FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / PLoS One / Could posture reflect welfare state? A study using geometric...
PloS one2019; 14(2); e0211852; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211852

Could posture reflect welfare state? A study using geometric morphometrics in riding school horses.

Abstract: Despite the fact that animal posture is known to reflect emotional state, the presence of chronic postures associated with poor welfare has not been investigated with an objective tool for measuring, quantifying and comparing postures. The use of morphometric geometrics (GM) to describe horse posture (profile of the dorsum) has shown to be an effective method of distinguishing populations that are known to differ in terms of welfare states. Here we investigated photographs of 85 riding school horses differing in terms of welfare state, in order to determine if a specific posture (modelled by GM) is associated with altered welfare. The welfare state was estimated with the prevalence of stereotypic or abnormal repetitive behaviours, depressed-like posture and the ear positions. ANOVA results show that horses with stereotypic or abnormal behaviour, and to a lesser degree horses with depressed-like postures, tend to have a flatter, or even hollow, dorsal profile, especially at the neck and croup levels. These altered profiles could represent an additional indicator of poor welfare, easy to use in the field or by owners.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2019-02-05 PubMed ID: 30721258PubMed Central: PMC6363216DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211852Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The study analyses whether the posture of a horse, specifically the profile of its back as measured by geometric morphometrics, could indicate impacts on its welfare. It identified that horses exhibiting depressed-like stances and abnormal repetitive behaviors, often associated with poor welfare, demonstrated a flatter back profile particularly around the neck and hindquarters.

Use of Geometric Morphometrics in Assessment of Animal Welfare

  • Geometric morphometrics (GM) is an objective tool used for quantifying and comparing shapes or physical structures.
  • It was used in this study to objectively measure and compare the postures of 85 different riding school horses.
  • Posture was represented by the profile or contour of the horse’s dorsum or back.

Association of Posture with Welfare State

  • Animal posture is known to reflect the animal’s emotional state, thus it is theorized that chronic postures might represent inherent welfare states of the animal.
  • The researchers looked at photos of riding school horses to see if there was a common “shape” or profile associated with horses that exhibited signs of poor welfare.
  • Poor welfare was mainly assessed in terms of the manifestation of stereotypic or abnormal repetitive behaviors, depressed-like postures, and the positions of the ears.

Findings and Implications

  • The results show that the horses exhibiting stereotypic behaviors or a depressed-like posture tend to have a specific dorsum profile – typically flatter or even hollow, particularly at the neck and hindquarters.
  • These altered profiles might represent chronic postures associated with poor welfare.
  • This finding provides an easy-to-use welfare indicator for horse owners and field practitioners, in addition to the behavioral signs used as traditional indicators of poor welfare.

Cite This Article

APA
Sénèque E, Lesimple C, Morisset S, Hausberger M. (2019). Could posture reflect welfare state? A study using geometric morphometrics in riding school horses. PLoS One, 14(2), e0211852. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211852

Publication

PloS one
ISSN: 1932-6203
NlmUniqueID: 101285081
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Pages: e0211852
PII: e0211852

Researcher Affiliations

Sénèque, Emilie
  • Université de Rennes, UMR 6552 CNRS Ethologie Animale et Humaine,CNRS, Université de Caen-Normandie, Rennes, France.
Lesimple, Clémence
  • Université de Rennes, UMR 6552 CNRS Ethologie Animale et Humaine,CNRS, Université de Caen-Normandie, Rennes, France.
Morisset, Stéphane
  • Independent biostatistician, France.
Hausberger, Martine
  • CNRS, UMR 6552 Ethologie animale et humaine, Université de Rennes, Université de Caen-Normandie, Caen, France.

