Comparative seroprevalence and risk factor analysis of Trypanosoma evansi infection in equines from different agro-climatic zones of Punjab (India).
Abstract: As parasitaemia is low and fluctuating during the chronic stage of infection, accurate detection of Trypanosoma evansi in blood is difficult. The primary aims of this investigation were to assess for the first time the seroprevalence of T. evansi in all agro-climatic zones of Punjab, by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) and card agglutination test (CATT/T. evansi), and to evaluate the risk factors associated with latent trypanosomosis. A total of 319 equine serum samples collected from 12 districts of Punjab (India) belonging to different agro-climatic zones revealed 39 (12.23%) and 9 (2.82%) samples to be positive by CATT/T. evansi and iELISA, respectively. The highest prevalence was recorded from the Ludhiana district (42.86% and 7.14% by CATT/T. evansi and iELISA, respectively) in the central plain zone (for which the overall prevalence was 15% and 4.17%, respectively). There was fair agreement between the tests for the detection of T. evansi (kappa = 0.345). Species was the most influential risk factor for infection, with odds ratios (ORs) of 2.81 and 5.63 for donkeys/ mules, in comparison with horses, by CATT/T. evansi and iELISA, respectively. The female equine population (OR = 3.13, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.32-7.67 [CATT]) was found to be at a higher risk of seropositivity for T. evansi, particularly on 'unorganised' (inappropriately managed) farms (OR = 3.18, 95% CI = 1.53- 6.65 [CATT]) and among animals used for commercial purposes (OR = 2.51, 95% CI = 1.20-5.21 [CATT]). In conclusion, to declare disease-free status, use of the iELISA followed by retesting of suspect samples by CATT/T. evansi is suggested. La détection minutieuse de Trypanosoma evansi dans le sang est difficile en raison du nombre faible et fluctuant de parasites pendant la phase chronique de l’infection. L’étude présentée par les auteurs vise, d’une part, à réaliser une première évaluation de la prévalence sérologique de T. evansi dans chacune des zones agro-climatiques du Pendjab en utilisant une épreuve immuno-enzymatique (ELISA) indirecte et le test d’agglutination sur carte pour la trypanosomose (CATT/T. evansi) et, d’autre part, à évaluer les facteurs de risque associés à une présence inapparente de la trypanosomose. Au total, sur les 319 sérums d’équidés prélevés dans 12 districts du Pendjab (Inde) appartenant à des zones agro-climatiques différentes, 39 échantillons (12,23 %) ont donné des résultats positifs avec le CATT/T. evansi et 9 échantillons (2,82 %) ont donné des résultats positifs à l’ELISA indirecte. La prévalence la plus élevée a été enregistrée dans le district de Ludhiana (42,86 % de résultats positifs avec le CATT/T. evansi et 7,14 % de résultats positifs avec l’ELISA indirecte) dans la zone des plaines centrales (où la prévalence globale s’élevait, suivant les méthodes de test, à 15 % et 4,17 %, respectivement). La détection de T. evansi par les deux tests a été concordante (kappa = 0,345). Le facteur de risque ayant le plus d’influence sur la probabilité d’infection était l’espèce, ce risque étant plus élevé chez les ânes et les mulets que chez les chevaux (rapport de cotes [odds ratio, OR] de 2,81 [CATT/T. evansi] et de 5,63 [ELISA indirecte]). Les femelles présentaient également un risque plus élevé de posséder des anticorps anti-T. evansi que les mâles (OR = 3,13 ; intervalle de confiance [IC] à 95 % : 1,32–7,67 [CATT]), en particulier dans les élevages « informels » (sans gestion sanitaire) (OR = 3,18 ; IC à 95 % : 1,53–6,65 [CATT]) ainsi que parmi les animaux utilisés à des fins commerciales (OR = 2,51 ; IC à 95 % : 1,20–5,21 [CATT]). En conclusion, pour la démonstration de l’absence d’anticorps, les auteurs recommandent d’utiliser l’ELISA indirecte puis de soumettre les échantillons douteux à un test de confirmation au moyen du CATT/T. evansi. La detección precisa de Trypanosoma evansi en la sangre resulta difícil porque en la fase crónica de la infección la parasitemia es baja y fluctuante. Los autores describen una investigación encaminada principalmente a determinar por primera vez la seroprevalencia de T. evansi en todas las zonas agroclimáticas del Punjab por ensayo inmunoenzimático indirecto (ELISAi) y por aglutinación en placa, así como los factores de riesgo asociados a la tripanosomosis latente. De un total de 319 muestras de suero equino procedentes de 12 distritos del Punjab (India) situados en diferentes zonas agroclimáticas, la aglutinación en placa deparó resultado positivo en 39 de ellas (un 12,23%) y el ELISAi en 9 (2,82%). El máximo nivel de prevalencia se registró