FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Acta Vet Scand / Detecting early kidney damage in horses with colic by measur...
Acta veterinaria Scandinavica2007; 49(1); 4; doi: 10.1186/1751-0147-49-4

Detecting early kidney damage in horses with colic by measuring matrix metalloproteinase -9 and -2, other enzymes, urinary glucose and total proteins.

Abstract: The aim of the study was to investigate urine matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-2 and -9) activity, alkaline phosphatase/creatinine (U-AP/Cr) and gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase/creatinine (U-GGT/Cr) ratios, glucose concentration, and urine protein/creatinine (U-Prot/Cr) ratio and to compare data with plasma MMP-2 and -9 activity, cystatin-C and creatinine concentrations in colic horses and healthy controls. Horses with surgical colic (n = 5) were compared to healthy stallions (n = 7) that came for castration. Blood and urine samples were collected. MMP gelatinolytic activity was measured by zymography. Results: We found out that horses with colic had significantly higher urinary MMP-9 complex and proMMP-9 activities than horses in the control group. Colic horses also had higher plasma MMP-2 activity than the control horses. Serum creatinine, although within reference range, was significantly higher in the colic horses than in the control group. There was no significant increase in urinary alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase or total proteins in the colic horses compared to the control group. A human cystatin-C test (Dako Cytomation latex immunoassay based on turbidimetry) did not cross react with equine cystatin-C. Conclusions: The results indicate that plasma MMP-2 may play a role in the pathogenesis of equine colic and urinary MMP-9 in equine kidney damage.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2007-01-23 PubMed ID: 17244354PubMed Central: PMC1784101DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-49-4Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Comparative Study
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research looks at key discrepancies in factors like enzyme activity and glucose concentration in the urine and blood of horses with colic as opposed to healthy ones. The study determined that these differences could have a significant role in diagnosing early signs of kidney damage in horses affected by colic.

Objectives and Methodology of the Study

  • The research focused on analyzing the activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-2 and -9), alkaline phosphatase/creatinine, gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase/creatinine combinations, glucose concentration, and the urine protein/creatinine ratio.
  • These factors were also compared with plasma MMP-2 and -9 activity, cystatin-C and creatinine concentrations.
  • A group of 5 horses with surgical colic were compared to 7 healthy stallions. Blood and urine samples were collected from both groups for examination.

Research Findings

  • The research revealed that horses affected by colic had considerably higher urinary MMP-9 complex and proMMP-9 activities than the healthy horses, indicating impaired kidney function.
  • It was discovered that colic horses also had higher plasma MMP-2 activity than the control horses, suggesting inflammation or tissue damage.
  • Also, the serum creatinine level was significantly higher in colic horses than in the control group, although still within the normal range. High serum creatinine indicates a decreased kidney function.
  • However, the study found no significant increase in the concentration of urinary alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, or total proteins in the colic horses compared to the control group.
  • A human cystatin-C test did not cross-react with equine cystatin-C, thus unfit for use in horses.

Conclusion and Implications

  • The results indicate a role for plasma MMP-2 in the pathogenesis of equine colic and urinary MMP-9 in equine kidney damage.
  • These findings suggest the potential of MMP-2 and MMP-9 as biomarkers to detect early kidney damage in horses with colic, even when traditional markers such as glucose concentration in urine and protein/creatinine ratio may not show any abnormality.
  • These insights could pave the way for effective early intervention strategies to protect horses from serious kidney damage and improve health outcomes for them.

