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Journal of animal science2026; 104; skag001; doi: 10.1093/jas/skag001

Comparative analysis of the organization and complexity of immunoglobulin light chain loci in equids.

Abstract: This study investigated three donkey breeds-Guanzhong, Jiami, and Northern Shaanxi-to characterize the structural organization and diversification mechanisms of the immunoglobulin light-chain (IgL) loci and to conduct both intra-breed and interspecies comparisons with horses. The donkey IGλ locus is located on chromosome 8 and arranged in a Vλ-(Jλ-Cλ)-Vλ configuration. It contains 7 Cλ genes, each preceded by a corresponding Jλ gene to form a Jλ-Cλ cluster. Upstream of this cluster, 156 Vλ genes were identified, including 29 potential functional genes; downstream, 98 Vλ genes were detected, of which 22 were potentially functional. The IGκ locus resides on chromosome 6 and exhibits a Vκ-Jκ-Cκ structure, comprising one Cκ gene, 5 Jκ genes, and 72 Vκ segments, including 22 potential functional Vκ genes. Expression profiling revealed clear light-chain usage preferences in donkeys. For the λ-chain, Vλ72, Vλ135, Vλ150, Vλ190, and Vλ196-mainly belonging to the IGLV1 and IGLV3 subgroups-were preferentially utilized. For the κ-chain, Vκ67 and Vκ71 were dominantly expressed, highlighting the prominent role of the IGκV4 subgroup. Horses showed a similar pattern, with strong biases toward the IGLV1, IGLV3, and IGκV4 subgroups. Although breed-specific differences were observed in certain IGL expression profiles (e.g. V-J combinations), these variations were largely restricted to the λ-chain and involved low-frequency genes. Thus, highly utilized genes and subgroups exhibit high conservation among donkey breeds. This study is the first to comprehensively elucidate the structure and expression preferences of the donkey IgL locus, laying a solid foundation for the development of donkey-derived antibody resources. This study compares the structural features of immunoglobulin (Ig) light chain loci and the mechanisms of Ig gene diversification in three Chinese donkey breeds (Guanzhong, Jiami, and Northern Shaanxi) and two horse breeds (Guanzhong and Ningqiang). Comparative analyses among donkey breeds and with horse breeds revealed similarities in Ig gene expression. As a smaller-sized animal with strong immunity and lower breeding costs than horses, donkeys are ideal candidates for antibody production. The outcomes of this study provide a strong justification for developing donkey-derived specific antibodies.
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Publication Date: 2026-01-09 PubMed ID: 41512306PubMed Central: PMC12906693DOI: 10.1093/jas/skag001Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
  • Comparative Study

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This research analyzed the genetic organization and expression of immunoglobulin light chain (IgL) genes in three donkey breeds and compared these features to horses.
  • The study aimed to understand the diversity and evolution of IgL loci to support the use of donkeys in antibody production.

Background and Objective

  • Immunoglobulins (antibodies) are critical components of the immune system, composed of heavy and light chains; light chains contribute to the antigen-binding diversity.
  • There are two light chain types: lambda (λ) and kappa (κ), encoded by separate loci (IGλ and IGκ respectively) on specific chromosomes.
  • The genetic organization, diversity, and expression patterns of these loci influence antibody variability and functionality.
  • The study focused on three Chinese donkey breeds – Guanzhong, Jiami, and Northern Shaanxi – to characterize their IgL loci structure and expression.
  • A comparison was made with two horse breeds to understand interspecies differences, since horses are a related species with well-studied immunoglobulin genetics.
  • The ultimate aim was to evaluate donkeys as a potential source of specific antibodies due to their desirable traits (smaller size, strong immunity, lower breeding cost).

