Omneity® Pellets
All-In-One Vitamin & Mineral Pellet
Decreased expression of the immediate early protein, ICP4, by deletion of the tegument protein VP22 of equine herpesvirus type 1.
Abstract: VP22 is a major tegument protein of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1). In the present study, we examined functions of VP22 in EHV-1 replication by viral protein expression analyses in cells infected with the VP22-deficient virus. The expressions of several viral proteins in the cells infected with the VP22-deficient virus were lower than those in the cells infected with the parent virus. One of the weakly expressed proteins was identified as ICP4, which is a major regulatory protein encoded by an immediate early gene of EHV-1. A real-time PCR analysis showed that the mRNA expression of ICP4 was the same in cells infected with the parent and VP22-deficient viruses. Hence, VP22 appears to promote synthesis of ICP4 post-transcriptionally.
Publication Date: 2017-12-26 PubMed ID: 29279464PubMed Central: PMC5836769DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0380Google Scholar: Lookup The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
Summary
This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.
The research investigates the role of VP22, a protein in the equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1), in the virus replication process, particularly in the production of the regulatory protein ICP4. They found that the absence of VP22 leads to lower expressions of several viral proteins, including ICP4, indicating it may influence ICP4 synthesis after transcription.
Roles and Functions of VP22 and ICP4 in EHV-1 Replication
- The research focuses on VP22, a major tegument protein in equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1), which is a virus that infects horses.
- VP22’s functions in EHV-1 replication were investigated through viral protein expression analyses in cells infected with a version of the virus lacking VP22.
- ICP4 is identified as one of the weakly expressed proteins in the absence of VP22. It’s a crucial regulatory protein encoded by an immediate early gene of EHV-1. The immediate early genes are the first set of genes expressed after a virus enters a cell.
Impact of VP22 Deficiency on Viral Protein Expression
- The expressions of several viral proteins, including ICP4, were found to be lower in cells infected with the VP22-deficient virus compared to those infected with the standard EHV-1 virus.
- This suggests that VP22 plays a key role in promoting the production or expression of these proteins during the replication of the virus.
VP22 and Post-Transcriptional Synthesis of ICP4
- Real-time PCR analysis showed that the transcription of ICP4 into mRNA was the same in cells infected with both the VP22-deficient and the parent viruses. Transcription is the process of copying DNA into mRNA.
- Given that ICP4 protein synthesis is lower in the VP22-deficient cells even though mRNA expression is the same, it suggests that VP22 promotes the synthesis of ICP4 protein after the mRNA has been transcribed, which is known as post-transcriptional synthesis.
- This finding reveals a novel function of VP22 in the viral replication process, potentially providing a better understanding of the mechanisms behind EHV-1’s ability to infect and replicate within host cells.
Cite This Article
APA
Okada A, Suganuma S, Badr Y, Omatsu T, Mizutani T, Ohya K, Fukushi H.
(2017).
Decreased expression of the immediate early protein, ICP4, by deletion of the tegument protein VP22 of equine herpesvirus type 1.
J Vet Med Sci, 80(2), 311-315.
https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.17-0380 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, United Graduated School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
- Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, United Graduated School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, El-Beheira, Egypt.
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
- Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, United Graduated School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
- Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, United Graduated School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Dogs
- Gene Deletion
- Herpesvirus 1, Equid / genetics
- Herpesvirus 1, Equid / physiology
- Immediate-Early Proteins / biosynthesis
- Immediate-Early Proteins / genetics
- Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells
- Transcription, Genetic
- Viral Structural Proteins / genetics
- Viral Structural Proteins / physiology
- Virus Replication / physiology
References
This article includes 24 references
- Barnett BC, Dolan A, Telford EA, Davison AJ, McGeoch DJ. A novel herpes simplex virus gene (UL49A) encodes a putative membrane protein with counterparts in other herpesviruses.. J Gen Virol 1992 Aug;73 ( Pt 8):2167-71.