MeSH Terms

  • Animal Husbandry
  • Animal Welfare
  • Animals
  • Behavior, Animal
  • Horses
  • Male
  • Posture

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

References

This article includes 83 references
  1. Darwin C. The expression of the emotions in man and animals. Vol. 526 London: J. Murray; 1872.
  2. Stokes AW. Agonistic behaviour among blue tits at a winter feeding station. Behaviour 1962;19 (1):118–137.
  3. Wilson RH. Agonistic postures and latency to the first interaction during initial pair encounters in the red jungle fowl, Gallus gallus. Anim.Behav. 1974; 22(1):75–82.
  4. van der Borg JA, Schilder MB, Vinke CM, de Vries H. Dominance in Domestic Dogs: A Quantitative Analysis of Its Behavioural Measures.. PLoS One 2015;10(8):e0133978.
    pmc: PMC4556277pubmed: 26309101doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133978google scholar: lookup
  5. Kiley-Worthington M. The tail movements of ungulates, canids and felids with particular reference to their causation and function as displays. Behaviour 1976; 56(1):69–114.
  6. Waring GH. Horse behavior. Norwich New York: Noyes Publications/William Andrew Publishing; 2003.
  7. Wolff A, Hausberger M, Le Scolan N. Experimental tests to assess emotionality in horses.. Behav Processes 1997 Sep;40(3):209-21.
    pubmed: 24895882doi: 10.1016/s0376-6357(97)00784-5google scholar: lookup
  8. Lepicard EM, Venault P, Negroni J, Perez-Diaz F, Joubert C, Nosten-Bertrand M, Berthoz A, Chapouthier G. Posture and balance responses to a sensory challenge are related to anxiety in mice.. Psychiatry Res 2003 Jun 15;118(3):273-84.
    pubmed: 12834821doi: 10.1016/s0165-1781(03)00069-6google scholar: lookup
  9. Komers PE, Roth K, Zimmerli R. Interpreting social behaviour of wood bison using tail postures. Z. Saugetierkd. 1992; 57:343–343.
  10. Moe RO, Bakken M, Kittilsen S, Kingsley-Smith H, Spruijt BM. A note on reward-related behaviour and emotional expressions in farmed silver foxes (Vulpes vulpes)—basis for a novel tool to study animal welfare. Appl. Anim. Behav.Sci. 2006; 101(3):362–368.
  11. Beerda B, Schilder MB, van Hooff JA, de Vries HW, Mol JA. Chronic stress in dogs subjected to social and spatial restriction. I. Behavioral responses.. Physiol Behav 1999 Apr;66(2):233-42.
    pubmed: 10336149doi: 10.1016/s0031-9384(98)00289-3google scholar: lookup
  12. Huzzey JM, von Keyserlingk MA, Weary DM. Changes in feeding, drinking, and standing behavior of dairy cows during the transition period.. J Dairy Sci 2005 Jul;88(7):2454-61.
    doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72923-4pubmed: 15956308google scholar: lookup
  13. Krawczel PD, Hill CT, Dann HM, Grant RJ. Short communication: effect of stocking density on indices of cow comfort.. J Dairy Sci 2008 May;91(5):1903-7.
    doi: 10.3168/jds.2007-0520pubmed: 18420621google scholar: lookup
  14. Xin H. Assessing swine thermal comfort by image analysis of postural behaviors.. J Anim Sci 1999;77 Suppl 2:1-9.
    pubmed: 15526776doi: 10.2527/1999.77suppl_21xgoogle scholar: lookup
  15. Schilder MB, van der Borg JA. Training dogs with help of the shock collar: short and long term behavioural effects. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2004;85(3):319–334.
  16. Davies WG. Cluster analysis applied to the classification of postures in the Chilean Flamingo (Phoenicopterus chilensis). Anim. Behav. 1978;26(2):381–8.
  17. Mendl M, Burman OHP, Parker RMA, Paul ES. Cognitive bias as an indicator of animal emotion and welfare: emerging evidence and underlying mechanisms. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2009;118(3–4):161–81.
  18. Broom DM. Animal welfare: concepts and measurement.. J Anim Sci 1991 Oct;69(10):4167-75.
    pubmed: 1778832doi: 10.2527/1991.69104167xgoogle scholar: lookup
  19. Tallet C, Sénèque E, Mégnin C, Morisset S, Val-Laillet D, Meunier-Salaün M-C. Assessing walking posture with geometric morphometrics: effects of rearing environment in pigs. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2016;174:32–41.
  20. Henry S, Fureix C, Rowberry R, Bateson M, Hausberger M. Do horses with poor welfare show 'pessimistic' cognitive biases?. Naturwissenschaften 2017 Feb;104(1-2):8.
