FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
American journal of veterinary research2006; 67(10); 1738-1742; doi: 10.2460/ajvr.67.10.1738

Concentrations of serum amyloid A in serum and synovial fluid from healthy horses and horses with joint disease.

Abstract: To determine serum amyloid A (SAA) concentrations in serum and synovial fluid from healthy horses and horses with joint disease and assess the effect of repeated arthrocentesis on SAA concentrations in synovial fluid. Animals-10 healthy horses and 21 horses with various types of joint disease. Methods: Serum and synovial fluid samples were obtained from each horse. In 5 of the 10 healthy horses, arthrocentesis was repeated 9 times. Concentrations of SAA were determined via immunoturbidometry. Results: Serum and synovial fluid SAA concentrations were less than the assay detection limit in healthy horses and did not change in response to repeated arthrocentesis. Synovial fluid SAA concentrations were significantly higher in horses with suspected bacterial joint contamination or infectious arthritis, or tenovaginitis than in healthy controls, and serum concentrations were significantly higher in horses with infectious conditions than in the other groups. Neither serum nor synovial fluid SAA concentrations in horses with low-inflammation joint conditions differed significantly from those in healthy controls. Concentrations of SAA and total protein in synovial fluid were significantly correlated. Conclusions: Synovial fluid SAA concentration was a good marker of infectious arthritis and tenovaginitis and appeared to reflect changes in inflammatory activity. The advantages of use of SAA as a marker include the ease and speed of measurement and the fact that concentrations in synovial fluid were not influenced by repeated arthrocentesis in healthy horses. Further study of the SAA response in osteoarthritic joints to assess its usefulness in diagnosis and monitoring of osteoarthritis is warranted.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2006-10-04 PubMed ID: 17014325DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.10.1738Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research was conducted to analyze the levels of serum amyloid A (SAA) in the blood and joint fluids of healthy horses as well as those suffering from various joint diseases. It examined the impact of repeated arthrocentesis and found SAA to be an effective marker of infectious arthritis and tenovaginitis.

Methodology of the Research

  • The study was conducted on 10 healthy horses and 21 horses with different kinds of joint diseases.
  • Both blood and synovial fluid samples were collected from each horse. Half of the healthy horses underwent repeated arthrocentesis, a procedure to remove the joint fluid, nine times in total.
  • The levels of SAA in these samples were ascertained via a process known as immunoturbidometry.

Research Findings

  • The SAA levels in both serum and synovial fluid were found to be lower than the assay detection limit in healthy horses. These levels did not vary in response to regular arthrocentesis.
  • Increased SAA levels in the synovial fluid were observed in horses with suspected bacterial joint contamination, infectious arthritis, or tenovaginitis as compared to the healthy horses.
  • Those horses suffering from infectious conditions showed significantly higher levels of SAA in their serum in comparison to other groups.
  • Horses with low-inflammation joint conditions didn’t show any significant difference in serum or synovial fluid SAA levels, when compared to healthy horses.
  • The study discovered a significant correlation between SAA and total protein concentrations in the synovial fluid.

Conclusion of the Research

  • The concentration of SAA in the synovial fluid proved to be an effective marker for infectious arthritis and tenovaginitis, indicating changes in inflammatory activity.
  • The benefits of using SAA as an indicator include ease and speed of measurement, along with the characteristic that its concentration in joint fluid doesn’t alter with repeated arthrocentesis in healthy horses.
  • The study suggested the necessity of further research into the SAA response in joints affected by osteoarthritis, to explore its potential use in diagnosing and monitoring the progression of osteoarthritis.

