Considerations on the ecology of several arboviruses in eastern Long Island.

The research article investigates the presence and variants of arboviruses, focusing on Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE), in the ecosystem of eastern Long Island. It reveals the role of different species as carriers and the ecological implications of these viruses.

Introduction and Methodology

• The study was initiated after three horses in eastern Long Island were diagnosed with Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) in September 1970.
• Subsequently, EEE virus was isolated from blood clots in migrating Northern Yellow-shafted Flickers and the brain and liver of another bird of the same species.
• Following these incidents, a year-long survey of arboviruses was conducted starting in September 1970 to track the presence and spread of these viruses.

Serologic Surveys

• The serologic surveys revealed widespread prevalence of EEE antibodies in the avian population, showing that these birds may serve as primary carriers of the virus in the region.
• There was also some activity of EEE noted in various mammalian species, although it was not as prevalent as in birds.
• Powassan and St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies were found in humans, birds, mammals, and reptiles, indicating the wide distribution of these viruses across different species.

Seroconversions in Sentinel Pheasants and Quail

• In the summer of 1971, there were seroconversions to three arboviruses (EEE, Western equine encephalitis, and SLE) in sentinel pheasants and quail.
• Seroconversion refers to the development of detectable specific antibodies to a microorganism in the blood serum as a result of infection or immunization.
• This implies that these bird species were newly infected with the viruses and could potentially spread them further.

Ecological Implications

• The prevalence of these viruses, especially EEE, in various species in eastern Long Island means that there is a significant risk of these diseases spreading further in the region.
• This has implications for public health, veterinary health, and wildlife conservation, as action may need to be taken to control the spread of these viruses and treat affected individuals and animals.