Methods

  • Genomic analysis was conducted to identify and map the IgL gene segments in donkey chromosomes:
    • IGλ locus was located on chromosome 8.
    • IGκ locus was located on chromosome 6.
  • Gene segments were characterized in terms of variable (V), joining (J), and constant (C) regions:
    • For IGλ: arrangement followed a Vλ-(Jλ-Cλ)-Vλ pattern, with multiple clusters and gene segments.
    • For IGκ: a typical Vκ-Jκ-Cκ structure was observed.
  • Expression profiling was performed to measure which V genes were preferentially used in immunoglobulin light chain transcripts.
  • Comparative analysis examined differences within donkey breeds (intra-breed) and between donkeys and horses (interspecies).

Key Findings

  • IGλ Locus Organization in Donkeys:
    • Found 7 Cλ genes, each paired with a Jλ gene, forming Jλ-Cλ clusters.
    • 156 Vλ genes identified upstream (29 likely functional).
    • 98 Vλ genes downstream (22 likely functional).
  • IGκ Locus Organization in Donkeys:
    • One Cκ gene and 5 Jκ genes present.
    • 72 Vκ segments identified, with 22 potentially functional.
  • Light Chain Expression Preferences:
    • For λ-chain, five Vλ genes (Vλ72, Vλ135, Vλ150, Vλ190, Vλ196) were predominantly used.
    • These mainly belonged to IGLV1 and IGLV3 subgroups.
    • For κ-chain, dominant Vκ genes were Vκ67 and Vκ71, highlighting IGκV4 subgroup importance.
    • Similar expression biases were found in horses, particularly favoring IGLV1, IGLV3, and IGκV4 subgroups.
  • Diversity and Conservation:
    • Breed-specific variations existed mostly in λ-chain gene usage and involved rarely expressed genes.
    • Highly utilized genes and subgroups showed strong conservation across donkey breeds.

Significance and Implications

  • This study is the first to comprehensively define the IgL locus structure and expression patterns in donkeys.
  • The detailed genetic mapping and expression data help us understand antibody diversity and evolution in equids.
  • Since donkeys share many immunoglobulin features with horses but have advantages such as smaller size, robust immunity, and lower cost, they are promising candidates for antibody production.
  • Findings support the development of donkey-derived specific antibodies, which could be valuable for research, diagnostics, or therapeutics.
  • Understanding gene conservation and variation aids future breeding or genetic engineering efforts to optimize antibody responses.

Comparative Insights

  • The study clarified that both donkeys and horses use similar IgL gene subgroups preferentially, hinting at evolutionary conserved immune mechanisms within the equid family.
  • Minor inter-breed differences suggest some genetic variability but do not affect the major functional antibody repertoires.
  • These results provide a genetic basis for selecting specific breeds for antibody production based on their IgL gene profiles.

Conclusion

  • This comparative genomic and expression analysis enhances understanding of equid immunoglobulin genetics.
  • The donkey IgL loci are structurally complex but show conserved patterns of gene usage.
  • Donkeys represent viable and potentially superior antibody production platforms compared to horses due to their genetic and physiological traits.
  • The research lays foundational knowledge essential for harnessing donkey immunoglobulins in biomedical applications.

Cite This Article

APA
Qiu Y, Lei Y, Yi X, Tang X, Zhang B, Wang S, Sun X. (2026). Comparative analysis of the organization and complexity of immunoglobulin light chain loci in equids. J Anim Sci, 104, skag001. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skag001

Publication

Journal of animal science
ISSN: 1525-3163
NlmUniqueID: 8003002
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 104
PII: skag001

Researcher Affiliations

Qiu, Yanbo
  • College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
Lei, Yichen
  • College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
Yi, Xiaohua
  • College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
Tang, Xiaoqin
  • College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
Zhang, Beibei
  • College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
Wang, Shuhui
  • College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
Sun, Xiuzhu
  • College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Equidae / genetics
  • Equidae / immunology
  • Immunoglobulin Light Chains / genetics
  • Immunoglobulin Light Chains / metabolism
  • Horses / genetics
  • Species Specificity

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