary research2020; 21(1); 1-8;

Clinical and laboratorial description of the differential diagnoses of hemostatic disorders in the horse.

Abstract: The process of fibrin clot formation is a series of complex and well-regulated reactions involving blood vessels, platelets, procoagulant plasma proteins, natural inhibitors, and fibrinolytic enzymes. Vasculitis can be caused by a variety of different agents as bacteria, viruses, protozoal, rickettsial organisms, toxic, drugs, medications, and neoplasms. The most common cause of vasculitis is the purpura hemorrhagica, which is associated with exposure to Streptococcus equi ssp. equi or less commonly, equine influenza. Deficiencies or defects of the hemostatic components may result in bleeding and/or thrombosis. Inherited alterations of primary hemostasis (von Willebrand disease: vWD and Glanzmann's thrombasthenia: GT) and of secondary hemostasis (hemophilia A and prekallikrein: PK deficiency) are scarcely reported in equine clinic. On the contrary, acquired alterations of primary and secondary hemostasis are commonly found. They include thrombocytopenia, platelet dysfunction due to the administration of some drugs and targeted antiplatelet agents, decreased factor synthesis (liver disease or deficiency of vitamin K), release of inactive factors, inhibition of factor activity, or excessive consumption and depletion of factors (platelets, coagulation factors, and anticoagulants factors as antithrombin (AT) and protein C). Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is the most common and complex hemostatic disorder in horses and appears to be associated with sepsis, inflammatory and ischemic gastrointestinal tract disorders and other systemic severe diseases. These alterations are commonly found in patients in intensive care units.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2020-05-06 PubMed ID: 32368218PubMed Central: PMC7183377
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article provides a comprehensive overview and exploration of the different diagnoses of hemostatic disorders in horses, investigating the factors that contribute to these conditions, their characteristics, and the implications they have on equine health.

About Hemostatic Disorders

  • The research discusses hemostatic disorders, which are health complications that affect the process of fibrin clot formation. This process involves the interaction of various elements including blood vessels, platelets, procoagulant plasma proteins, natural inhibitors, and fibrinolytic enzymes.
  • Abnormalities or deficiencies in any of these components could lead to bleeding or thrombosis. Furthermore, exposure to various external agents like bacteria, viruses, drugs, toxins and neoplasms can also cause vasculitis which involves the inflammation of the blood vessels.

Common Hemostatic Disorders in Horses

  • The most common instance of vasculitis in horses is purpura hemorrhagica, which is typically associated with exposure to certain bacteria or, less commonly, equine influenza.
  • The research also mentions certain rare inherited disorders that affect primary hemostasis, such as von Willebrand disease (vWD) and thrombasthenia (GT), and secondary hemostasis, including hemophilia A and prekallikrein (PK) deficiency.

Acquired Hemostatic Disorders

  • Unlike inherited disorders, acquired alterations of primary and secondary hemostasis are commonly found in horses. These encompass a wide range of conditions, such as thrombocytopenia and platelet dysfunction due to the administration of certain drugs.
  • Other conditions include decreased factor synthesis as a result of liver disease or vitamin K deficiency, release of inactive factors, inhibition of factor activity, or excessive consumption and depletion of factors such as platelets, coagulation factors, and anticoagulants, like antithrombin (AT) and protein C.
  • Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is identified as the most common and complex hemostatic disorder in horses. This condition is often associated with sepsis and other severe systemic diseases such as inflammatory and ischemic gastrointestinal tract disorders.
  • These conditions are commonly observed in horses under intensive care units.

Cite This Article

APA
Satué K, Gardon JC, Muñoz A. (2020). Clinical and laboratorial description of the differential diagnoses of hemostatic disorders in the horse. Iran J Vet Res, 21(1), 1-8.

Publication

Iranian journal of veterinary research
ISSN: 1728-1997
NlmUniqueID: 101660030
Country: Iran
Language: English
Volume: 21
Issue: 1
Pages: 1-8

Researcher Affiliations

Satué, K
  • Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University, Valencia, Spain.
Gardon, J C
  • Department of Experimental Sciences and Mathematics, Catholic University of Valencia "San Vicente Mártir", Valencia, Spain.
Muñoz, A
  • Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.