    pubmed: 28083632doi: 10.1007/s00114-016-1429-1google scholar: lookup
  21. Fureix C, Hausberger M, Seneque E, Morisset S, Baylac M, Cornette R, Biquand V, Deleporte P. Geometric morphometrics as a tool for improving the comparative study of behavioural postures.. Naturwissenschaften 2011 Jul;98(7):583-92.
    doi: 10.1007/s00114-011-0803-2pubmed: 21573691google scholar: lookup
  22. Lesimple C, Fureix C, De Margerie E, Sénèque E, Menguy H, Hausberger M. Towards a postural indicator of back pain in horses (Equus caballus).. PLoS One 2012;7(9):e44604.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044604pmc: PMC3436792pubmed: 22970261google scholar: lookup
  23. Mills DS. Repetitive movement problems in the horse. In: Mills DS, McDonnell S editors. The domestic horse, the origins, development and management of its behavior. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 2005. pp. 212–227.
  24. Burn CC, Dennison TL, Whay HR. Relationships between behaviour and health in working horses, donkeys, and mules in developing countries. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2010;126(3):109–18.
  25. Fureix C, Hausberger M, Seneque E, Morisset S, Baylac M, Cornette R, Biquand V, Deleporte P. Geometric morphometrics as a tool for improving the comparative study of behavioural postures.. Naturwissenschaften 2011 Jul;98(7):583-92.
    doi: 10.1007/s00114-011-0803-2pubmed: 21573691google scholar: lookup
  26. Fureix C, Jego P, Henry S, Lansade L, Hausberger M. Towards an ethological animal model of depression? A study on horses.. PLoS One 2012;7(6):e39280.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039280pmc: PMC3386251pubmed: 22761752google scholar: lookup
  27. Fureix C, Beaulieu C, Argaud S, Rochais C, Quinton M, Henry S. Investigating anhedonia in a non-conventional species: Do some riding horses Equus caballus display symptoms of depression?. Appl. Anim. Behavi. Sci. 2015;162:26–36.
  28. Hausberger M, Muller C, Lunel C. Does work affect personality? A study in horses.. PLoS One 2011 Feb 9;6(2):e14659.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014659pmc: PMC3036583pubmed: 21347405google scholar: lookup
  29. McGreevy PD, French NP, Nicol CJ. The prevalence of abnormal behaviours in dressage, eventing and endurance horses in relation to stabling.. Vet Rec 1995 Jul 8;137(2):36-7.
    pubmed: 8525580doi: 10.1136/vr.137.2.36google scholar: lookup
  30. Nicol CJ. Equine stereotypies Recent advances in companion animal behavior problems. International Veterinary Information Service Ithaca, New York, USA: 2000.
  31. Benhajali H, Richard-Yris MA, Ezzaouia M, Charfi F, Hausberger M. Foraging opportunity: a crucial criterion for horse welfare?. Animal 2009 Sep;3(9):1308-12.
    pubmed: 22444907doi: 10.1017/s1751731109004820google scholar: lookup
  32. Parker M, Goodwin D, Redhead ES. Survey of breeders’ management of horses in Europe, North America and Australia: comparison of factors associated with the development of abnormal behaviour. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2008;114(1):206–215.
  33. Lesimple C, Fureix C, LeScolan N, Richard-Yris M-A, Hausberger M. Housing conditions and breed are associated with emotionality and cognitive abilities in riding school horses. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2011;129(2):92–99.
  34. Cooper JJ, Albentosa MJ. Behavioural adaptation in the domestic horse: potential role of apparently abnormal responses including stereotypic behaviour. Livest. Prod. Sci. 2005;92(2):177–182.
  35. Mills DS, Riezebos M. The role of the image of a conspecific in the regulation of stereotypic head movements in the horse. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2005;91(1):155–165.
  36. Hausberger M, Gautier E, Biquand V, Lunel C, Jégo P. Could work be a source of behavioural disorders? A study in horses.. PLoS One 2009 Oct 28;4(10):e7625.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007625pmc: PMC2763287pubmed: 19862328google scholar: lookup
