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Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere2023; 51(1); 22-34; doi: 10.1055/a-2006-9248

[Definition, incidence and causes of dystocia in horses – a review of the literature].

Abstract: In horses, birth is classified as dystocia when the process of parturition threatens to inflict damage onto the mare or the foal, when assistance is required to complete the process of parturition, or when there are temporal deviations in the physiological duration of the first and/or second parturition stages. In this, the duration of the second stage is an important indicator in identifying dystocia, as this phase is easily discernible by the mare's behavior. Equine dystocia is classified as an emergency with life-threatening consequences for mare and foal. A large degree of variation has been found in the reported incidence of dystocia. Stud farm surveys reported dystocia in 2-13% of all births, regardless of breed. Fetal malpositioning of the limbs and neck during parturition is described as the most common cause of dystocia in horses. The species-specific length of limbs and neck is considered to be the reason for this finding. Die Geburt beim Pferd wird dann als Dystokie bezeichnet, wenn eine Gefahr der Schädigung von Stute oder Fohlen durch den Geburtsvorgang ausgeht oder die Notwendigkeit der menschlichen Hilfe zur Beendigung der Geburt vorliegt oder zeitliche Abweichungen in der physiologischen Dauer der Öffnungs- und/oder Austreibungsphase auftreten. Dabei besitzt die Dauer der Austreibungsphase zur Erkennung der Dystokie herausragende Bedeutung, da diese am Verhalten der Stute gut erkannt werden kann. Die Dystokie beim Pferd wird als Notfall eingestuft, bei dem unmittelbare Lebensgefahr für die Stute und das Fohlen besteht. Die Angaben zur Dystokiehäufigkeit unterscheiden sich stark. In Untersuchungen, die in Gestüten durchgeführt wurden, tritt eine Dystokie in 2–13% bezogen auf alle Geburten ohne Berücksichtigung einer potenziellen Rassedisposition auf. Abweichungen von der gestreckten Haltung der Gliedmaßen und des Halses während der Geburt werden als häufigste Ursachen einer Schwergeburt beim Pferd klassifiziert. Der tierartspezifische lange Hals und die langen Gliedmaßen werden als Ursachen für diese Beobachtung angesehen.
Publication Date: 2023-03-13 PubMed ID: 36913938DOI: 10.1055/a-2006-9248Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

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The research article delves into the problem of dystocia in horses, its causes, varying instances, and how it can be identified, with the main cause being identified as malpositioning of the foetus’ limbs and neck during birth.

Dystocia Overview and Identification

  • Dystocia is defined in the context of horse births. It is categorized as dystocia when the birth process endangers the health of either the mare or foal, needs human intervention to complete, or if there are time divergences in the physiological duration of the first and/or second stages of parturition.
  • An important tool for identifying equine dystocia is the duration of the second stage of birth. The mare’s behaviour during this phase serves as significant visible indications of dystocia.
  • Equine dystocia is categorised as a medical emergency posing immediate life-threatening risk for both the mare and the foal.

Incidence of Dystocia

  • There is considerable discrepancy in reported incidents of equine dystocia. Findings from stud farm surveys indicate the occurrence of dystocia lies between 2% and 13% across all births without considering any potential breed predispositions.

Common Cause of Dystocia

  • The most common cause of dystocia in horses is the misalignment of the foetus’ limbs and neck during parturition. The long neck and limbs of the species are frequently attributed to be the reason for this positioning issue leading to dystocia.

Cite This Article

APA
Ellerbrock M, Wehrend A. (2023). [Definition, incidence and causes of dystocia in horses – a review of the literature]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere, 51(1), 22-34. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2006-9248

Publication

ISSN: 2567-5834
NlmUniqueID: 9715779
Country: Germany
Language: ger
Volume: 51
Issue: 1
Pages: 22-34

Researcher Affiliations

Ellerbrock, Markus
  • Klinik für Geburtshilfe, Gynäkologie und Andrologie der Groß- und Kleintiere der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen.
Wehrend, Axel
  • Klinik für Geburtshilfe, Gynäkologie und Andrologie der Groß- und Kleintiere der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen.

MeSH Terms

  • Pregnancy
  • Animals
  • Horses
  • Female
  • Incidence
  • Parturition / physiology
  • Dystocia / epidemiology
  • Dystocia / etiology
  • Dystocia / veterinary
  • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
  • Horse Diseases / etiology

Conflict of Interest Statement

Die Autoren bestätigen, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Citations

This article has been cited 4 times.
  1. Merari A, Fielding L. Retrospective Evaluation of Dystocia in Miniature Equids: 78 Cases (2002-2023). J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2025 Jul-Aug;35(4):386-391.
    doi: 10.1111/vec.70014pubmed: 40838371google scholar: lookup
  2. Ellerbrock M, Krohn J, Büttner K, Wehrend A. Isolated and multiple causes of equine dystocia. Acta Vet Scand 2024 Oct 11;66(1):55.
    doi: 10.1186/s13028-024-00772-8pubmed: 39394153google scholar: lookup
  3. Lindinger H, Wehrend A. Characterization of Typical Behaviors of Mares in the Opening Phase of Parturition-Influence of Parity and Dystocia. Animals (Basel) 2024 Mar 28;14(7).
    doi: 10.3390/ani14071036pubmed: 38612275google scholar: lookup
  4. Lindinger H, Wehrend A. Investigating the suitability of a transponder-based birth monitoring system attached to the vulva of a mare. Vet World 2023 Dec;16(12):2451-2456.