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Home / Equine Research Bank / Toxins (Basel) / Clinical Effects of the Immunization Protocol Using Loxoscel...
Toxins2022; 14(5); 338; doi: 10.3390/toxins14050338

Clinical Effects of the Immunization Protocol Using Loxosceles Venom in Naïve Horses.

Abstract: Bites of brown spiders ( spp.) are responsible for dermonecrotic lesions and potentially systemic envenoming that can lead to death. The only effective therapy is the use of the antivenom, usually produced in horses. However, little is known about the consequences of the systematic use of the venom and adjuvants and of the bleedings on antivenom-producing horses. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical changes in horses in their first immunization protocol for antivenom production. Eleven healthy horses, never immunized, were evaluated in three different periods: T0 (before immunization); T1 (after their first venom immunization); and T2 (after their first bleeding). Horses were clinically evaluated, sampled for blood, and underwent electrocardiographic (ECG) recordings. Several suppurated subcutaneous abscesses occurred due to the use of Freund's adjuvants and thrombophlebitis due to systematic venipunctures for the bleeding procedures. ECG showed arrhythmias in few horses in T2, such as an increase in T and R waves. In summary, the immunization protocol impacted on horses' health, especially after bleeding for antivenom procurement.
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Publication Date: 2022-05-13 PubMed ID: 35622586PubMed Central: PMC9148105DOI: 10.3390/toxins14050338Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research paper evaluates the impact of using Loxosceles venom in the immunization protocol for antivenom production in previously unimmunized horses. It was observed that the process could cause clinical changes in the horses, including the development of subcutaneous abscesses and thrombophlebitis, as well as detectable changes in electrocardiographic recordings.

Research Methodology

  • The researchers studied eleven healthy horses that had never been immunized to produce antivenom.
  • These horses were evaluated at three different stages: T0 (before immunization); T1 (after their first venom immunization); and T2 (after their first bleeding).
  • Each horse was clinically assessed, had blood samples taken and underwent electrocardiographic (ECG) recordings to monitor their health throughout the study.

Results and Findings

  • It was noted that the use of Freund’s adjuvants in the immunization protocol led to the development of several suppurated subcutaneous abscesses in the horses.
  • Thrombophlebitis, an inflammation of the veins, was also observed due to regular venipunctures for the bleeding procedures.
  • Some horses showed changes in their ECG readings after their first bleeding (T2 stage), showcasing arrhythmias like increased T and R waves.

Conclusions

  • The research concluded that the immunization protocol using Loxosceles venom can impact horses’ health, especially after bleeding for antivenom procurement.
  • It highlights the need for further investigation into alternative methods of antivenom production that could minimize the health impacts on the horses used in the process.

Cite This Article

APA
Miranda ALS, Antunes BC, Minozzo JC, Lima SA, Botelho AFM, Campos MTG, Chávez-Olórtegui CD, Soto-Blanco B. (2022). Clinical Effects of the Immunization Protocol Using Loxosceles Venom in Naïve Horses. Toxins (Basel), 14(5), 338. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14050338

Publication

Toxins
ISSN: 2072-6651
NlmUniqueID: 101530765
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 14
Issue: 5
PII: 338

Researcher Affiliations

Miranda, Ana Luísa Soares de
  • Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, Veterinary College, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30123-970, MG, Brazil.
Antunes, Bruno Cesar
  • Department of Health of the State of Paraná, Production and Research Center of Immunobiologicals, Piraquara 80230-140, PR, Brazil.
Minozzo, João Carlos
  • Department of Health of the State of Paraná, Production and Research Center of Immunobiologicals, Piraquara 80230-140, PR, Brazil.
Lima, Sabrina de Almeida
  • Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil.
Botelho, Ana Flávia Machado
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary College, Federal University of Goiás, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil.
Campos, Marco Túlio Gomes
  • Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, Veterinary College, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30123-970, MG, Brazil.
Chávez-Olórtegui, Carlos Delfin
  • Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil.
Soto-Blanco, Benito
  • Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, Veterinary College, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30123-970, MG, Brazil.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Antivenins / pharmacology
  • Horses
  • Immunization / veterinary
  • Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases
  • Spider Venoms
  • Spiders

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Citations

This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. Miranda ALS, Antunes BC, Minozzo JC, Lima SA, Botelho AFM, Campos MTG, Chávez-Olórtegui C, Soto-Blanco B. The Health Status of Horses Used for at Least Six Complete Cycles of Loxoscelic Antivenom Production. Toxins (Basel) 2023 Sep 26;15(10).
    doi: 10.3390/toxins15100589pubmed: 37888620google scholar: lookup
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