References

This article includes 78 references
  1. Armengou L, Monreal L, Tarancón I, Navarro M, Ríos J, Segura D. Plasma D-dimer concentration in sick newborn foals.. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2008;22:411–417.
    pubmed: 18312557
  2. Ayala I, Rodríguez MJ, Martos N, Ziberschtein J, Ruíz I, Motas M. Fatal brodifacoum poisoning in a pony.. Can. Vet. J. 2007;48:627–629.
    pmc: PMC1876195pubmed: 17616062
  3. Balasuriya JB. Equine viral arteritis.. Vet. Clin. North Am.: Equine Pract. 2014;30:543–560.
    pubmed: 25441113
  4. Barrell EA, Asakawa MG, Felippe MJB, Divers TJ, Stokol T. Acute leukemia in six horses (1990-2012). J. Vet. Diagn. Investig. 2017;29:529–535.
    pubmed: 28467276
  5. Blond AG, Epstein KL, Brainard BM. In vitro effects of three formulations of hydroxyethyl starch solutions as coagulation and platelet function in horses.. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2013;74:712–720.
    pubmed: 23627384
  6. Boudreaux MK, Humphries DM. Identification of potential platelet alloantigens in the Equidae family by comparison of gene sequences encoding major platelet membrane glycoproteins.. Vet. Clin. Pathol. 2013;42:437–442.
    pubmed: 24117539
  7. Brooks MB. Equine coagulopathies.. Clin. Vet. North Am.: Equine Pract. 2008;24:335–355.
    pubmed: 18652959
  8. Brooks M, Leith GS, Allen AK, Woods PR, Benson RE, Dodds WJ. Bleeding disorder (von Willebrand disease) in a quarter horse.. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1991;198:114–116.
    pubmed: 1995565
  9. Brooks AC, Menzies-Gow NJ, Wheeler-Jones C, Bailey SR, Cunningham FM, Elliott J. Endotoxin-induced activation of equine platelets: evidence for direct activation of p38 MAPK pathways and vasoactive mediator production.. Inflamm. Res. 2007;56:154–161.
    pubmed: 17522813
  10. Buechner-Maxwell V, Scott MA, Godber L, Kristensen A. Neonatal alloimmune thrombocyto-penia in a quarter horse foal.. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 1997;11:304–308.
    pubmed: 9348499
  11. Burke CW. Vitamin K deficiency bleeding: overview and considerations.. J. Pediatr. Health Care. 2013;27:215–281.
    pubmed: 23146661
  12. Burkett BN, Thomason JM, Hurdle HM, Wills RW, Fontenott RL. Effects of firocoxib, flunixin meglumine and phenylbutazone on platelet function and thromboxane synthesis in healthy horses.. Vet. Surg. 2016;45:1087–1094.
    pubmed: 27731498
  13. Cattaneo M. Inherited platelet-based bleeding disorders.. J. Thromb. Haemost. 2003;1:1628–1636.
    pubmed: 12871299
  14. Cesarini C, Cotovio M, Ríos J, Armengou L, Jose-Cunilleras E. Association between necropsy evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation and hemostatic variables before death in horses with colic.. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2016;30:269–275.
    pmc: PMC4913647pubmed: 26581617
  15. Christopherson PW, Insalaco TA, Van Santen VL, Livesey L, Bournce C, Boudreaux MK. Characterization of the cDNA encoding alphaIIb and beta3 in normal horses and two horses with Glanzmann thrombasthenia.. Vet. Pathol. 2006;43:78–82.
    pubmed: 16407493
  16. Cian F, Tyner G, Martini V, Comazzi S, Archer J. Leukemic small cell lymphoma or chronic lymphocytic leukemia in a horse.. Vet. Clin. Pathol. 2013;43:301–306.
    pubmed: 23909896
  17. Clabough DL, Gebhard D, Flaherty MT, Whetter LE, Perry ST, Coggins L, Fuller FJ. Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia in horses infected with equine infectious anemia virus.. J. Virol. 1991;65:6242–6251.
    pmc: PMC250322pubmed: 1717720
  18. Clarke P, Shearer MJ. Vitamin K deficiency bleeding: the readiness is all.. Arch. Dis. Child. 2007;92:741–743.
    pmc: PMC2084018pubmed: 17522165
  19. Cooper CJ, Keller SM, Arroyo LS, Hewson J, Kenney D, Bienzle D. Acute leukemia in horses.. Vet. Pathol. 2018;55:159–178.
    pubmed: 28812528
