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Home / Equine Research Bank / Vet Med Int / Clinical Evaluation of Xylazine-Butorphanol-Guaifenesin-Keta...
Veterinary medicine international2011; 2011; 506831; doi: 10.4061/2011/506831

Clinical Evaluation of Xylazine-Butorphanol-Guaifenesin-Ketamine as Short-Term TIVA in Equines.

Abstract: Xylazine (1.1 mg/kg), butorphanol (0.02 mg/kg), guaifenesin 5% (20 mg/kg), and ketamine (2.2 mg/kg) combinations were able to induce short-term surgical anaesthesia for 23.33 ± 2.57 min in Spiti ponies with excellent to good muscle relaxation and analgesia. Urination and neighing was a constant feature during recovery period. Biphasic P wave, biphasic T wave, and depressed PR segment were common electrocardiographic findings. Biochemical attributes were within physiological limits except a significant increase in ALT values during anaesthesia. The values returned to normal during recovery ruling out any renal or hepatic toxicity. Occasionally, negative T wave, notched P wave, and sinus block were noticed. It is recommended that the anaesthetic combinations xylazine-butorphanol-guaifenesin-ketamine can be safely used for short-term total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) in equines under field conditions.
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Publication Date: 2011-05-11 PubMed ID: 21647339PubMed Central: PMC3103860DOI: 10.4061/2011/506831Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study reveals that a specific combination of drugs, namely xylazine, butorphanol, guaifenesin, and ketamine, can be effectively used for short-term surgical anaesthesia in horses, particularly in Spiti ponies. The research shows that this mixture provides excellent muscle relaxation and pain relief, with minor temporary side effects like urination and neighing upon recovery.

Research Method

  • The researchers employed a combination of drugs – Xylazine, Butorphanol, Guaifenesin, and Ketamine, injected intravenously at given concentrations to induce short-term anaesthesia in Spiti ponies.
  • The effects of these drugs on the ponies’ heart rhythm, muscle relaxation, and pain relief (analgesia) were observed and measured.
  • In addition, recovery outcomes and changes in the ponies’ biochemical attributes, such as the increase in ALT values during anaesthesia, were detailed and analysed.
  • The researchers also observed urinary behaviour and vocal expressions (neighing) during the recovery period.

Findings

  • This combination of drugs was able to successfully induce short-term surgical anaesthesia in Spiti ponies for approximately 23 minutes, providing excellent to good muscle relaxation and pain relief.
  • Common changes in the heartbeat patterns (electrocardiographic findings) included Biphasic P wave, Biphasic T wave, and a depressed PR segment.
  • Biochemical attributes were found to remain within normal physiological limits, with the exception of a significant increase in ALT (Alanine transaminase) values during anaesthesia, which may suggest mild liver impairment. However, this increase in ALT values returned to normal during recovery, ruling out any serious renal or hepatic toxicity caused by these drugs.
  • Urination and neighing were consistently observed during the recovery period.
  • Occasionally, negative T wave, notched P wave, and sinus obstruction were noticed, indicating possible side-effects of the anaesthetic combination.

Conclusion

  • Given the findings, the researchers conclude that this specific anaesthetic combination – Xylazine, Butorphanol, Guaifenesin, and Ketamine, is safe and effective for short-term total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) in equines under field conditions.
  • Despite minor alterations in heart rhythm and increased ALT values during anaesthesia, the entire process, including recovery, was reported to be within acceptable physiological parameters, without causing any serious renal or hepatic damage.

Cite This Article

APA
Thakur BP, Sharma SK, Sharma A, Kumar A. (2011). Clinical Evaluation of Xylazine-Butorphanol-Guaifenesin-Ketamine as Short-Term TIVA in Equines. Vet Med Int, 2011, 506831. https://doi.org/10.4061/2011/506831

Publication

Veterinary medicine international
ISSN: 2042-0048
NlmUniqueID: 101524203
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 2011
Pages: 506831
PII: 506831

Researcher Affiliations

Thakur, Bhanu Partap Singh
  • Department of Surgery and Radiology, Dr. G. C. Negi College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University, Palampur (HP) 176 062, India.
Sharma, Sandeep Kumar
    Sharma, Arvind
      Kumar, Adarsh

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        Citations

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