Cite This Article

APA
Jacobsen S, Thomsen MH, Nanni S. (2006). Concentrations of serum amyloid A in serum and synovial fluid from healthy horses and horses with joint disease. Am J Vet Res, 67(10), 1738-1742. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.67.10.1738

Publication

American journal of veterinary research
ISSN: 0002-9645
NlmUniqueID: 0375011
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 67
Issue: 10
Pages: 1738-1742

Researcher Affiliations

Jacobsen, Stine
  • Department of Large Animal Sciences, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Dyrlaegevej 48, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Thomsen, Maj Halling
    Nanni, Simone

      MeSH Terms

      • Animals
      • Arthritis, Infectious / blood
      • Arthritis, Infectious / metabolism
      • Arthritis, Infectious / veterinary
      • Health
      • Horse Diseases / blood
      • Horse Diseases / metabolism
      • Horses
      • Serum Amyloid A Protein / analysis
      • Synovial Fluid / metabolism
      • Tenosynovitis / blood
      • Tenosynovitis / metabolism
      • Tenosynovitis / veterinary

      Citations

      This article has been cited 30 times.
      1. Peixoto Rabelo I, Barroco de Paula V, Carvalho Bustamante C, Santana AM, Gomes da Silva D, Baldassi AC, Canola PA, Araújo Valadão CA. Acute phase proteins levels in horses, after a single carbohydrate overload, associated with cecal alkalinization. Front Vet Sci 2023;10:1043656.
        doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1043656pubmed: 36816195google scholar: lookup
      2. Jacobsen S, Mortensen CD, Høj EA, Vinther AM, Berg LC, Adler DMT, Verwilghen D, van Galen G. Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin in Synovial Fluid from Horses with and without Septic Arthritis. Animals (Basel) 2022 Dec 21;13(1).
        doi: 10.3390/ani13010029pubmed: 36611638google scholar: lookup
      3. Thurston CC, Stefanovski D, MacKinnon MC, Chapman HS, Richardson DW, Levine DG. Serum amyloid A and fibrinogen as markers for early detection of surgical site infection associated with internal fixation in the horse. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:960865.
        doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.960865pubmed: 36299628google scholar: lookup
      4. Gilbertie JM, Schaer TP, Engiles JB, Seiler GS, Deddens BL, Schubert AG, Jacob ME, Stefanovski D, Ruthel G, Hickok NJ, Stowe DM, Frink A, Schnabel LV. A Platelet-Rich Plasma-Derived Biologic Clears Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms While Mitigating Cartilage Degeneration and Joint Inflammation in a Clinically Relevant Large Animal Infectious Arthritis Model. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022;12:895022.
        doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.895022pubmed: 35711655google scholar: lookup
      5. Arfuso F, Giudice E, Di Pietro S, Piccione G, Giannetto C. Modulation of Serum Protein Electrophoretic Pattern and Leukocyte Population in Horses Vaccinated against West Nile Virus. Animals (Basel) 2021 Feb 11;11(2).
        doi: 10.3390/ani11020477pubmed: 33670395google scholar: lookup
      6. Frydendal C, Nielsen KB, Berg LC, van Galen G, Adler DMT, Andreassen SM, Jacobsen S. Influence of clinical and experimental intra-articular inflammation on neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin concentrations in horses. Vet Surg 2021 Apr;50(3):641-649.
        doi: 10.1111/vsu.13582pubmed: 33522003google scholar: lookup
      7. Scavone D, Sgorbini M, Borges AS, Oliveira-Filho JP, Vitale V, Paltrinieri S. Serial measurements of Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) activity in horses with experimentally induced endotoxemia. BMC Vet Res 2020 Nov 4;16(1):422.