  20. Cotovio M, Monreal L, Armengou L, Prada J, Almeida JM, Segura D. Fibrin deposits and organ failure in newborn foals with severe septicemia.. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2008;22:1403–1410.
    pubmed: 18783354
  21. Cotovio M, Monreal L, Navarro M, Segura D, Prada J, Alves A. Detection of fibrin deposits in tissues from horses with severe gastrointestinal disorders.. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2007;21:308–313.
    pubmed: 17427393
  22. Dickinson CE, Gould DH, Davidson AH, Avery RR, Legare ME, Hyatt DR, DebRoy C. Hemolytic-uremic syndrome in a postpartum mare concurrent with encephalopathy in the neonatal foal.. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 2008;20:239–242.
    pubmed: 18319442
  23. Dolente BA, Wilkins PA, Boston RC. Clinicopathologic evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation in horses with acute colitis.. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2002;220:1034–1038.
    pubmed: 12420783
  24. Dong R, Wang N, Yang Y, Ma L, Du Q, Zhang W, Tran AH, Jung H, Soh A, Zheng Y, Zheng S. Review on vitamin K deficiency and its biomarkers: focused on the novel application of PIVKA-III in clinical practice.. Clin. Lab. 2018;64:413–424.
    pubmed: 29739078
  25. Eberhardt C, Malbon A, Riond B, Schoster A. κ-light chain monoclonal gammopathy and cast nephropathy in a horse with multiple myeloma.. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2018;253:1177–1183.
    pubmed: 30311522
  26. Epstein KL. Coagulopathies in horses.. Clin. Vet. North Am.: Equine Pract. 2014;30:437–452.
    pubmed: 25016501
  27. Fry MM, Walker NJ, Blevins GM, Magdesian KG, Tablin F. Platelet function defect in a thoroughbred filly.. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2005;19:359–362.
    pubmed: 15954553
  28. Geor RJ, Jackson ML, Lewis KD, Fretz PB. Prekallikrein deficiency in a family of Belgian horses.. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1990;197:741–745.
    pubmed: 2211324
  29. Giguère S, Polker AC. Immunologic disorders in foals.. Vet. Clin. North Am.: Equine Pract. 2005;21:241–272.
    pubmed: 16051049
  30. Gilbertie JD, Davis JL, Davidson GI, McDonald AM, Schirmer JM, Schnabel VL. Oral reserpine administration in horses results in low plasma concentrations that alter platelet biology.. Equine Vet. J. 2018;51:537–543.
    pubmed: 30465727
  31. Girolami A, Scarparo P, Candeo N, Lombardi AM. Congenital prekallikrein deficiency.. Expert. Rev. Hematol. 2010;3:685–695.
    pubmed: 21091145
  32. Henninger RW. Hemophilia A in two related quarter horse colts.. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1988;193:91–94.
    pubmed: 3138224
  33. Hinton M, Jones DR, Lewis IM, Thomson PE. A clotting defect in an Arab colt foal.. Equine Vet. J. 1977;9:1–3.
    pubmed: 837896
  34. Humber KA, Beech J, Cuud TA, Palmer JE, Gardner SY, Sommer MM. Azathioprine for treatment of immune-mediated thrombocytopenia in two horses.. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1991;199:591–594.
    pubmed: 1787117
  35. Johns I, Stephens JO, Del Piero F, Richardson DW, Wilkins PA. Hemangiosarcoma in 11 young horses.. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2005;19:564–570.
    pubmed: 16095175
  36. Johns IC, Sweeney RW. Coagulation abnormalities and complications after percutaneous liver biopsy in horses.. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2008;22:185–189.
    pubmed: 18289308
  37. Kaese HJ, Valberg SJ, Hayden DW, Wilson JH, Charlton P, Ames TR, Al-Ghamdi GM. Infartive purpura hemorrhagica in five horses.. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2005;226:1893–1898.
    pubmed: 15934258
  38. Laan TT, Goehring LS, Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MM. Von Willebrand’s disease in an eight-day-old quarter horse foal.. Vet. Rec. 2005;157:322–324.
    pubmed: 16155242
