FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Molecules / Contrasting Volatilomes of Livestock Dung Drive Preference o...
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)2022; 27(13); 4152; doi: 10.3390/molecules27134152

Contrasting Volatilomes of Livestock Dung Drive Preference of the Dung Beetle Bubas bison (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae).

Abstract: Volatile cues can play a significant role in the location and discrimination of food resources by insects. Dung beetles have been reported to discriminate among dung types produced by different species, thereby exhibiting behavioral preferences. However, the role of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in dung localization and preference remains largely unexplored in dung beetles. Here we performed several studies: firstly, cage olfactometer bioassays were performed to evaluate the behavioral responses of (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) to VOCs emanating from fresh horse, sheep, and cattle dung; secondly, concurrent volatilome analysis was performed to characterize volatilomes of these dung types. adults exhibited greater attraction to horse dung and less attraction to cattle dung, and they preferred dung from horses fed a pasture-based diet over dung from those fed lucerne hay. Volatilomes of the corresponding dung samples from each livestock species contained a diverse group of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, phenols, and sulfurous compounds, but the composition and abundance of annotated VOCs varied with dung type and livestock diet. The volatilome of horse dung was the most chemically diverse. Results from a third study evaluating electroantennogram response and supplementary olfactometry provided strong evidence that indole, butyric acid, butanone, -cresol, skatole, and phenol, as well as toluene, are involved in the attraction of to dung, with a mixture of these components significantly more attractive than individual constituents.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2022-06-28 PubMed ID: 35807397PubMed Central: PMC9268081DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134152Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research explores the role of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in dung selection by dung beetles, specifically Bubas bison. The study finds that Bubas bison dung beetles are more attracted to the scent of horse dung, particularly from horses fed a pasture-based diet, with various compounds involved in this attraction.

Study’s Approach

  • The study conducted to investigate how the dung beetles Bubas bison respond to VOCs – scents – emanating from different animals’ dung. Specifically, the research focused on the dung from horses, sheep, and cattle.
  • The researchers chose these types of dung because dung beetles have been observed to prefer certain types of dung, but this had not been studied in depth before.
  • They performed cage olfactometer bioassays, a method used to measure the attractiveness of different VOCs to insects. They examined how the beetles responded to the scents from the different types of dung.

Understanding Volatilomes

  • Alongside the olfactometer bioassays, the researchers analyzed the volatilomes of the dung samples. A volatilome is essentially the entire set of VOCs that an organism produces. It is a complex mixture of all the volatile compounds that are found in the dung from these different animals.
  • They discovered that the VOCs included a diverse group of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, phenols, and sulfurous compounds. However, the composition and volume of these VOCs varied depending on the type of dung and the kind of diet the livestock had.
  • The volatilome of the horse dung was the most chemically diverse, which could be a factor in why the Bubas bison beetles preferred it.

Key Findings

  • When analysing the results of the olfactometer bioassays, the study found that Bubas bison beetles were more attracted to the scent of horse dung than that of sheep or cattle dung. Beetles also showed a preference for dung from horses fed on a pasture-based diet over those fed with lucerne hay.
  • Follow-up studies of electroantennogram response and supplementary olfactometry offered further evidence of the beetles’ preference for horse dung. They discovered a group of compounds that specifically attracted the beetles to the dung, including indole, butyric acid, butanone, p-cresol, skatole, phenol, and toluene. The researchers found that a mixture of these compounds was significantly more attractive to the beetles than any individual compound.

Implications

  • This research could help inform our understanding of dung beetle behavior, which plays an important role in nutrient cycling and soil fertility in ecosystems.
  • It can also contribute to potential applications in pest control or other ecological strategies, by manipulating scent attraction.