  37. Lesimple C, Fureix C, Menguy H, Hausberger M. Human direct actions may alter animal welfare, a study on horses (Equus caballus).. PLoS One 2010 Apr 28;5(4):e10257.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010257pmc: PMC2860978pubmed: 20442766google scholar: lookup
  38. Lesimple C, Poissonnet A, Hausberger M. How to keep your horse safe? An epidemiological study about management practices. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2016. 181: 105–114.
  39. Lesimple C, Fureix C, Aubé L, Hausberger M. Detecting and measuring back disorders in nonverbal individuals: The example of domestic horses. Animal Behavior and Cognition 2016;3 (3):159–179.
  40. Ridgway K, Harman J. Equine back rehabilitation.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1999 Apr;15(1):263-80, x.
    pubmed: 10218254doi: 10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30176-1google scholar: lookup
  41. Cook WR. Pathophysiology of bit control in the horse. J. Eq. Vet. Sci. 1999;19(3):196–204.
  42. Molony V, Kent JE, McKendrick IJ. Validation of a method for assessment of an acute pain in lambs. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2002;76(3):215–38.
  43. Paull DR, Lee C, Colditz IG, Atkinson SJ, Fisher AD. The effect of a topical anaesthetic formulation, systemic flunixin and carprofen, singly or in combination, on cortisol and behavioural responses of Merino lambs to mulesing.. Aust Vet J 2007 Mar;85(3):98-106.
    pubmed: 17359309doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2007.00115.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  44. Poursaberi A, Bahr C, Pluk A, Van Nuffel A, Berckmans D. Real-time automatic lameness detection based on back posture extraction in dairy cattle: Shape analysis of cow with image processing techniques. Comput. Electron. Agr. 2010;74(1):110–119.
  45. Gleerup KB, Andersen PH, Munksgaard L, Forkman B. Pain evaluation in dairy cattle. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2015;171:25–32.
  46. Grégoire J, Bergeron R, D'Allaire S, Meunier-Salaün MC, Devillers N. Assessment of lameness in sows using gait, footprints, postural behaviour and foot lesion analysis.. Animal 2013 Jul;7(7):1163-73.
    pubmed: 23391233doi: 10.1017/s1751731113000098google scholar: lookup
  47. Bussières G, Jacques C, Lainay O, Beauchamp G, Leblond A, Cadoré JL, Desmaizières LM, Cuvelliez SG, Troncy E. Development of a composite orthopaedic pain scale in horses.. Res Vet Sci 2008 Oct;85(2):294-306.
    doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.10.011pubmed: 18061637google scholar: lookup
  48. Graubner C, Gerber V, Doherr M, Spadavecchia C. Clinical application and reliability of a post abdominal surgery pain assessment scale (PASPAS) in horses.. Vet J 2011 May;188(2):178-83.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.04.029pubmed: 20627635google scholar: lookup
  49. Jeffcott LB. The Fourth Sir Frederick Hobday Memorial Lecture. Back problems in the horse--a look at past, present and future progress.. Equine Vet J 1979 Jul;11(3):129-36.
    pubmed: 158523doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1979.tb01324.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  50. Head MJ. Diagnosis of equine back pain. Vet. Nurs. J. 2012;27(8):288–92.
  51. Visser EK, Neijenhuis F, de Graaf-Roelfsema E, Wesselink HG, de Boer J, van Wijhe-Kiezebrink MC, Engel B, van Reenen CG. Risk factors associated with health disorders in sport and leisure horses in the Netherlands.. J Anim Sci 2014 Feb;92(2):844-55.
    doi: 10.2527/jas.2013-6692pubmed: 24352963google scholar: lookup
  52. Fureix C, Menguy H, Hausberger M. Partners with bad temper: reject or cure? A study of chronic pain and aggression in horses.. PLoS One 2010 Aug 26;5(8):e12434.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012434pmc: PMC2928779pubmed: 20865160google scholar: lookup
  53. Lesimple C, Fureix C, Biquand V, Hausberger M. Comparison of clinical examinations of back disorders and humans' evaluation of back pain in riding school horses.. BMC Vet Res 2013 Oct 15;9:209.
    doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-209pmc: PMC4015870pubmed: 24128080google scholar: lookup