  39. Lillicrap D. Von Willebrand disease - phenotype versus genotype: deficiency versus disease.. Thromb. Res. 2007;120:S11–S16.
    pubmed: 17490730
  40. Lisman T, Leeveek FW. Hemostatic alterations in liver disease: a review on pathophysiology, clinical consequences, and treatment.. Dig. Surg. 2007;24:250–258.
    pubmed: 17657149
  41. Littlewood JD, Bevan SA, Corke MJ. Haemophilia A (classic haemophilia, factor VIII deficiency) in a Thoroughbred colt foal.. Equine Vet. J. 1991;23:70–72.
    pubmed: 2015811
  42. Livesey L, Christopherson P, Hammond A, Perkins J, Toivio-Kinnucan M, Insalaco T, Boudreaux MK. Platelet dysfunction (Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia) in horses.. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2005;19:917–919.
    pubmed: 16355691
  43. Macieira S, Lussier J, Bedard C. Characterization of the cDNA and genomic DNA sequence encoding for the platelet integrin alpha IIB and beta III in a horse with Glanzmann thrombasthenia.. Can. J. Vet. Res. 2011;75:222–227.
    pmc: PMC3122970pubmed: 22210999
  44. Macieira S, Rivard GE, Champagne J, Lavoie JP, Bédard C. Glanzmann thrombasthenia in an Oldenbourg filly.. Vet. Clin. Pathol. 2007;36:204–208.
    pubmed: 17523098
  45. Mateos-Trigos G, Evans RJ, Heath MF. Effects of a P2Y(12) receptor antagonist on the response of equine platelets to ADP Comparison with human platelets.. Res. Vet. Sci. 2002;73:171–175.
    pubmed: 12204637
  46. Mazurier C, Meyer D. Molecular basis of von Willebrand disease.. Baillieres Clin. Haematol. 1996;9:229–241.
    pubmed: 8800502
  47. McGorum BC, Henderson IS, Stirling D, Wallace R, Haggart C, Thomas AE. Vitamin K deficiency bleeding in a Standardbred colt.. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2009;23:1307–1310.
    pubmed: 19780933
  48. McGorum BC, Murphy D, Love S, Miline EY. Clinicopathological features of equine primary hepatic disease: a review of 50 cases.. Vet. Rec. 1999;145:134–139.
    pubmed: 10466831
  49. McGovern KH, Lascola KM, Davis G, Fredrickson RL, Tan R. T-cell lymphoma with immune-mediated anemia and thrombocytopenia in a horse.. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2011;25:1181–1185.
    pubmed: 21985147
  50. McGurrin MK, Arroyo LG, Bienzle D. Flow cytometric detection of platelet-bound antibody in three horses with immune-mediated thrombocytopenia.. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2004;224:83–87.
    pubmed: 14710882
  51. Mills JN, Bolton JR. Haemophilia A in a 3-year-old thoroughbred horse.. Aust. Vet. J. 1983;60:63–64.
    pubmed: 6838443
  52. Monreal L, Anglés A, Espada Y, Monasterio J, Monreal M. Hypercoagulation and hypo-fibrinolysis in horses with colic and DIC.. Equine Vet. J. 2000;32:19–25.
    pubmed: 11202377
  53. Muñoz A, Trigo P, Riber C, Castejón F. Spontaneous bilateral epistaxis associated with the administration of phenylbutazone in a horse.. Revue Med. Vet. 2011;162:421–424.
  54. Norris JW, Pombo M, Shirley E, Blevins G, Tablin F. Association of Factor V secretion with protein kinase B signaling in platelets from horses with atypical equine thrombasthenia.. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2015;29:1387–1394.
    pmc: PMC4858037pubmed: 26290457
  55. Norris JW, Pratt SM, Auh JH, Wilson SJ, Clutter D, Madgesian KG, Ferraro GL, Tablin F. Investigation of a novel, heritable bleeding diathesis of Thoroughbred horses and development of a screening assay.. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2006;20:1450–1456.
    pubmed: 17186864
  56. Norton EM, Wooldridge AA, Stewart AJ, Cusimano L, Schwartz DD, Johnson CM, Boudreaux MK, Christopherson PW. Abnormal coagulation factor VIII transcript in a Tennessee Walking Horse colt with hemophilia A.. Vet. Clin. Pathol. 2016;45:96–102.
    pubmed: 26765501
  57. Nurden AT, Freson K, Seligsohn U. Inherited platelet disorders.. Haemophilia. 2003;18:154–160.