Cite This Article

APA
Perera NN, Weston PA, Barrow RA, Weston LA, Gurr GM. (2022). Contrasting Volatilomes of Livestock Dung Drive Preference of the Dung Beetle Bubas bison (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Molecules, 27(13), 4152. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27134152

Publication

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
ISSN: 1420-3049
NlmUniqueID: 100964009
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 27
Issue: 13
PII: 4152

Researcher Affiliations

Perera, Nisansala N
  • Gulbali Institute of Agriculture, Water and Environment, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia.
  • School of Agriculture, Environment and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia.
Weston, Paul A
  • Gulbali Institute of Agriculture, Water and Environment, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia.
  • School of Agriculture, Environment and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia.
Barrow, Russell A
  • Gulbali Institute of Agriculture, Water and Environment, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia.
Weston, Leslie A
  • Gulbali Institute of Agriculture, Water and Environment, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia.
  • School of Agriculture, Environment and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia.
Gurr, Geoff M
  • Gulbali Institute of Agriculture, Water and Environment, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia.
  • School of Agriculture, Environment and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Leeds Parade, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Bison
  • Cattle
  • Coleoptera / physiology
  • Feces
  • Horses
  • Livestock
  • Sheep
  • Volatile Organic Compounds

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

References

This article includes 59 references
  1. Doube B.M.. Ecosystem services provided by dung beetles in Australia.. Basic Appl. Ecol. 2018;26:35–49.
    doi: 10.1016/j.baae.2017.09.008google scholar: lookup
  2. Nichols E., Spector S., Louzada J., Larsen T., Amezquita S., Favila M.E.. Ecological functions and ecosystem services provided by Scarabaeinae dung beetles.. Biol. Conserv. 2008;141:1461–1474.
    doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2008.04.011google scholar: lookup
  3. Ridsdill-Smith T.J., Edwards P.B.. Biological Control: Ecosystem Functions Provided by Dung Beetles.. In: Ridsdill-Smith T.J., Simmons L.W., editors. Ecology and Evolution of Dung Beetles. John Wiley & Sons; Hoboken, NJ, USA: 2011. pp. 245–266.
  4. Scholtz C.H., Davis A.L.V., Kryger U.. Evolutionary Biology and Conservation of Dung Beetles.. Pensoft; Sofia, Bulgaria: 2009.
  5. Dormont L., Epinat G., Lumaret J.-P.. Trophic Preferences Mediated by Olfactory Cues in Dung Beetles Colonizing Cattle and Horse Dung.. Environ. Èntomol. 2004;33:370–377.
    doi: 10.1603/0046-225X-33.2.370google scholar: lookup
  6. Wurmitzer C., Blüthgen N., Krell F.-T., Maldonado B., Ocampo F., Müller J.K., Schmitt T.. Attraction of dung beetles to herbivore dung and synthetic compounds in a comparative field study.. Chemoecology 2017;27:75–84.
    doi: 10.1007/s00049-017-0232-6google scholar: lookup
  7. Stavert J.R., Drayton B.A., Beggs J.R., Gaskett A.C.. The volatile organic compounds of introduced and native dung and carrion and their role in dung beetle foraging behaviour.. Ecol. Èntomol. 2014;39:556–565.
    doi: 10.1111/een.12133google scholar: lookup
  8. Schmitt T, Krell FT, Linsenmair KE. Quinone mixture as attractant for necrophagous dung beetles specialized on dead millipedes.. J Chem Ecol 2004 Apr;30(4):731-40.
    doi: 10.1023/B:JOEC.0000028428.53797.cbpubmed: 15260220google scholar: lookup