        doi: 10.1186/s12917-020-02629-4pubmed: 33148245google scholar: lookup
      8. Taylor S. A review of equine sepsis. Equine Vet Educ 2015 Feb;27(2):99-109.
        doi: 10.1111/eve.12290pubmed: 32313390google scholar: lookup
      9. Sinovich M, Villarino NF, Singer E, Robinson CS, Rubio-Martínez LM. Can blood serum amyloid A concentrations in horses differentiate synovial sepsis from extrasynovial inflammation and determine response to treatment?. Vet Rec 2020 Sep 19;187(6):235.
        doi: 10.1136/vr.105153pubmed: 32098906google scholar: lookup
      10. Long A, Nolen-Walston R. Equine Inflammatory Markers in the Twenty-First Century: A Focus on Serum Amyloid A. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2020 Apr;36(1):147-160.
        doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2019.12.005pubmed: 32007299google scholar: lookup
      11. Stack JD, Cousty M, Steele E, Handel I, Lechartier A, Vinardell T, David F. Comparison of Serum Amyloid A Measurements in Equine Synovial Fluid With Routine Diagnostic Methods to Detect Synovial Infection in a Clinical Environment. Front Vet Sci 2019;6:325.
        doi: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00325pubmed: 31632987google scholar: lookup
      12. Smit Y, Marais HJ, Thompson PN, Mahne AT, Goddard A. Clinical findings, synovial fluid cytology and growth factor concentrations after intra-articular use of a platelet-rich product in horses with osteoarthritis. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2019 May 23;90(0):e1-e9.
        doi: 10.4102/jsava.v90i0.1721pubmed: 31170778google scholar: lookup
      13. Anderson JR, Smagul A, Simpson D, Clegg PD, Rubio-Martinez LM, Peffers MJ. The synovial fluid proteome differentiates between septic and nonseptic articular pathologies. J Proteomics 2019 Jun 30;202:103370.
        doi: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.04.020pubmed: 31028944google scholar: lookup
      14. Ghasemi S, Sardari K, Mirshokraei P, Hassanpour H. In vitro study of matrix metalloproteinases 1, 2, 9, 13 and serum amyloid A mRNAs expression in equine fibroblast-like synoviocytes treated with doxycycline. Can J Vet Res 2018 Apr;82(2):82-88.
        pubmed: 29755186
      15. Robinson CS, Singer ER, Piviani M, Rubio-Martinez LM. Are serum amyloid A or D-lactate useful to diagnose synovial contamination or sepsis in horses?. Vet Rec 2017 Oct 21;181(16):425.
        doi: 10.1136/vr.104386pubmed: 28765498google scholar: lookup
      16. Andreassen SM, Vinther AML, Nielsen SS, Andersen PH, Tnibar A, Kristensen AT, Jacobsen S. Changes in concentrations of haemostatic and inflammatory biomarkers in synovial fluid after intra-articular injection of lipopolysaccharide in horses. BMC Vet Res 2017 Jun 19;13(1):182.
        doi: 10.1186/s12917-017-1089-1pubmed: 28629364google scholar: lookup
      17. Haltmayer E, Schwendenwein I, Licka TF. Course of serum amyloid A (SAA) plasma concentrations in horses undergoing surgery for injuries penetrating synovial structures, an observational clinical study. BMC Vet Res 2017 May 22;13(1):137.
        doi: 10.1186/s12917-017-1057-9pubmed: 28532514google scholar: lookup
      18. Barrachina L, Remacha AR, Romero A, Vázquez FJ, Albareda J, Prades M, Ranera B, Zaragoza P, Martín-Burriel I, Rodellar C. Inflammation affects the viability and plasticity of equine mesenchymal stem cells: possible implications in intra-articular treatments. J Vet Sci 2017 Mar 30;18(1):39-49.
        doi: 10.4142/jvs.2017.18.1.39pubmed: 27297420google scholar: lookup