- Che X, Reichelt M, Sommer MH, Rajamani J, Zerboni L, Arvin AM. Functions of the ORF9-to-ORF12 gene cluster in varicella-zoster virus replication and in the pathogenesis of skin infection.. J Virol 2008 Jun;82(12):5825-34.
- Dorange F, Tischer BK, Vautherot JF, Osterrieder N. Characterization of Marek's disease virus serotype 1 (MDV-1) deletion mutants that lack UL46 to UL49 genes: MDV-1 UL49, encoding VP22, is indispensable for virus growth.. J Virol 2002 Feb;76(4):1959-70.
- Duffy C, Mbong EF, Baines JD. VP22 of herpes simplex virus 1 promotes protein synthesis at late times in infection and accumulation of a subset of viral mRNAs at early times in infection.. J Virol 2009 Jan;83(2):1009-17.
- Elliott G, O'Hare P. Equine herpesvirus 1 gene 12, the functional homologue of herpes simplex virus VP16, transactivates via octamer sequences in the equine herpesvirus IE gene promoter.. Virology 1995 Oct 20;213(1):258-62.
- Grundy FJ, Baumann RP, O'Callaghan DJ. DNA sequence and comparative analyses of the equine herpesvirus type 1 immediate early gene.. Virology 1989 Sep;172(1):223-36.
- Hew K, Dahlroth SL, Pan LX, Cornvik T, Nordlund P. VP22 core domain from Herpes simplex virus 1 reveals a surprising structural conservation in both the Alpha- and Gammaherpesvirinae subfamilies.. J Gen Virol 2015 Jun;96(Pt 6):1436-1445.
- Honess RW, Roizman B. Regulation of herpesvirus macromolecular synthesis. I. Cascade regulation of the synthesis of three groups of viral proteins.. J Virol 1974 Jul;14(1):8-19.
- Kasem S, Yu MH, Yamada S, Kodaira A, Matsumura T, Tsujimura K, Madbouly H, Yamaguchi T, Ohya K, Fukushi H. The ORF37 (UL24) is a neuropathogenicity determinant of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) in the mouse encephalitis model.. Virology 2010 May 10;400(2):259-70.
- Kelly BJ, Fraefel C, Cunningham AL, Diefenbach RJ. Functional roles of the tegument proteins of herpes simplex virus type 1.. Virus Res 2009 Nov;145(2):173-86.
- Kim SK, Shakya AK, O'Callaghan DJ. Full trans-activation mediated by the immediate-early protein of equine herpesvirus 1 requires a consensus TATA box, but not its cognate binding sequence.. Virus Res 2016 Jan 4;211:222-32.
- Kirisawa R, Kobayashi T, Uematsu R, Ikeda A, Kuroiwa R, Urakami A, Iwai H. Growth of recombinant equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) replaced with passage-induced mutant gene 1 and gene 71 derived from an attenuated EHV-1 in cell cultures and in the lungs of mice.. Vet Microbiol 2003 Sep 1;95(3):159-74.
- Kozak M, Roizman B. Regulation of herpesvirus macromolecular synthesis: nuclear retention of nontranslated viral RNA sequences.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1974 Nov;71(11):4322-6.
- Liang X, Chow B, Babiuk LA. Study of immunogenicity and virulence of bovine herpesvirus 1 mutants deficient in the UL49 homolog, UL49.5 homolog and dUTPase genes in cattle.. Vaccine 1997 Jul;15(10):1057-64.
- Liang X, Chow B, Li Y, Raggo C, Yoo D, Attah-Poku S, Babiuk LA. Characterization of bovine herpesvirus 1 UL49 homolog gene and product: bovine herpesvirus 1 UL49 homolog is dispensable for virus growth.. J Virol 1995 Jun;69(6):3863-7.