en el distrito de Ludhiana (42,86% y 7,14% por aglutinación en placa y ELISAi, respectivamente), sito en la zona de la planicie central (que en conjunto deparó una prevalencia del 15% y el 4,17%, respectivamente). Ambas pruebas resultaron bastante coincidentes por lo que respecta a la detección de T. evansi (coeficiente kappa = 0,345). El factor de riesgo más influyente resultó ser la especie: en comparación con los caballos, los asnos o mulas presentaban una razón de probabilidad (RP) de 2,81 y 5,63 para la aglutinación en placa y el ELISAi respectivamente. Se observó que la población de yeguas (RP = 3,13; intervalo de confianza [IC] al 95% = 1,32–7,67 [aglutinación en placa]) presentaba un riesgo más elevado de seropositividad para T. evansi, especialmente en explotaciones «desorganizadas» (mal gestionadas) (RP = 3,18; IC 95% = 1,53–6,65 [aglutinación en placa]) y entre los animales utilizados con fines comerciales (RP = 2,51; IC 95% = 1,20–5,21 [aglutinación en placa]). Los autores concluyen proponiendo que, a los efectos de declarar la ausencia de enfermedad, se utilice en primer lugar el ELISAi, seguido de la prueba de aglutinación en placa para las muestras sospechosas.
Publication Date: 2018-08-31 PubMed ID: 30160686DOI: 10.20506/rst.36.3.2729Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary
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This research focuses on assessing the prevalence and risk factors of Trypanosoma evansi infection in equines from different agro-climatic zones in Punjab, India, using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) and card agglutination test (CATT/T. evansi). The findings suggest that species, gender, farm management, and commercial use are significant risk factors for this infection. The researchers concluded that iELISA followed by CATT/T. evansi should be used for retesting of suspect samples to declare disease-free status.
Study Overview and Methodology
- The primary objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of Trypanosoma evansi, a parasitic infection in equines in Punjab’s all agro-climatic zones.
- An indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (iELISA) and a Card Agglutination Test (CATT/T. evansi) were used to identify infections in serum samples from 319 equines in 12 districts.
- This study further analyzed the notable risk factors connected to the disease’s latent trypanosomosis.
Study Findings & Results
- Of the collected samples, 39 (12.23%) and 9 (2.82%) were found to be positive for T. evansi by CATT/T. evansi and iELISA, respectively.
- The highest prevalence was observed in the Ludhiana district in the plain central zone. Overall prevalence in this zone was 15% and 4.17% by CATT/T. evansi and iELISA, respectively.
- The detection of T. evansi demonstrated a fair agreement between the two tests, with kappa figures set at 0.345.
Identified Risk Factors
- Species was identified as the most influential risk factor, with mules/donkeys exhibiting higher risk ratios than horses when tested with both CATT/T. evansi and iELISA.
- The female equine population demonstrated a higher risk of seropositivity for T. evansi, notably on ‘unorganised’ farms and among animals used for commercial purposes.
Recommendations & Conclusions
- To affirm a disease-free status, the researchers proposed utilizing iELISA first, and then retesting suspected samples with CATT/T. evansi.
- The study thus highlighted the importance of understanding the risk factors and taking appropriate measures to control T. evansi, a trypanosome infection in equines.
Cite This Article
APA
Sumbria D, Singla LD, Kumar R, Bal MS, Kaur P.
(2018).
Comparative seroprevalence and risk factor analysis of Trypanosoma evansi infection in equines from different agro-climatic zones of Punjab (India).
Rev Sci Tech, 36(3), 971-979.
https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.36.3.2729 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Horse Diseases / epidemiology
- Horse Diseases / parasitology
- Horses
- India / epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Seroepidemiologic Studies
- Serologic Tests / veterinary
- Trypanosoma / isolation & purification
Citations
This article has been cited 2 times.- Sharma D, Gupta S, Sethi K, Kumar S, Kumar R. Seroprevalence and immunological characterization of Trypanosoma evansi infection in livestock of four agro-climatic zones of Himachal Pradesh, India. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022 Jan 15;54(1):60.
- Raftery AG, Gummery L, Garcia K, Mohite D, Capewell P, Sutton DGM. Equine trypanosomiasis, a systematic review and meta-analyses: Prevalence, morbidity and mortality. Equine Vet J 2026 Mar;58(2):291-319.
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