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Veterinary world2022; 15(10); 2365-2375; doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2365-2375

Comparative immune responses after vaccination with the formulated inactivated African horse sickness vaccine serotype 1 between naïve horses and pretreated horses with the live-attenuated African horse sickness vaccine.

Abstract: African horse sickness (AHS) is a non-contagious, high mortality, and insect-borne disease caused by a double-stranded RNA virus from the genus Orbivirus. The study aimed to develop inactivated vaccines serotype 1 inactivated AHS vaccine (IAV) and to compare the effect of IAV on antibody responses in young naïve horses and adult horses pre-immunized with live-attenuated AHS virus (AHSV) serotypes 1, 3, and 4 live-attenuated vaccine (LAV). Unassigned: A total of 27 horses were vaccinated in two trials. Twelve AHS naïve young horses and 15 adult horses were divided into three groups of 4 and 5 horses each, respectively. Horses in control Group 1 were treated with phosphate-buffered saline. Horses in Group 2 were subcutaneously vaccinated with 2 mL of formulated IAV with 10% Gel 01™ (Seppic, France) on day 0 and horses in Group 3 were subcutaneously vaccinated with 2 mL of IAV on day 0 and a booster on day 28. The IAV vaccine was prepared by isolating the AHSV serotype 1 growing on Vero cells, 10× virus titer was concentrated by ultrafiltration and chemically killed by formalin, using 10% Gel 01™ as an adjuvant. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid blood samples were taken for hematology, blood biochemistry, and antibody titers using an immunoperoxidase monolayer assay on 158th day post-vaccination. Unassigned: Vaccination with IAV serotype 1 in adult horses pretreated with LAV increased antibody titers more than in young naïve vaccinated horses. The total leukocyte count and %neutrophils significantly increased, while %lymphocytes and %eosinophils significantly decreased on day 1 after vaccination; no local reactions were observed at the site of injection in any group. All biochemical and electrolyte analyte values were within the normal range after vaccination. Unassigned: The formulation of IAV serotype 1 using Gel 01™ as an adjuvant is safe and induces high antibody titers. This IAV formulation induced a high antibody response in horses without causing local reactions and mild systemic effects. However, AHS naïve horses still required ≥2 vaccinations and an annual booster vaccination to achieve high antibody titers.
Copyright: © Chaiyabutr, et al.
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Publication Date: 2022-10-07 PubMed ID: 36425136PubMed Central: PMC9682393DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2365-2375Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The article focuses on the study of the efficacy and effect of a newly developed inactivated vaccine for African horse sickness, particularly how it impacts the immune response in horses with no prior exposure to the illness versus horses that have been pre-immunized with a live-attenuated vaccine.

Research Aim and Methodology

  • This study set out to create a vaccine using inactivated (killed) African horse sickness virus (AHS), of the serotype 1 variety (one of the different sub-types of the virus).
  • The aim was then to compare the immune responses in two categories of horses post-vaccination; one group contained young, naïve horses, with no exposure to the virus whilst the other contained adult, pre-immunized horses that had been vaccinated previously using a live-attenuated version of the virus.
  • A total of 27 horses were used in this study. They were split into three groups – groups 2 and 3 were given the vaccine, with group 3 also receiving a booster dose twenty-eight days post-initial vaccination, whilst control Group 1 was treated with a saline solution instead.

Vaccine Formulation Method

  • The vaccine was prepared by isolating the AHS virus, growing it in a controlled environment, concentrating its presence tenfold, and finally, killing it chemically by formalin.
  • A substance called Gel 01™ was then added to the killed virus to act as an adjuvant – a helper component that enhances the horse’s response to the vaccine.

Findings of the Study

  • Upon administering the vaccine, it was observed that previously pre-immunized adult horses recorded higher antibody titers or level of antibodies as compared to the naïve horses. An increase in the total leukocyte count (a type of white blood cell) and neutrophil (another white blood cell type) percentages, along with a respective decrease in lymphocyte and eosinophil (additional kinds of white blood cells) percentages, was experienced just a day after vaccination.
  • It’s important to note that no local reactions were associated with the site of injection in any of the test subjects, indicating that the vaccine was well tolerated. The horses’ electrolyte and biochemical analyte concentrations also remained within normal parameters post-vaccination, suggesting that the vaccine did not disrupt or harm the horse’s biological systems.

Conclusions

  • The formulated vaccine effectively induced strong antibody responses and caused no adverse reactions at the injection site. However, naïve horses recorded a lower immune response than those pre-immunized with a live-attenuated vaccine, suggesting that two vaccinations, along with an annual booster, might be necessary for these horses to achieve high antibody titers, thus enhancing its overall protection.

Cite This Article

APA
Chaiyabutr N, Wattanaphansak S, Tantilerdcharoen R, Akesowan S, Ouisuwan S, Naraporn D. (2022). Comparative immune responses after vaccination with the formulated inactivated African horse sickness vaccine serotype 1 between naïve horses and pretreated horses with the live-attenuated African horse sickness vaccine. Vet World, 15(10), 2365-2375. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2022.2365-2375

Publication

Veterinary world
ISSN: 0972-8988
NlmUniqueID: 101504872
Country: India
Language: English
Volume: 15
Issue: 10
Pages: 2365-2375

Researcher Affiliations

Chaiyabutr, Narongsak
  • Department of Research and Development, Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand.
  • Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
Wattanaphansak, Suphot
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
Tantilerdcharoen, Rachod
  • Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Science Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
Akesowan, Surasak
  • Horse Farm and Laboratory Animal Breeding Centre, Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, Thai Red Cross Society, Petchaburi, Thailand.
Ouisuwan, Suraseha
  • Horse Farm and Laboratory Animal Breeding Centre, Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, Thai Red Cross Society, Petchaburi, Thailand.
Naraporn, Darm
  • Horse Farm and Laboratory Animal Breeding Centre, Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, Thai Red Cross Society, Petchaburi, Thailand.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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