  9. Verdú JR, Cortez V, Ortiz AJ, González-Rodríguez E, Martinez-Pinna J, Lumaret JP, Lobo JM, Numa C, Sánchez-Piñero F. Low doses of ivermectin cause sensory and locomotor disorders in dung beetles.. Sci Rep 2015 Sep 9;5:13912.
    doi: 10.1038/srep13912pmc: PMC4563563pubmed: 26350768google scholar: lookup
  10. Gittings T., Giller P.S.. Resource quality and the colonisation and succession of coprophagous dung beetles.. Ecography 1998;21:581–592.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0587.1998.tb00550.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  11. Lumaret J.-P., Iborra O.. Separation of Trophic Niches by Dung Beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea) in Overlapping Habitats.. Pedobiologia 1996;40:392–404.
  12. Hanski I.. Nutritional Ecology of Insects, Mites, and Spiders.. Wiley; Hoboken, NJ, USA: 1987. Nutritional Ecology of Dung-and Carrion-Feeding Insects; pp. 837–884.
  13. Frank K, Brückner A, Hilpert A, Heethoff M, Blüthgen N. Nutrient quality of vertebrate dung as a diet for dung beetles.. Sci Rep 2017 Sep 22;7(1):12141.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12265-ypmc: PMC5610319pubmed: 28939910google scholar: lookup
  14. Whipple SD, Hoback WW. A comparison of dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) attraction to native and exotic mammal dung.. Environ Entomol 2012 Apr;41(2):238-44.
    doi: 10.1603/EN11285pubmed: 22506995google scholar: lookup
  15. Finn J., Giller P.S.. Experimental investigations of colonisation by north temperate dung beetles of different types of domestic herbivore dung.. Appl. Soil Ecol. 2002;20:1–13.
    doi: 10.1016/S0929-1393(02)00011-2google scholar: lookup
  16. Martín-Piera F., Lobo J.M.. A Comparative Discussion of Trophic Preferences in Dung Beetle Communities.. Misc. Zool. 1996;19:13–31.
  17. Dormont L., Rapior S., McKey D.B., Lumaret J.-P.. Influence of dung volatiles on the process of resource selection by coprophagous beetles.. Chemoecology 2006;17:23–30.
    doi: 10.1007/s00049-006-0355-7google scholar: lookup
  18. Dormont L, Jay-Robert P, Bessière JM, Rapior S, Lumaret JP. Innate olfactory preferences in dung beetles.. J Exp Biol 2010 Sep 15;213(Pt 18):3177-86.
    doi: 10.1242/jeb.040964pubmed: 20802120google scholar: lookup
  19. Frank K., Brückner A., Blüthgen N., Schmitt T.. In search of cues: Dung beetle attraction and the significance of volatile composition of dung.. Chemoecology 2018;28:145–152.
    doi: 10.1007/s00049-018-0266-4google scholar: lookup
  20. Aii T., Yonaga M., Tanaka H.. Changes in Headspace Volatiles of Feed in the Digestive Tracts of Cattle.. Jpn. J. Grassl. Sci. 1980;26:223–230.
    doi: 10.14941/grass.26.223google scholar: lookup
  21. Inouchi J., Shibuya T., Hatanaka T.. Food Odor Responses of Single Antennal Olfactory Cells in the Japanese Dung Beetle, Geotrupes auratus (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae). Appl. Èntomol. Zoo. 1988;23:167–174.
    doi: 10.1303/aez.23.167google scholar: lookup
  22. Sladecek FXJ, Dötterl S, Schäffler I, Segar ST, Konvicka M. Succession of Dung-Inhabiting Beetles and Flies Reflects the Succession of Dung-Emitted Volatile Compounds.. J Chem Ecol 2021 May;47(4-5):433-443.
    doi: 10.1007/s10886-021-01266-xpubmed: 33830431google scholar: lookup
  23. Marino P., Raguso R., Goffinet B.. The ecology and evolution of fly dispersed dung mosses (Family Splachnaceae): Manipulating insect behaviour through odour and visual cues.. Symbiosis 2009;47:61–76.
    doi: 10.1007/BF03182289google scholar: lookup
  24. Midgley JJ, White JD, Johnson SD, Bronner GN. Faecal mimicry by seeds ensures dispersal by dung beetles.. Nat Plants 2015 Oct 5;1:15141.