  54. Cook WR. Bit-induced pain: a cause of fear, flight, fight and facial neurolgia in the horse. Pferdeheilkunde 2003;19(1):75–82.
  55. Dyson S, Murray R. Pain associated with the sacroiliac joint region: a clinical study of 74 horses.. Equine Vet J 2003 May;35(3):240-5.
    pubmed: 12755425doi: 10.2746/042516403776148255google scholar: lookup
  56. Fonseca BPA, Alves ALG, Nicoletti JLM, Thomassian A, Hussni CA, Mikail S. Thermography and ultrasonography in back pain diagnosis of equine athletes. J.Eq.Vet.Sci. 2006;26(11):507–516.
  57. Greve L, Dyson SJ. The interrelationship of lameness, saddle slip and back shape in the general sports horse population.. Equine Vet J 2014 Nov;46(6):687-94.
    pubmed: 24372949doi: 10.1111/evj.12222google scholar: lookup
  58. Wennerstrand J, Johnston C, Roethlisberger-Holm K, Erichsen C, Eksell P, Drevemo S. Kinematic evaluation of the back in the sport horse with back pain.. Equine Vet J 2004 Dec;36(8):707-11.
    pubmed: 15656501doi: 10.2746/0425164044848226google scholar: lookup
  59. Cauvin E. Assessment of back pain in horses. In Practice 1997;(10):522–533.
  60. Zimmerman M, Dyson S, Murray R. Close, impinging and overriding spinous processes in the thoracolumbar spine: the relationship between radiological and scintigraphic findings and clinical signs.. Equine Vet J 2012 Mar;44(2):178-84.
    pubmed: 21880062doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00373.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  61. Licka T, Peham C. An objective method for evaluating the flexibility of the back of standing horses.. Equine Vet J 1998 Sep;30(5):412-5.
    pubmed: 9758099doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1998.tb04511.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  62. Faber M, Schamhardt H, van Weeren R, Johnston C, Roepstorff L, Barneveld A. Basic three-dimensional kinematics of the vertebral column of horses walking on a treadmill.. Am J Vet Res 2000 Apr;61(4):399-406.
    pubmed: 10772104doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.399google scholar: lookup
  63. Peham C, Schobesberger H. A novel method to estimate the stiffness of the equine back.. J Biomech 2006;39(15):2845-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2005.09.019pubmed: 16288761google scholar: lookup
  64. Sénèque E, Morisset S, Lesimple C, Hausberger M. Testing optimal methods to compare horse postures using geometric morphometrics.. PLoS One 2018;13(10):e0204208.
    pmc: PMC6209139pubmed: 30379841doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204208google scholar: lookup
  65. Wallin L, Strandberg E, Philipsson J, Dalin G. Estimates of longevity and causes of culling and death in Swedish warmblood and coldblood horses. Livest.Prod.Sci. 2000;63(3):275–289.
  66. Chabchoub A, Landolsi F, Jary Y. Etude des paramètres morphologiques de chevaux Barbes de Tunisie. Revue Méd Vét. 2004;155(1):31–37.
  67. Visser EK, Ellis AD, Van Reenen CG. The effect of two different housing conditions on the welfare of young horses stabled for the first time. Appl.Anim.behav.Sci. 2008;114(3):521–533.
  68. McAfee LM, Mills DS, Cooper JJ. The use of mirrors for the control of stereotypic weaving behaviour in the stabled horse. Appl.Anim.behav.Sci. 2002;78(2):159–173.
  69. Lesimple C, Hausberger M. How accurate are we at assessing others' well-being? The example of welfare assessment in horses.. Front Psychol 2014;5:21.
    doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00021pmc: PMC3900850pubmed: 24478748google scholar: lookup
  70. Mason G. Stereotypies: a critical review. Anim.Behav. 1991: 1015–1037.
  71. Altmann J. Observational study of behavior: sampling methods.. Behaviour 1974;49(3):227-67.
    pubmed: 4597405doi: 10.1163/156853974x00534google scholar: lookup
  72. Popescu S, Diugan E-A. The relationship between behavioral and other welfare indicators of working horses. J.Eq.Vet.Sci. 2013;33(1):1–12.
  73. Hausberger M, Fureix C, Lesimple C. Detecting horses’ sickness: In search of visible signs. Appl.Anim.Behav.Sci. 2016;175:41–9.
