FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Animals (Basel) / Clinicopathologic Parameters of Peritoneal Fluid as Predicto...
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2024; 15(1); doi: 10.3390/ani15010012

Clinicopathologic Parameters of Peritoneal Fluid as Predictors of Gastrointestinal Lesions, Complications, and Outcomes in Equine Colic Patients: A Retrospective Study.

Abstract: Neutrophil characteristics in peritoneal fluid (PF) may aid in diagnosing and treating specific colic lesions and complications. The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate quantitative PF leukocyte values, as well as PF total protein (TP) and lactate, for associations with diagnosis, morbidity, and mortality in horses with acute colic. Three hundred and forty-two horses that presented to one institution between January 2010-2020 for the evaluation of acute colic were included. The PF total nucleated cell count (TNCC), % and total neutrophil counts, total protein (TP), and lactate were analyzed for associations with lesion location and type, the development of postoperative reflux (POR) or systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), and survival to discharge via Kruskal-Wallis testing. Horses with strangulating lesions had higher PF % neutrophils, neutrophil count, and TNCC compared to non-strangulating lesions. The development of SIRS or POR was associated with higher PF TNCC, total neutrophil count, TP, and lactate. Horses that did not survive to discharge had increased PF % neutrophils, neutrophil count, TP, lactate, and ratio of PF-to-systemic TP than those that survived via univariable analysis. Identified associations between increased PF neutrophils and the development of POR and SIRS warrant further investigation to better understand their role in the pathogenesis of equine colic and potential as targets for therapeutic intervention.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2024-12-24 PubMed ID: 39794955PubMed Central: PMC11718766DOI: 10.3390/ani15010012Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research investigated the usefulness of parameters in the peritoneal fluid of horses suffering from colic in predicting the type of gastrointestinal lesion, complications, and survival. Parameters such as leukocyte count, total protein (TP) and lactate were evaluated and potential targets for therapeutic intervention were discussed.

Research Objective

  • The main objective of this research was to examine whether analysis of peritoneal fluid (PF) could assist in diagnosis and treatment of equine colic. This was accomplished by studying the number of white blood cells (leukocytes) in the PF, alongside total protein and lactate levels.

The Research Process and Findings

  • The researchers investigated the cases of 342 horses which had been presented for evaluation of acute colic from January 2010 to 2020.
  • Parameters analysed in the horses’ PF include total nucleated cell count (TNCC), percentage and total neutrophil counts, total protein, and lactate levels. These parameters were analysed for their correlation with gastrointestinal lesion type and location, post-operative reflux (POR) occurence, the onset of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), and survival outcomes.
  • Through the Kruskal-Wallis statistical test, it was found that horses with strangulating lesions exhibited higher counts of neutrophils, TNCC and higher percentage neutrophils in their PF compared to horses with non-strangulating lesions.
  • The onset of SIRS or POR was linked with higher PF TNCC, total neutrophil count, TP, and lactate levels. Horses that did not survive to discharge manifested increased PF neutrophil percentages, neutrophil count, TP, lactate, and a higher PF-to-systemic TP ratio than those that survived.

Implications of the Findings

  • The established correlations between increased PF neutrophils and the development of POR and SIRS have suggested potential avenues of further investigation.
  • The findings could contribute to a better understanding of equine colic’s pathogenesis and help in identifying potential targets for medicinal intervention.

Despite the significant findings, this retrospective study requires follow-up research for conclusive insights into the role of neutrophils and other elements in PF in the occurrence and treatment of equine colic.