    doi: 10.1038/nplants.2015.141pubmed: 27251393google scholar: lookup
  25. Magalhães D.M., Borges M., Laumann R.A., Woodcock C.M., Withall D.M., Pickett J.A., Birkett M.A., Blassioli-Moraes M.C.. Identification of Volatile Compounds Involved in Host Location by Anthonomus grandis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Front. Ecol. Evol. 2018;6:98.
    doi: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00098google scholar: lookup
  26. Weithmann S, von Hoermann C, Schmitt T, Steiger S, Ayasse M. The Attraction of the Dung Beetle Anoplotrupes stercorosus (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae) to Volatiles from Vertebrate Cadavers.. Insects 2020 Jul 27;11(8).
    doi: 10.3390/insects11080476pmc: PMC7469141pubmed: 32727148google scholar: lookup
  27. Marsili RT. Comparison of solid-phase microextraction and dynamic headspace methods for the gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of light-induced lipid oxidation products in milk.. J Chromatogr Sci 1999 Jan;37(1):17-23.
    doi: 10.1093/chromsci/37.1.17pubmed: 9987853google scholar: lookup
  28. Pokhrel MR, Cairns SC, Hemmings Z, Floate KD, Andrew NR. A Review of Dung Beetle Introductions in the Antipodes and North America: Status, Opportunities, and Challenges.. Environ Entomol 2021 Aug 12;50(4):762-780.
    doi: 10.1093/ee/nvab025pubmed: 33860802google scholar: lookup
  29. Jones A.G., Forgie S.A., Scott D.J., Beggs J.R.. Generalist dung attraction response in a New Zealand dung beetle that evolved with an absence of mammalian herbivores.. Ecol. Èntomol. 2012;37:124–133.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2311.2012.01344.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  30. Inouchi J., Shibuya T., Matsuzaki O., Hatanaka T.. Distribution and fine structure of antennal olfactory sensilla in Japanese dung beetles, Geotrupes auratus Mtos. (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae) and Copris pecuarius Lew. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Int. J. Insect Morphol. Embryol. 1987;16:177–187.
    doi: 10.1016/0020-7322(87)90017-1google scholar: lookup
  31. Burger B.V., Munro Z., Brandt W.F.. Pheromones of the Scarabaeinae, II*. Composition of the Pheromone Disseminating Carrier Material Secreted by Male Dung Beetles of the Genus Kheper.. Z. Naturforsch. Sect. C J. Biosci. 1990;45:863–872.
    doi: 10.1515/znc-1990-7-820google scholar: lookup
  32. Burger BV, Petersen WG, Weber WG, Munro ZM. Semiochemicals of the Scarabaeinae. VII: Identification and synthesis of EAD-active constituents of abdominal sex attracting secretion of the male dung beetle, Kheper subaeneus.. J Chem Ecol 2002 Dec;28(12):2527-39.
    doi: 10.1023/A:1021440220329pubmed: 12564798google scholar: lookup
  33. Burger B.V., Petersen W.G.B., Tribe G.D.. Semiochemicals of the Scarabaeinae, IV*: Identification of an Attractant for the Dung Beetle Pachylomerus femoralis in the Abdominal Secretion of the Dung Beetle Kheper Lamarcki.. Z. Fur Naturforsch. Sect. C J. Biosci. 1995;50:675–680.
    doi: 10.1515/znc-1995-9-1013google scholar: lookup
  34. Burger BV, Petersen WG, Ewig BT, Neuhaus J, Tribe GD, Spies HS, Burger WJ. Semiochemicals of the Scarabaeinae VIII. Identification of active constituents of the abdominal sex-attracting secretion of the male dung beetle, Kheper bonellii, using gas chromatography with flame ionization and electroantennographic detection in parallel.. J Chromatogr A 2008 Apr 4;1186(1-2):245-53.
    doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.09.041pubmed: 17920608google scholar: lookup
  35. Burger BV, Petersen WG. Semiochemicals of the Scarabaeinae: VI. Identification of EAD-active constituents of abdominal secretion of male dung beetle, Kheper nigroaeneus.. J Chem Ecol 2002 Mar;28(3):501-13.
