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Home / Equine Research Bank / Vet Anaesth Analg / Comparison of the cytotoxic effects of bupivacaine, lidocain...
Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia2011; 38(2); 127-133; doi: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2010.00590.x

Comparison of the cytotoxic effects of bupivacaine, lidocaine, and mepivacaine in equine articular chondrocytes.

Abstract: To compare the chondrotoxicity of bupivacaine, lidocaine, and mepivacaine in equine articular chondrocytes in vitro. Methods: Prospective, experimental study. Methods: Equine articular chondrocytes. Methods: Primary cultured equine chondrocytes were exposed to 0.5% bupivacaine, 2% lidocaine, or 2% mepivacaine for 30 or 60 minutes. After treatment, cell viability was evaluated by trypan blue exclusion and the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric assay in a dose dependent manner. Apoptosis and necrosis of chondrocytes were analyzed with the double staining of Hoechst 33258 and propidium iodide using fluorescence microscopy, and the results were confirmed using flow cytometry. Results: After 30-minute exposure, trypan blue exclusion assay revealed that cell viability of 0.5% bupivacaine group was 28.73±8.44%, and those of 2% lidocaine and 2% mepivacaine were 66.85±6.03% and 86.27±2.00%, respectively. The viability of chondrocytes after saline treatment was 95.95±2.75%. The results of MTT assay and fluorescence microscopy had similar tendency with trypan blue assay. Each result showed that bupivacaine was the most toxic of the three local anaesthetics. Mepivacaine was less toxic than lidocaine. The results of the viability test suggest that bupivacaine and lidocaine exhibit a marked chondrotoxicity, and that this is mainly due to necrosis rather than apoptosis. Conclusions: Bupivacaine may induce detrimental chondrotoxicity when administered intra-articularly, especially in patients with joint disease, and we suggest that it should be used cautiously in equine practice. Mepivacaine may be an alternative to both bupivacaine and lidocaine.
© 2011 The Authors. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia © 2011 Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists and the American College of Veterinary Anesthesiologists.
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Publication Date: 2011-02-10 PubMed ID: 21303444DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2010.00590.xGoogle Scholar: Lookup
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  • Comparative Study
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research compares the effects of three local anesthetics – bupivacaine, lidocaine, and mepivacaine – on horse joint cells, suggesting that bupivacaine is the most harmful, while mepivacaine is the least.

Methodology

  • The study was carried out with equine articular chondrocytes, which are cells present in horse joint cartilage.
  • The cells were cultured in primary conditions and then exposed to different concentrations of the three anesthetics (0.5% bupivacaine, 2% lidocaine, or 2% mepivacaine) for either 30 or 60 minutes.
  • Cell viability was measured after treatment gradually with two procedures: trypan blue exclusion – a method commonly used to determine the number of viable cells present in a cell suspension, and a biochemical test using a compound known as MTT.
  • The researchers also studied apoptosis (controlled cell death) and necrosis (uncontrolled cell death often due to injury or disease) using special stains and checking under a fluorescence microscope. This was further confirmed with flow cytometry – a technique used to measure the physical and chemical characteristics of cells.

Findings

  • The cell viability measured using trypan blue assay showed that 0.5% bupivacaine was the most lethal with around 29% of the cells surviving, while lidocaine and mepivacaine registered around 67% and 86% survival rates, respectively.
  • Cell survival rate was nearly 96% after saline treatment, showing the toxic effect of the anesthetics.
  • Similar patterns were observed in the MTT test and during microscopic examination.
  • On analyzing the cause of cell death, it was found that necrosis, not apoptosis, was primarily behind chondrotoxicity.

Conclusion

  • Of the three anesthetics tested, bupivacaine was found to have the most significant chondrotoxicity effect on equine chondrocytes. Lidocaine also exhibited notable levels of chondrotoxicity.
  • Mepivacaine caused less harm to the cells, thus could be a safer alternative to the other two anesthetics.
  • The researchers advised cautious use of bupivacaine, especially in horses with joint conditions.

Cite This Article

APA
Park J, Sutradhar BC, Hong G, Choi SH, Kim G. (2011). Comparison of the cytotoxic effects of bupivacaine, lidocaine, and mepivacaine in equine articular chondrocytes. Vet Anaesth Analg, 38(2), 127-133. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2010.00590.x

Publication

Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia
ISSN: 1467-2995
NlmUniqueID: 100956422
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 38
Issue: 2
Pages: 127-133

Researcher Affiliations

Park, Jinuk
  • Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.
Sutradhar, Bibek C
    Hong, Gyeongmi
      Choi, Seok H
        Kim, Gonhyung

          MeSH Terms

          • Anesthetics, Local / pharmacology
          • Animals
          • Bupivacaine / pharmacology
          • Cartilage, Articular / drug effects
          • Cell Survival / drug effects
          • Cells, Cultured
          • Chondrocytes / drug effects
          • Flow Cytometry / veterinary
          • Horses
          • Lidocaine / pharmacology
          • Mepivacaine / pharmacology
          • Microscopy, Fluorescence / veterinary

          Citations

          This article has been cited 26 times.
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