    pubmed: 22726100
  58. Ouellette AL, Evans RJ, Heath MF. Platelets enhance endotoxin-induced monocyte tissue factor (TF) activity in the horse.. Res. Vet. Sci. 2004;76:31–35.
    pubmed: 14659726
  59. Parker RI. Coagulopathies in the PICU: dic and liver disease.. Crit. Care Clin. 2013;29:319–333.
    pubmed: 23537678
  60. Pusterla N, Luff JA, Meyers CJ, Vernau W, Affolter VK. Disseminated intravascular coagulation in a horse with Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicusmeningoencephalitis and interstitial pneumonia.. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2007;21:344–347.
    pubmed: 17427400
  61. Pusterla N, Watson JL, Affolter VK, Magdesian KG, Wilson WD, Carlson GP. Purpura haemorrhagica in 53 horses.. Vet. Rec. 2003;153:118–121.
    pubmed: 12918829
  62. Rathgeber RA, Brooks MB, Bain FT, Byars TD. Von Willebrand disease in a thoroughbred mare and foal.. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2001;15:63–66.
    pubmed: 11215915
  63. Rodríguez R, Cerón JJ, Riber C, Castejón F, Gómez-Díez M, Serrano-Rodríguez JM, Muñoz A. Acute phase proteins in Andalusian horses infected with Theileria equi.. Vet. J. 2014;202:182–183.
    pubmed: 25086769
  64. Ruby RE, Wong DW, Sponseller BA, Yaeger N. Suspected case of hypersplenism as a cause of anaemia, thrombocytopenia and leucopenia in a Miniature horse gelding.. Equine Vet. Educ. 2018;31:530–534.
  65. Sabatino DE, Nichols TC, Merricks E, Bellinger DA, Herzog RW, Monahan PE. Animal models of hemophilia.. Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci. 2012;105:151–209.
    pmc: PMC3713797pubmed: 22137432
  66. Sanz MG, Wills TB, Christopherson P, Hines MT. Glanzmann thrombasthenia in a 17-year-old Peruvian Paso mare.. Vet. Clin. Pathol. 2011;40:48–51.
    pubmed: 21291483
  67. Satué K, Gardón JC, Muñoz A. Use of laboratory testing to diagnose liver and biliary dysfunction in the horse.. J. Gastroenterol. Hepat. Res. 2013;2:807–813.
  68. Satué K, Gardón JC, Muñoz A. Interpretation of platelets in the horse.. J. Hematol. Res. 2017;4:19–25.
  69. Satué K, Hernández A, Muñoz A. Physiological factors influencing equine hematology.. 2012. pp. 573–596.
  70. Satué K, Muñoz A, Gardon JC. Interpretation of alterations in the horse erythrogram.. J. Hematol. Res. 2014;1:1–10.
  71. Sellon DC. Thrombocytopenia in horses.. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 1998;10:133–143.
    pubmed: 8743211
  72. Shen YM, Frenkel EP. Acquired platelet dysfunction.. Hematol. Oncol. Clin. North Am. 2007;21:647–661.
    pubmed: 17666283
  73. Sockett DC, Traub-Dargatz J, Weiser MG. Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia in a foal.. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1987;190:308–310.
    pubmed: 3558071
  74. Weiss DJ, Evanson OA. Comparison of three arginine-glycine-aspartate-containing peptides as inhibitors of equine platelet aggregation.. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther. 2004;27:377–379.
    pubmed: 15500578
  75. Wilson ME, Holz CL, Kopec AK, Dau JJ, Luyendyk JP, Soboll Sussey G. Coagulation parameters following equine herpesvirus type 1 infection in horses.. Equine Vet. J. 2019;51:102–107.
    pubmed: 29658149
  76. Winfield LS, Brooks MB. Hemorrhage and blood loss-induced anemia associated with an acquired coagulation factor VIII inhibitor in a thoroughbred mare.. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2014;244:719–723.
    pubmed: 24568115
  77. Yarovaga GA, Blokhina TB, Neshkova EA. Contact system New concepts on activation mechanisms and bioregulatory functions.. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2002;67:13–24.
    pubmed: 11841336
  78. Zangani M, Elice F, Fink L, Tricott G. Hemostatic dysfunction in paraproteinemias and amyloidosis.. Seminars Thromb. Hemost. 2007;33:339–349.
    pubmed: 17525891
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.