Definition of diabetes mellitus.
Abstract: The nomenclature of human diabetes mellitus (DM) has been revised, and this classification has been accepted throughout the medical world and literature. The major categories of diabetes are: insulin-dependent DM, type I or IDDM; noninsulin-dependent DM, type II or NIDDM; secondary DM or type S; impaired glucose tolerance, IGT; gestational diabetes; and previous abnormality of glucose tolerance, PrevAGT. A review of the literature has shown that over half of the documented diabetic dogs, with a single medical diagnosis, appear to be type I, IDDM, with a substantial proportion being type S, and the remainder being type II, NIDDM. Obesity is frequently associated with IGT and NIDDM. Diabetic cats most commonly have pancreatic islet destruction associated with pancreatic amyloidosis; they are insulin deficient, IDDM. The commonest causes of secondary diabetes in dogs are pancreatic damage, hyperadrenocorticism and hypersomatotropism secondary to persistent progesterone influence. Progestogen therapy is the most frequently reported cause of secondary diabetes in cats. Diabetes in horses is type S, usually secondary to a functional pituitary tumor but occasionally following chronic pancreatitis. The blood glucose ranges for normal, IGT and diabetic animals, and the normal serum insulin values of various species is tabulated.
Publication Date: 1986-04-01 PubMed ID: 3516569
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Summary
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This research paper provides nomenclature for diabetes mellitus in humans and expands the classification to include diabetes in animals such as dogs, cats, and horses. It provides a detailed review of literature on different categories of diabetes based on dependency on insulin and disease type.
Overview of Diabetes Classification
- This paper details the accepted terminology and classification for diabetes mellitus (DM) used in the medical world. The primary categories of DM are insulin-dependent (type I or IDDM), noninsulin-dependent (type II or NIDDM), secondary DM (type S), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), gestational diabetes, and previous abnormal glucose tolerance (PrevAGT).
- These classifications take into account varying conditions among humans such as dependence on insulin (Type I or Type II), diabetes as a secondary condition to another disease (Type S), gestational diabetes during pregnancy, and cases of previous abnormalities in glucose tolerance.
Diabetes in Animals
- A significant part of the article discusses diabetes mellitus in animals, with a primary focus on dogs, cats, and horses. The research identifies that most diabetic dogs can be classified to have type I diabetes (IDDM), with a considerable proportion falling under type S, and the rest as type II (NIDDM).
- Diabetic cats typically have pancreatic islet destruction associated with pancreatic amyloidosis, classifying them as insulin-dependent (IDDM).
- In the case of horses, their diabetes is usually type S, often secondary to a functional pituitary tumor or occasionally as a result of chronic pancreatitis.
Causes and Associations with Diabetes
- The research also identified common causes of secondary diabetes in animals. In dogs, it is most commonly caused by pancreatic damage, hyperadrenocorticism, and hypersomatotropism due to persistent progesterone influence. For cats, progestogen therapy is the most commonly reported cause of secondary diabetes.
- The paper noted an association between obesity and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and noninsulin-dependent DM (NIDDM).
Glucose and Insulin Ranges in Animals
- The last part of the paper provides a tabulated view of blood glucose ranges for normal, IGT and diabetic animals, as well as the normal serum insulin values for various species, demonstrating a practical application of the classifications and findings.
Cite This Article
APA
Stogdale L.
(1986).
Definition of diabetes mellitus.
Cornell Vet, 76(2), 156-174.
Publication
Researcher Affiliations
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Blood Glucose / analysis
- Cat Diseases / blood
- Cat Diseases / etiology
- Cat Diseases / physiopathology
- Cats
- Diabetes Mellitus / blood
- Diabetes Mellitus / classification
- Diabetes Mellitus / physiopathology
- Diabetes Mellitus / veterinary
- Dog Diseases / blood
- Dog Diseases / etiology
- Dog Diseases / physiopathology
- Dogs
- Horse Diseases / blood
- Horse Diseases / etiology
- Horse Diseases / physiopathology
- Horses
- Humans
- Insulin / blood
Citations
This article has been cited 12 times.- Ahi S, Ebrahimi F, Abedi HA, Kargar Jahromi H, Zarei S. The Effects of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Silk Cocoon on Hypothalamic-Pituitary -Gonadal Axis in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Male Rats. Autoimmune Dis 2022;2022:7916159.
- Jayalakshmi K, Selvaraj P, Veeraselvam M, Yogeshpriya S, Venkatesan M. Diabetic ketoacidosis in a buck: a case report. Iran J Vet Res 2019 Summer;20(3):213-217.
- Ismail CAN, Suppian R, Abd Aziz CB, Haris K, Long I. Increased Nociceptive Responses in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats and the Related Expression of Spinal NR2B Subunit of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors. Diabetes Metab J 2019 Apr;43(2):222-235.
- Ranabhat K, Mishra SR, Dhimal M, Shrestha B, Khanal V. Type 2 Diabetes and Its correlates: A Cross Sectional Study in a Tertiary Hospital of Nepal. J Community Health 2017 Apr;42(2):228-234.
- Shin YS, On JW, Kim MK. Clinical significance of diabetes mellitus on detrusor functionality on stress urinary incontinent women without bladder outlet obstruction. Int Urogynecol J 2016 Oct;27(10):1557-61.
- Khuntamoon T, Thepouyporn A, Kaewprasert S, Prangthip P, Pooudoung S, Chaisri U, Maneesai P, Kwanbunjan K. Thai generic-brand dry canine foods: mutagenicity and the effects of feeding in vivo and in vitro. BMC Vet Res 2016 Jan 20;12:17.
- Johnson PJ, Wiedmeyer CE, LaCarrubba A, Ganjam VK, Messer NT 4th. Diabetes, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome in horses. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2012 May 1;6(3):534-40.
- Ciftci G, Yarim GF. Evaluation of IGF-I levels and serum protein profiles of diabetic cats and dogs. J Vet Sci 2011 Dec;12(4):325-31.
- Giri JK, Magdesian KG, Gaffney PM. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus associated with presumed autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome in a mare. Can Vet J 2011 May;52(5):506-12.
- Ha JH, Jeong Y, Ahn JO, Chung JY. The role of HbA1c in identifying dogs at high risk for diabetes despite normal blood glucose levels. Can J Vet Res 2025 Oct;89(4):130-135.
- Bhagwat Y, Kumar S. A Review on Case Burden of Diabetes Mellitus Before and After the Implementation of National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke. Cureus 2023 Nov;15(11):e49446.
- Michiels L, Reusch CE, Boari A, Petrie G, Mandigers P, Thollot IG, Rosenberg D, Mooney C, Bonfanti U, Font A, Sparkes A, Bewig K, Clercx C, Jensen AL, Horspool LJ. Treatment of 46 cats with porcine lente insulin--a prospective, multicentre study. J Feline Med Surg 2008 Oct;10(5):439-51.
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