Cite This Article

APA
Martin E, Sarkan K, Viall A, Hostetter S, Epstein K. (2024). Clinicopathologic Parameters of Peritoneal Fluid as Predictors of Gastrointestinal Lesions, Complications, and Outcomes in Equine Colic Patients: A Retrospective Study. Animals (Basel), 15(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15010012

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 15
Issue: 1

Researcher Affiliations

Martin, Emily
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
Sarkan, Kate
  • Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
Viall, Austin
  • Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
Hostetter, Shannon
  • Department of Pathology, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
Epstein, Kira
  • Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA 30602, USA.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

This article includes 38 references
  1. Blikslager AT, White NA, Moore JN, Mair TS. Equine Acute Abdomen. Wiley-Blackwell; Hoboken, NJ, USA: 2009.
    doi: 10.1201/b16168google scholar: lookup
  2. Matthews S, Dart A, Reid S, Dowling B, Hodgson D. Predictive Values, Sensitivity and Specificity of Abdominal Fluid Variables in Determining the Need for Surgery in Horses with an Acute Abdominal Crisis. Aust. Vet. J. 2002;80:132–136.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2002.tb11372.xpubmed: 12019696google scholar: lookup
  3. Radcliffe RM, Liu SY, Cook VL, Hurcombe SDA, Divers TJ. Interpreting Abdominal Fluid in Colic Horses: Understanding and Applying Peritoneal Fluid Evidence. J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care 2022;32:81–96.
    doi: 10.1111/vec.13117pubmed: 35044063google scholar: lookup
  4. Gerard MP, Blikslager AT, Roberts MC, Tate LP, Argenzio RA. The Characteristics of Intestinal Injury Peripheral to Strangulating Obstruction Lesions in the Equine Small Intestine. Equine Vet. J. 1999;31:331–335.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1999.tb03826.xpubmed: 10454093google scholar: lookup
  5. Chen F, Liu Y, Shi Y, Zhang J, Liu X, Liu Z, Lv J, Leng Y. The Emerging Role of Neutrophilic Extracellular Traps in Intestinal Disease. Gut Pathog. 2022;14:27.
    doi: 10.1186/s13099-022-00497-xpmc: PMC9214684pubmed: 35733158google scholar: lookup
  6. Epstein KL, Brainard BM, Gomez-Ibanez SE, Lopes MAF, Barton MH, Moore JN. Thrombelastography in Horses with Acute Gastrointestinal Disease. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2011;25:307–314.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0673.xpubmed: 21314719google scholar: lookup
  7. Kalff JC, Carlos TM, Schraut WH, Billiar TR, Simmons RL, Bauer AJ. Surgically Induced Leukocytic Infiltrates within the Rat Intestinal Muscularis Mediate Postoperative Ileus. Gastroenterology 1999;117:378–387.
    doi: 10.1053/gast.1999.0029900378pubmed: 10419919google scholar: lookup
  8. Hellstrom EA, Ziegler AL, Blikslager AT. Postoperative Ileus: Comparative Pathophysiology and Future Therapies. Front. Vet. Sci. 2021;8:714800.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.714800pmc: PMC8473635pubmed: 34589533google scholar: lookup
  9. Kilcoyne I, Nieto JE, Dechant JE. Predictive Value of Plasma and Peritoneal Creatine Kinase in Horses with Strangulating Intestinal Lesions. Vet. Surg. 2019;48:152–158.
    doi: 10.1111/vsu.13147pubmed: 30588637google scholar: lookup
  10. Roy M-F, Kwong GPS, Lambert J, Massie S, Lockhart S. Prognostic Value and Development of a Scoring System in Horses With Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2017;31:582–592.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.14670pmc: PMC5354005pubmed: 28207163google scholar: lookup
  11. Latson KM, Nieto JE, Beldomenico PM, Snyder JR. Evaluation of Peritoneal Fluid Lactate as a Marker of Intestinal Ischaemia in Equine Colic. Equine Vet. J. 2005;37:342–346.
    doi: 10.2746/0425164054529319pubmed: 16028624google scholar: lookup