      19. Ardanaz N, Vázquez FJ, Romero A, Remacha AR, Barrachina L, Sanz A, Ranera B, Vitoria A, Albareda J, Prades M, Zaragoza P, Martín-Burriel I, Rodellar C. Inflammatory response to the administration of mesenchymal stem cells in an equine experimental model: effect of autologous, and single and repeat doses of pooled allogeneic cells in healthy joints. BMC Vet Res 2016 Mar 31;12:65.
        doi: 10.1186/s12917-016-0692-xpubmed: 27029614google scholar: lookup
      20. Hesselager MO, Codrea MC, Sun Z, Deutsch EW, Bennike TB, Stensballe A, Bundgaard L, Moritz RL, Bendixen E. The Pig PeptideAtlas: A resource for systems biology in animal production and biomedicine. Proteomics 2016 Feb;16(4):634-44.
        doi: 10.1002/pmic.201500195pubmed: 26699206google scholar: lookup
      21. Turło A, Cywińska A, Czopowicz M, Witkowski L, Niedźwiedź A, Słowikowska M, Borowicz H, Jaśkiewicz A, Winnicka A. The Effect of Different Types of Musculoskeletal Injuries on Blood Concentration of Serum Amyloid A in Thoroughbred Racehorses. PLoS One 2015;10(10):e0140673.
        doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140673pubmed: 26466121google scholar: lookup
      22. Pihl TH, Scheepers E, Sanz M, Goddard A, Page P, Toft N, Andersen PH, Jacobsen S. Influence of disease process and duration on acute phase proteins in serum and peritoneal fluid of horses with colic. J Vet Intern Med 2015 Mar-Apr;29(2):651-8.
        doi: 10.1111/jvim.12542pubmed: 25644457google scholar: lookup
      23. Duesterdieck-Zellmer KF, Moneta L, Ott JF, Larson MK, Gorman EM, Hunter B, Löhr CV, Payton ME, Morré JT, Maier CS. Effects of low and high dose intraarticular tiludronate on synovial fluid and clinical variables in healthy horses-a preliminary investigation. PeerJ 2014;2:e534.
        doi: 10.7717/peerj.534pubmed: 25237596google scholar: lookup
      24. Bundgaard L, Jacobsen S, Sørensen MA, Sun Z, Deutsch EW, Moritz RL, Bendixen E. The Equine PeptideAtlas: a resource for developing proteomics-based veterinary research. Proteomics 2014 Mar;14(6):763-73.
        doi: 10.1002/pmic.201300398pubmed: 24436130google scholar: lookup
      25. Cray C. Acute phase proteins in animals. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci 2012;105:113-50.
        doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-394596-9.00005-6pubmed: 22137431google scholar: lookup
      26. Hillström A, Tvedten H, Lilliehöök I. Evaluation of an in-clinic Serum Amyloid A (SAA) assay and assessment of the effects of storage on SAA samples. Acta Vet Scand 2010 Feb 2;52(1):8.
        doi: 10.1186/1751-0147-52-8pubmed: 20122257google scholar: lookup
      27. Cray C, Zaias J, Altman NH. Acute phase response in animals: a review. Comp Med 2009 Dec;59(6):517-26.
        pubmed: 20034426
      28. Koziy RV, Katselis GS, Yoshimura S, Simko E, Bracamonte JL. Temporal kinetics of serum amyloid A (SAA) concentration and identification of SAA isoforms in blood and synovial fluid of horses with experimentally induced septic arthritis, non-septic synovitis, and systemic inflammation. J Vet Diagn Invest 2025 Jan;37(1):42-54.
        doi: 10.1177/10406387241299873pubmed: 39688235google scholar: lookup
      29. Jakobsen N, Weber NR, Larsen I, Pedersen KS. Diagnostic utility of acute phase proteins and their ability to guide antibiotic usage in pigs, horses, and cattle: a mapping review. Acta Vet Scand 2024 Sep 5;66(1):45.
        doi: 10.1186/s13028-024-00766-6pubmed: 39237955google scholar: lookup
      30. Usimaki A, Ciamillo SA, Barot D, Linardi RL, Engiles JB, Ortved KF. Single injection of intra-articular autologous protein solution in horses with acute interleukin-1B-induced synovitis decreases joint pathology scores. Equine Vet J 2025 May;57(3):806-816.
        doi: 10.1111/evj.14203pubmed: 39051479google scholar: lookup
      Subscribe to our newsletter
      Join 99,911 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.