  74. Rochais C, Henry S, Fureix C, Hausberger M. Investigating attentional processes in depressive-like domestic horses (Equus caballus).. Behav Processes 2016 Mar;124:93-6.
    pubmed: 26739514doi: 10.1016/j.beproc.2015.12.010google scholar: lookup
  75. Reefmann N, Bütikofer Kaszàs F, Wechsler B, Gygax L. Ear and tail postures as indicators of emotional valence in sheep. Appl.Anim.Behav.Sci. 2009;118(3–4):199–207.
  76. Pawluski J, Jego P, Henry S, Bruchet A, Palme R, Coste C, Hausberger M. Low plasma cortisol and fecal cortisol metabolite measures as indicators of compromised welfare in domestic horses (Equus caballus).. PLoS One 2017;12(9):e0182257.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182257pmc: PMC5590897pubmed: 28886020google scholar: lookup
  77. Hausberger M, Muller C. A brief note on some possible factors involved in the reactions of horses to humans. Appl.Anim.behav.Sci. 2002;76(4):339–344.
  78. Bookstein FL. Landmark methods for forms without landmarks: morphometrics of group differences in outline shape.. Med Image Anal 1997 Apr;1(3):225-43.
    pubmed: 9873908doi: 10.1016/s1361-8415(97)85012-8google scholar: lookup
  79. Mitteroecker P, Gunz P. Advances in geometric morphometrics. Evol. Biol. 209; 36:235–247.
  80. Martin BB Jr, Klide AM. Physical examination of horses with back pain.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1999 Apr;15(1):61-70, vi.
    pubmed: 10218241doi: 10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30163-3google scholar: lookup
  81. SAINSBURY P, GIBSON JG. Symptoms of anxiety and tension and the accompanying physiological changes in the muscular system.. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1954 Aug;17(3):216-24.
    pmc: PMC503186pubmed: 13192498doi: 10.1136/jnnp.17.3.216google scholar: lookup
  82. Wallbott HG. Bodily expression of emotion. Eur. Rev. Soc. Psychol. 1998;28(6):879–896.
  83. Murphy S, Buckle P, Stubbs D. Classroom posture and self-reported back and neck pain in schoolchildren.. Appl Ergon 2004 Mar;35(2):113-20.
    doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2004.01.001pubmed: 15105072google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 20 times.
  1. Yakubu A, Okpeku M, Shoyombo AJ, Onasanya GO, Dahloum L, Çelik S, Oladepo A. Exploiting morphobiometric and genomic variability of African indigenous camel populations-A review. Front Genet 2022;13:1021685.
    doi: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1021685pubmed: 36579332google scholar: lookup
  2. Gherissi DE, Lamraoui R, Chacha F, Gaouar SBS. Accuracy of image analysis for linear zoometric measurements in dromedary camels. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022 Jul 20;54(4):232.
    doi: 10.1007/s11250-022-03242-3pubmed: 35857152google scholar: lookup
  3. Salamanca-Carreño A, Parés-Casanova PM, Rangel-Pachón DE, Bentez-Molano J, Vélez-Terranova OM. No Morphological Integration of Dorsal Profiles in the Araucanian Horse (Colombia). Animals (Basel) 2022 Jul 5;12(13).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12131731pubmed: 35804630google scholar: lookup
  4. Lei Y, Dong P, Guan Y, Xiang Y, Xie M, Mu J, Wang Y, Ni Q. Postural behavior recognition of captive nocturnal animals based on deep learning: a case study of Bengal slow loris. Sci Rep 2022 May 11;12(1):7738.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-11842-0pubmed: 35545645google scholar: lookup
  5. Maśko M, Wierzbicka M, Zdrojkowski Ł, Jasiński T, Sikorska U, Pawliński B, Domino M. Comparison of Donkey, Pony, and Horse Dorsal Profiles and Head Shapes Using Geometric Morphometrics. Animals (Basel) 2022 Apr 5;12(7).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12070931pubmed: 35405919google scholar: lookup
  6. Schütz AK, Krause ET, Fischer M, Müller T, Freuling CM, Conraths FJ, Homeier-Bachmann T, Lentz HHK. Computer Vision for Detection of Body Posture and Behavior of Red Foxes. Animals (Basel) 2022 Jan 19;12(3).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12030233pubmed: 35158557google scholar: lookup