  12. Furr MO, Lessard P, II NAW. Development of a Colic Severity Score for Predicting the Outcome of Equine Colic. Vet. Surg. 1995;24:97–101.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1532-950X.1995.tb01302.xpubmed: 7778263google scholar: lookup
  13. Garma-Avina A. Cytology of 100 Samples of Abdominal Fluid from 100 Horses with Abdominal Disease. Equine Vet. J. 1998;30:435–444.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1998.tb04515.xpubmed: 9758103google scholar: lookup
  14. Dyson S. Review of 30 Cases of Peritonitis in the Horse. Equine Vet. J. 1983;15:25–30.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1983.tb01693.xpubmed: 6825646google scholar: lookup
  15. Southwood LL, Russell G. The Use of Clinical Findings in the Identification of Equine Peritonitis Cases That Respond Favorably to Medical Therapy. J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care 2007;17:382–390.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2007.00250.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  16. Wong DM, Ruby RE, Dembek KA, Barr BS, Reuss SM, Magdesian KG, Olsen E, Burns T, Slovis NM, Wilkins PA. Evaluation of Updated Sepsis Scoring Systems and Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome Criteria and Their Association with Sepsis in Equine Neonates. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2018;32:1185–1193.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.15087pmc: PMC5980351pubmed: 29582480google scholar: lookup
  17. Morton AJ, Blikslager AT. Surgical and Postoperative Factors Influencing Short-term Survival of Horses Following Small Intestinal Resection: 92 Cases (1994–2001). Equine Vet. J. 2002;34:450–454.
    doi: 10.2746/042516402776117700pubmed: 12358046google scholar: lookup
  18. Greet T, Orsini JA. Divers, Equine Emergencies–Treatments and Procedures, 3rd Ed., Saunders Elsevier, 2007, ISBN 9780721692982, 672pp; £51.99 (Soft). Vet. J. 2008;177:147–148.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.01.014google scholar: lookup
  19. Little D, Tomlinson JE, Blikslager AT. Post Operative Neutrophilic Inflammation in Equine Small Intestine after Manipulation and Ischaemia. Equine Vet. J. 2005;37:329–335.
    doi: 10.2746/0425164054529472pubmed: 16028622google scholar: lookup
  20. Fournier BM, Parkos CA. The Role of Neutrophils during Intestinal Inflammation. Mucosal Immunol. 2012;5:354–366.
    doi: 10.1038/mi.2012.24pubmed: 22491176google scholar: lookup
  21. Shearer TR, Norby B, Carr EA. Peritoneal Fluid Lactate Evaluation in Horses With Nonstrangulating Versus Strangulating Small Intestinal Disease. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2018;61:18–21.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.11.005google scholar: lookup
  22. Pittman K, Kubes P. Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns Control Neutrophil Recruitment. J. Innate Immun. 2013;5:315–323.
    doi: 10.1159/000347132pmc: PMC6741494pubmed: 23486162google scholar: lookup
  23. Aktimur R, Cetinkunar S, Yildirim K, Aktimur SH, Ugurlucan M, Ozlem N. Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio as a Diagnostic Biomarker for the Diagnosis of Acute Mesenteric Ischemia. Eur. J. Trauma Emerg. Surg. 2016;42:363–368.
    doi: 10.1007/s00068-015-0546-4pubmed: 26059561google scholar: lookup
  24. Dabareiner RM, Sullins KE, Snyder JR, White NA, Gardner IA. Evaluation of the Microcirculation of the Equine Small Intestine after Intraluminal Distention and Subsequent Decompression. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1993;54:1673–1682.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.1993.54.10.1673pubmed: 8250393google scholar: lookup
  25. Arroyo LG, Costa MC, Guest BB, Plattner BL, Lillie BN, Weese JS. Duodenitis-Proximal Jejunitis in Horses After Experimental Administration of Clostridium Difficile Toxins. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2017;31:158–163.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.14624pmc: PMC5259639pubmed: 27906466google scholar: lookup