- Lunn DP, Davis-Poynter N, Flaminio MJ, Horohov DW, Osterrieder K, Pusterla N, Townsend HG. Equine herpesvirus-1 consensus statement.. J Vet Intern Med 2009 May-Jun;23(3):450-61.
- Mbong EF, Woodley L, Dunkerley E, Schrimpf JE, Morrison LA, Duffy C. Deletion of the herpes simplex virus 1 UL49 gene results in mRNA and protein translation defects that are complemented by secondary mutations in UL41.. J Virol 2012 Nov;86(22):12351-61.
- Okada A, Izume S, Ohya K, Fukushi H. Equine herpesvirus type 1 tegument protein VP22 is not essential for pathogenicity in a hamster model, but is required for efficient viral growth in cultured cells.. J Vet Med Sci 2015 Oct;77(10):1293-7.
- Pomeranz LE, Blaho JA. Assembly of infectious Herpes simplex virus type 1 virions in the absence of full-length VP22.. J Virol 2000 Nov;74(21):10041-54.
- Roizmann B, Desrosiers RC, Fleckenstein B, Lopez C, Minson AC, Studdert MJ. The family Herpesviridae: an update. The Herpesvirus Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.. Arch Virol 1992;123(3-4):425-49.
- Sciortino MT, Taddeo B, Poon AP, Mastino A, Roizman B. Of the three tegument proteins that package mRNA in herpes simplex virions, one (VP22) transports the mRNA to uninfected cells for expression prior to viral infection.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002 Jun 11;99(12):8318-23.
- Sciortino MT, Taddeo B, Giuffrè-Cuculletto M, Medici MA, Mastino A, Roizman B. Replication-competent herpes simplex virus 1 isolates selected from cells transfected with a bacterial artificial chromosome DNA lacking only the UL49 gene vary with respect to the defect in the UL41 gene encoding host shutoff RNase.. J Virol 2007 Oct;81(20):10924-32.
- Smith RH, Caughman GB, O'Callaghan DJ. Characterization of the regulatory functions of the equine herpesvirus 1 immediate-early gene product.. J Virol 1992 Feb;66(2):936-45.
- Smith RH, Holden VR, O'Callaghan DJ. Nuclear localization and transcriptional activation activities of truncated versions of the immediate-early gene product of equine herpesvirus 1.. J Virol 1995 Jun;69(6):3857-62.
Citations
This article has been cited 4 times.- Wu L, Cheng A, Wang M, Jia R, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhu D, Zhao X, Chen S, Liu M, Zhang S, Ou X, Mao S, Gao Q, Sun D, Wen X, Liu Y, Yu Y, Zhang L, Tian B, Pan L, Chen X. Alphaherpesvirus Major Tegument Protein VP22: Its Precise Function in the Viral Life Cycle. Front Microbiol 2020;11:1908.
- Zhou Z, Yuan Q, Fan K, Huang T. Regulation of innate immunity by liquid-liquid phase separation: a focus on veterinary viruses. Front Microbiol 2025;16:1667745.
- Liu D, Zhao X, Wang X. The Genomic Characterization of Equid Alphaherpesviruses: Structure, Function, and Genetic Similarity. Vet Sci 2025 Mar 3;12(3).
- Cui Y, Wang M, Cheng A, Zhang W, Yang Q, Tian B, Ou X, Huang J, Wu Y, Zhang S, Sun D, He Y, Zhao X, Wu Z, Zhu D, Jia R, Chen S, Liu M. The precise function of alphaherpesvirus tegument proteins and their interactions during the viral life cycle. Front Microbiol 2024;15:1431672.
Use Nutrition Calculator
Check if your horse's diet meets their nutrition requirements with our easy-to-use tool Check your horse's diet with our easy-to-use tool
Talk to a Nutritionist
Discuss your horse's feeding plan with our experts over a free phone consultation Discuss your horse's diet over a phone consultation
Submit Diet Evaluation
Get a customized feeding plan for your horse formulated by our equine nutritionists Get a custom feeding plan formulated by our nutritionists