  7. Maśko M, Wierzbicka M, Zdrojkowski Ł, Jasiński T, Pawliński B, Domino M. Characteristics of the Donkey's Dorsal Profile in Relation to Its Functional Body Condition Assessment. Animals (Basel) 2021 Oct 29;11(11).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11113095pubmed: 34827827google scholar: lookup
  8. Hausberger M, Lesimple C, Henry S. Detecting Welfare in a Non-Verbal Species: Social/Cultural Biases and Difficulties in Horse Welfare Assessment. Animals (Basel) 2021 Jul 30;11(8).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11082249pubmed: 34438708google scholar: lookup
  9. Pacioni C, Mercati F, Catorci A, Brusaferro A, Strubbe D, Scocco P. Shape Analysis as an Additional Tool in Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus) Management: A New Approach Based on the Relationship between Mandible Shape and Trophic Resources. Animals (Basel) 2021 May 29;11(6).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11061611pubmed: 34072485google scholar: lookup
  10. Maśko M, Domino M, Jasiński T, Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O. The Physical Activity-Dependent Hematological and Biochemical Changes in School Horses in Comparison to Blood Profiles in Endurance and Race Horses. Animals (Basel) 2021 Apr 14;11(4).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11041128pubmed: 33920044google scholar: lookup
  11. Raspa F, Roggero A, Palestrini C, Marten Canavesio M, Bergero D, Valle E. Studying the Shape Variations of the Back, the Neck, and the Mandibular Angle of Horses Depending on Specific Feeding Postures Using Geometric Morphometrics. Animals (Basel) 2021 Mar 10;11(3).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11030763pubmed: 33801885google scholar: lookup
  12. Kil N, Ertelt K, Auer U. Development and Validation of an Automated Video Tracking Model for Stabled Horses. Animals (Basel) 2020 Nov 30;10(12).
    doi: 10.3390/ani10122258pubmed: 33266297google scholar: lookup
  13. Martvel G, Zamansky A, Pedretti G, Canori C, Shimshoni I, Bremhorst A. Dog facial landmarks detection and its applications for facial analysis. Sci Rep 2025 Jul 1;15(1):21886.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-07040-3pubmed: 40595051google scholar: lookup
  14. Hall C, Kay R. Living the good life? A systematic review of behavioural signs of affective state in the domestic horse (Equus caballus) and factors relating to quality of life. Part I: Fulfilment of species-specific needs. Anim Welf 2024;33:e40.
    doi: 10.1017/awf.2024.38pubmed: 39464387google scholar: lookup
  15. Heinsius JL, von Keyserlingk MAG, Weary DM. Behavioral responses to artificial insemination and the effect of positive reinforcement training. PLoS One 2024;19(10):e0310537.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0310537pubmed: 39388492google scholar: lookup
  16. Grandgeorge M, Lerch N, Delarue A, Hausberger M. From Human Perception of Good Practices to Horse (Equus Caballus) Welfare: Example of Equine-Assisted Activities. Animals (Basel) 2024 Sep 2;14(17).
    doi: 10.3390/ani14172548pubmed: 39272332google scholar: lookup
  17. Potier JF, Louzier V. Evaluation of stress markers in horses during hippotherapy sessions in comparison to being ridden by beginners. Anim Welf 2023;32:e10.
    doi: 10.1017/awf.2023.6pubmed: 38487430google scholar: lookup
  18. Domańska-Kruppa N, Wierzbicka M, Stefanik E. Advances in the Clinical Diagnostics to Equine Back Pain: A Review of Imaging and Functional Modalities. Animals (Basel) 2024 Feb 23;14(5).
    doi: 10.3390/ani14050698pubmed: 38473083google scholar: lookup
  19. Auer U, Kelemen Z, Vogl C, von Ritgen S, Haddad R, Torres Borda L, Gabmaier C, Breteler J, Jenner F. Development, refinement, and validation of an equine musculoskeletal pain scale. Front Pain Res (Lausanne) 2023;4:1292299.
    doi: 10.3389/fpain.2023.1292299pubmed: 38312997google scholar: lookup
  20. Maśko M, Sikorska U, Borowska M, Zdrojkowski Ł, Jasiński T, Domino M. The Postural and Body Surface Temperature Response of Leisure Horses to Lunging with Selected Lunging Aids. Animals (Basel) 2023 Dec 20;14(1).
    doi: 10.3390/ani14010022pubmed: 38200753google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,359 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.