    doi: 10.1023/A:1014583826875pubmed: 11944827google scholar: lookup
  36. Burger B.V., Munro Z., Röth M., Spies H.S.C., Truter V., Tribe G.D., Crewe R.M.. Composition of the Heterogeneous Sex Attracting Secretion of the Dung Beetle, Kheper lamarcki.. Z. Fur Naturforsch. Sect. C J. Biosci. 1983;38:848–855.
    doi: 10.1515/znc-1983-9-1028google scholar: lookup
  37. Sayers T.D.J., Steinbauer M., Farnier K., Miller R.E.. Dung mimicry in Typhonium (Araceae): Explaining floral trait and pollinator divergence in a widespread species complex and a rare sister species.. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 2020;193:375–401.
    doi: 10.1093/botlinnean/boaa021google scholar: lookup
  38. Kite G.. The floral odour of Arum maculatum.. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 1995;23:343–354.
    doi: 10.1016/0305-1978(95)00026-Qgoogle scholar: lookup
  39. Schiestl FP, Dötterl S. The evolution of floral scent and olfactory preferences in pollinators: coevolution or pre-existing bias?. Evolution 2012 Jul;66(7):2042-55.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01593.xpubmed: 22759283google scholar: lookup
  40. Kaur A.P.. Assessing Nutritional Resources for Dung Beetles—Optimising Ecosystem Services.. Ph.D. Thesis. University of New England; Armidale, NSW, Australia: 2019.
  41. Podskalská H., Ruzicka J., Hoskovec M., Šálek M.. Use of infochemicals to attract carrion beetles into pitfall traps.. Èntomol. Exp. Appl. 2009;132:59–64.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1570-7458.2009.00871.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  42. Kalinová B, Podskalská H, Růzicka J, Hoskovec M. Irresistible bouquet of death--how are burying beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae: Nicrophorus) attracted by carcasses.. Naturwissenschaften 2009 Aug;96(8):889-99.
    doi: 10.1007/s00114-009-0545-6pubmed: 19404598google scholar: lookup
  43. Badji CA, Dorland J, Kheloul L, Bréard D, Richomme P, Kellouche A, Azevedo de Souza CR, Bezerra AL, Anton S. Behavioral and Antennal Responses of Tribolium confusum to Varronia globosa Essential Oil and Its Main Constituents: Perspective for Their Use as Repellent.. Molecules 2021 Jul 21;26(15).
    doi: 10.3390/molecules26154393pmc: PMC8347475pubmed: 34361547google scholar: lookup
  44. Harvey DJ, Vuts J, Hooper A, Finch P, Woodcock CM, Caulfield JC, Kadej M, Smolis A, Withall DM, Henshall S, Pickett JA, Gange AC, Birkett MA. Environmentally vulnerable noble chafers exhibit unusual pheromone-mediated behaviour.. PLoS One 2018;13(11):e0206526.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206526pmc: PMC6211686pubmed: 30383860google scholar: lookup
  45. Liu CM, Matsuyama S, Kainoh Y. Synergistic Effects of Volatiles from Host-Infested Plants on Host-Searching Behavior in the Parasitoid Wasp Lytopylus rufipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae).. J Chem Ecol 2019 Aug;45(8):684-692.
    doi: 10.1007/s10886-019-01088-ypubmed: 31289990google scholar: lookup
  46. Schröder R., Hilker M.. The Relevance of Background Odor in Resource Location by Insects: A Behavioral Approach.. BioScience 2008;58:308–316.
    doi: 10.1641/B580406google scholar: lookup
  47. Togni P.H.B., Laumann R.A., Medeiros M.A., Sujii E.R.. Odour masking of tomato volatiles by coriander volatiles in host plant selection of Bemisia tabaci biotype B.. Èntomol. Exp. Appl. 2010;136:164–173.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1570-7458.2010.01010.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  48. Edwards P., Wright J., Wilson P.. Introduced Dung Beetles in Australia: A Pocket Field Guide.. Csiro Publishing; Clayton, Australia: 2015.
