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Clinical utility of serum biochemical variables for predicting acid-base balance in critically ill horses.
Abstract: Profiles from serum biochemical analyzers include the concentration of strong electrolytes (including l-lactate), total carbon dioxide (tCO2 ), and total protein. These variables are associated with changes in acid-base balance. Application of physicochemical principles may allow predicting acid-base balance from serum biochemistry without measuring whole blood pH and pCO2 . Objective: The purpose of the study was to determine if the acid-base status of critically ill horses could be accurately predicted using variables included in standard serum biochemical profiles. Methods: Two jugular venous blood samples were prospectively obtained from critically ill horses and foals. Samples were analyzed using a whole blood gas and pH analyzer (BG) and a serum biochemistry multi analyzer system (AMAS). Linear regression, Deming regression, and Bland-Altman plots were used for method comparison and P < .05 was considered significant. Results: Values from 70 horses and foals for Na, K, Cl, and total protein concentrations, and consequently the calculated variables used for acid base interpretation, were different between the AMAS and BG analyzer. Using physicochemical principles, BG results accurately predicted pH, whereas the AMAS results did not when a fixed value for pCO2 was used. Conclusions: Measurement of pCO2 is required in critically ill horses for accurate prediction of whole blood pH. Differences in the measured values of Na and Cl concentration exist when measured in serum by the AMAS and in whole blood or plasma by BG, indicating that the accurate prediction of whole blood pH is analyzer-dependent. Application of physicochemical principles to plasma or serum provides a practical method to evaluate analyzer accuracy.
© 2014 American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology.
Publication Date: 2014-09-12 PubMed ID: 25219754DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12200Google Scholar: Lookup The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
Summary
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This study explores the reliability of using serum biochemistry to predict the acid-base balance in critically ill horses, and asserts that while it can offer some insights, accurate prediction of whole blood pH in these horses still requires the measurement of pCO2.
Objective
The study aims to determine if the acid-base balance of critically ill horses can be accurately predicted through the analysis of various components present in the serum biochemical profiles. These components include strong electrolytes like l-lactate, total carbon dioxide (tCO2), and total protein.
Methods
- Two blood samples were taken from the jugular vein of the critically ill horses and foals that participated in the study.
- These samples were then analyzed using a whole blood gas and pH analyzer (BG) and a serum biochemistry multi analyzer system (AMAS).
- Linear regression, Deming regression, and Bland-Altman plots were used to compare the results obtained by these two methods.
- If there were a significant difference between the results (P < .05), it was noted.
Results
- The study found differences in the values obtained for Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Chloride (Cl), and total protein concentrations through the AMAS and BG analyzers.
- The calculated variables used for interpreting the acid-base balance were also different with both analyzers.
- When using physicochemical principles, the BG results accurately predicted the whole blood pH, while the AMAS results did not, providing the pCO2 value was considered constant.
Conclusions
- The study concludes that measuring pCO2 is essential for providing an accurate prediction of the whole blood pH in critically ill horses.
- It also observed that the measured values of Sodium (Na) and Chloride (Cl) concentrations can depend on the tool used for analysis (AMAS or BG).
- The applying of physicochemical principles to plasma or serum provides a practical way to evaluate the accuracy of the AMAS and BG analyzers.
Cite This Article
APA
Stämpfli HR, Schoster A, Constable PD.
(2014).
Clinical utility of serum biochemical variables for predicting acid-base balance in critically ill horses.
Vet Clin Pathol, 43(4), 547-556.
https://doi.org/10.1111/vcp.12200 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
MeSH Terms
- Acid-Base Equilibrium / physiology
- Acid-Base Imbalance / blood
- Acid-Base Imbalance / diagnosis
- Acid-Base Imbalance / veterinary
- Acute Disease
- Animals
- Blood Proteins / analysis
- Carbon Dioxide / blood
- Electrolytes / blood
- Horse Diseases / blood
- Horse Diseases / diagnosis
- Horses / blood
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- Predictive Value of Tests
Citations
This article has been cited 6 times.- Bassis S, Fischer S, Köhler H, Reinhold P. Acid-base variables in acute and chronic form of nontuberculous mycobacterial infection in growing goats experimentally inoculated with Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis or Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. PLoS One 2020;15(12):e0243892.
- Gomez DE, Buczinski S, Darby S, Palmisano M, Beatty SSK, Mackay RJ. Agreement of 2 electrolyte analyzers for identifying electrolyte and acid-base disorders in sick horses. J Vet Intern Med 2020 Nov;34(6):2758-2766.
- Gomez DE, Lofstedt J, Arroyo LG, Wichtel M, Muirhead T, Stämpfli H, McClure JT. Association of unmeasured strong ions with outcome of hospitalized beef and dairy diarrheic calves. Can Vet J 2017 Oct;58(10):1086-1092.
- Muir W. Effect of Intravenously Administered Crystalloid Solutions on Acid-Base Balance in Domestic Animals. J Vet Intern Med 2017 Sep;31(5):1371-1381.
- Gomez DE, Biermann NM, Sanchez LC. Physicochemical Approach to Determine the Mechanism for Acid-Base Disorders in 793 Hospitalized Foals. J Vet Intern Med 2015 Sep-Oct;29(5):1395-402.
- Cave NJ, Koo ST. Quantitative accuracy of the simplified strong ion equation to predict serum pH in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2015 May-Jun;29(3):781-5.
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