  26. Cowardin CA, Petri WA. Host Recognition of Clostridium Difficile and the Innate Immune Response. Anaerobe 2014;30:205–209.
    doi: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2014.08.014pmc: PMC4258135pubmed: 25223264google scholar: lookup
  27. Broz P, Ohlson MB, Monack DM. Innate Immune Response to Salmonella Typhimurium, a Model Enteric Pathogen. Gut Microbes 2012;3:62–70.
    doi: 10.4161/gmic.19141pmc: PMC3370950pubmed: 22198618google scholar: lookup
  28. Grosche A, Morton AJ, Graham AS, Valentine JF, Abbott JR, Polyak MMR, Freeman DE. Mucosal Injury and Inflammatory Cells in Response to Brief Ischaemia and Reperfusion in the Equine Large Colon. Equine Vet. J. 2011;43:16–25.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00415.xpubmed: 21790750google scholar: lookup
  29. Moore RM, Bertone AL, Bailey MQ, Muir WW, Beard WL. Neutrophil Accumulation in the Large Colon of Horses During Low-Flow Ischemia and Reperfusion. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1994;55:1454–1463.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.1994.55.10.1454pubmed: 7998704google scholar: lookup
  30. Kalff JC, Schraut WH, Simmons RL, Bauer AJ. Surgical Manipulation of the Gut Elicits an Intestinal Muscularis Inflammatory Response Resulting in Postsurgical Ileus. Ann. Surg. 1998;228:652–663.
    doi: 10.1097/00000658-199811000-00004pmc: PMC1191570pubmed: 9833803google scholar: lookup
  31. Wang S, Xie T, Sun S, Wang K, Liu B, Wu X, Ding W. DNase-1 Treatment Exerts Protective Effects in a Rat Model of Intestinal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Sci. Rep. 2018;8:17788.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-36198-2pmc: PMC6290768pubmed: 30542063google scholar: lookup
  32. Boettcher M, Eschenburg G, Mietzsch S, Jiménez-Alcázar M, Klinke M, Vincent D, Tiemann B, Bergholz R, Reinshagen K, Fuchs TA. Therapeutic Targeting of Extracellular DNA Improves the Outcome of Intestinal Ischemic Reperfusion Injury in Neonatal Rats. Sci. Rep. 2017;7:15377.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-15807-6pmc: PMC5684414pubmed: 29133856google scholar: lookup
  33. Terlizzi V, Castellani C, Taccetti G, Ferrari B. Dornase Alfa in Cystic Fibrosis: Indications, Comparative Studies and Effects on Lung Clearance Index. Ital. J. Pediatr. 2022;48:141.
    doi: 10.1186/s13052-022-01331-5pmc: PMC9351191pubmed: 35927765google scholar: lookup
  34. Corley KTT, Donaldson LL, Furr MO. Arterial Lactate Concentration, Hospital Survival, Sepsis and SIRS in Critically Ill Neonatal Foals. Equine Vet. J. 2005;37:53–59.
    doi: 10.2746/0425164054406856pubmed: 15651735google scholar: lookup
  35. Castagnetti C, Pirrone A, Mariella J, Mari G. Venous Blood Lactate Evaluation in Equine Neonatal Intensive Care. Theriogenology 2010;73:343–357.
    doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.09.018pubmed: 19962183google scholar: lookup
  36. Peloso JG, Cohen ND. Use of Serial Measurements of Peritoneal Fluid Lactate Concentration to Identify Strangulating Intestinal Lesions in Referred Horses with Signs of Colic. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2012;240:1208–1217.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.240.10.1208pubmed: 22559111google scholar: lookup
  37. Proudman CJ, Edwards GB, Barnes J, French NP. Factors Affecting Long-term Survival of Horses Recovering from Surgery of the Small Intestine. Equine Vet. J. 2005;37:360–365.
    doi: 10.2746/0425164054529481pubmed: 16028629google scholar: lookup
  38. Christophersen MT, Dupont N, Berg-Sørensen KS, Konnerup C, Pihl TH, Andersen PH. Short-Term Survival and Mortality Rates in a Retrospective Study of Colic in 1588 Danish Horses. Acta Vet. Scand. 2014;56:20.
    doi: 10.1186/1751-0147-56-20pmc: PMC3998380pubmed: 24712831google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,357 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.