  49. Kirk A.A.. The biology of Bubas bison (L.) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in southern France and its potential for recycling dung in Australia.. Bull. Èntomol. Res. 1983;73:129–136.
    doi: 10.1017/S0007485300013869google scholar: lookup
  50. Kirk A.A., Wallace M.M.H.. Seasonal variations in numbers, biomass and breeding patterns of dung beettles [Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae] in Southern France.. BioControl 1990;35:569–581.
    doi: 10.1007/BF02375091google scholar: lookup
  51. Wilcoxon F.. Individual Comparisons by Ranking Methods.. Biom. Bull. 1945;1:80.
    doi: 10.2307/3001968google scholar: lookup
  52. VANDENDOOL H, KRATZ PD. A GENERALIZATION OF THE RETENTION INDEX SYSTEM INCLUDING LINEAR TEMPERATURE PROGRAMMED GAS-LIQUID PARTITION CHROMATOGRAPHY.. J Chromatogr 1963 Aug;11:463-71.
    doi: 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)80947-Xpubmed: 14062605google scholar: lookup
  53. Pluskal T., Korf A., Smirnov A., Schmid R., Fallon T.R., Du X., Weng J.-K.. Chapter 7. Metabolomics Data Analysis Using MZmine.. New Dev. Mass Spectrom. 2020;2020:232–254.
    doi: 10.1039/9781788019880-00232google scholar: lookup
  54. Mueller DC, Piller M, Niessner R, Scherer M, Scherer G. Untargeted metabolomic profiling in saliva of smokers and nonsmokers by a validated GC-TOF-MS method.. J Proteome Res 2014 Mar 7;13(3):1602-13.
    doi: 10.1021/pr401099rpubmed: 24354774google scholar: lookup
  55. Pluskal T, Castillo S, Villar-Briones A, Oresic M. MZmine 2: modular framework for processing, visualizing, and analyzing mass spectrometry-based molecular profile data.. BMC Bioinformatics 2010 Jul 23;11:395.
    doi: 10.1186/1471-2105-11-395pmc: PMC2918584pubmed: 20650010google scholar: lookup
  56. Korf A, Hammann S, Schmid R, Froning M, Hayen H, Cramp LJE. Digging deeper - A new data mining workflow for improved processing and interpretation of high resolution GC-Q-TOF MS data in archaeological research.. Sci Rep 2020 Jan 21;10(1):767.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-57154-8pmc: PMC6972930pubmed: 31964913google scholar: lookup
  57. Smirnov A, Qiu Y, Jia W, Walker DI, Jones DP, Du X. ADAP-GC 4.0: Application of Clustering-Assisted Multivariate Curve Resolution to Spectral Deconvolution of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Metabolomics Data.. Anal Chem 2019 Jul 16;91(14):9069-9077.
    doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01424pmc: PMC6705124pubmed: 31274283google scholar: lookup
  58. Ni Y, Su M, Qiu Y, Jia W, Du X. ADAP-GC 3.0: Improved Peak Detection and Deconvolution of Co-eluting Metabolites from GC/TOF-MS Data for Metabolomics Studies.. Anal Chem 2016 Sep 6;88(17):8802-11.
    doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02222pmc: PMC5544921pubmed: 27461032google scholar: lookup
  59. Pfrommer A., Krell F.-T.. Who Steals the Eggs? Coprophanaeus Telamon (Erichson) Buries Decomposing Eggs in Western Amazonian Rain Forest (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Coleopt. Bull. 2004;58:21–27.
    doi: 10.1649/585google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. Perera NN, Barrow RA, Weston PA, Rolland V, Hands P, Gurusinghe S, Weston LA, Gurr GM. Characterisation of Antennal Sensilla and Electroantennography Responses of the Dung Beetles Bubas bison, Onitis aygulus and Geotrupes spiniger (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) to Dung Volatile Organic Compounds.. Insects 2023 Jul 12;14(7).
    doi: 10.3390/insects14070627pubmed: 37504633google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,359 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.