Cite This Article

APA
Arosalo BM, Raekallio M, Rajamäki M, Holopainen E, Kastevaara T, Salonen H, Sankari S. (2007). Detecting early kidney damage in horses with colic by measuring matrix metalloproteinase -9 and -2, other enzymes, urinary glucose and total proteins. Acta Vet Scand, 49(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/1751-0147-49-4

Publication

Acta veterinaria Scandinavica
ISSN: 1751-0147
NlmUniqueID: 0370400
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 49
Issue: 1
Pages: 4

Researcher Affiliations

Arosalo, Bela M
  • Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland. bela.arosalo@hevossairaala.fi
Raekallio, Marja
    Rajamäki, Minna
      Holopainen, Elina
        Kastevaara, Tuulia
          Salonen, Hanna
            Sankari, Satu

              MeSH Terms

              • Alkaline Phosphatase / blood
              • Animals
              • Case-Control Studies
              • Colic / complications
              • Colic / physiopathology
              • Colic / veterinary
              • Creatinine / blood
              • Cystatin C
              • Cystatins / blood
              • Female
              • Glycosuria / veterinary
              • Horse Diseases / diagnosis
              • Horse Diseases / physiopathology
              • Horses
              • Kidney Diseases / complications
              • Kidney Diseases / diagnosis
              • Kidney Diseases / physiopathology
              • Kidney Diseases / veterinary
              • Male
              • Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / blood
              • Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / urine
              • Proteinuria / urine
              • Proteinuria / veterinary
              • gamma-Glutamyltransferase / blood

              References

              This article includes 34 references
              1. Stockham SL, Scott MA. Fundamentals of veterinary clinical pathology. USA: Iowa State Press; 2002. pp. 287–335.
              2. Abbate M, Bonventre JV, Brown D. The microtubule network of renal epithelial cells is disrupted by ischemia and reperfusion. Am J Physiol 1994;267:F971–F978.
                pubmed: 7810705
              3. Walker PD. Alterations in renal tubular extracellular matrix components after ischemia-reperfusion injury to the kidney. Lab Invest 1994;70(3):339–346.
                pubmed: 8145528
              4. Holley JL. Clinical approach to the diagnosis of acute renal failure. In: Greenberg A, Cheung AK, Coffman TM, Falk RJ, Jennette JC, editor. Primer on kidney diseases. London, UK, Academic Press; 2001. pp. 245–250.
              5. Jennette JC, Falk RJ. Clomerular clinicopathologic syndromes. In: Greenberg A, Cheung AK, Coffman TM, Falk RJ, Jennette JC, editor. Primer on kidney diseases. 3. London, UK, Academic Press; 2001. pp. 141–143.
              6. Joly V, Bergeron Y, Bergeron MG, Carbon C. Endotoxin-tobramucin additive toxicity on renal proximal tubular cells in culture. Antimicrob agents Chemother 1991;35(2):351–357.
                pmc: PMC245004pubmed: 1673835
              7. Shultz PJ, Raij L. Endogenously synthesized nitric oxide prevents endotoxin-induced glomerular thrombosis. J Clin Invest 1992;90(5):1718–1725.
                pmc: PMC443229pubmed: 1331172
              8. Adelman RD, Conzelman G, Spangler W, Ishizaki G. Comparative nehprotoxicity of gentamicin and netilmicin: Functional and morphological correlations with urinary enzyme activities. Current problems in clinical biochemistry 1979;9:166–182.
                pubmed: 446071
              9. Gunson DE, Soma LR. Renal palillary necrosis in horses after phenylbutazone and water deprivation. Vet Pathol 1983;20(5):603–610.
                pubmed: 6636467
              10. Uchida K, Gotoh A. Measurement of cystatin-C and creatinine in urine. Clin Chim Acta 2002;323(1–2):121–128.
                doi: 10.1016/S0009-8981(02)00177-8pubmed: 12135813google scholar: lookup
              11. Laterza OF, Price CP, Scott MG. Cystatin C: an improved estimator of glomerular filtration rate?. Clin Chem 2002;48:699–707.
                pubmed: 11978596
              12. Almy FS, Christopher MM, King DP, Brown SA. Evaluation of Cystatin-C as an Endogenous Marker of Glomerular Filtration Rate in Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2002;16:45–51.
                doi: 10.1892/0891-6640(2002)016<0045:EOCCAA>2.3.CO;2pubmed: 11822803google scholar: lookup
              13. Tashiro K, Koyanagi I, Ohara I, Ito T, Saitoh A, Horikoshi S, Tomino Y. Levels of Urinary Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and Renal Injuries in Patients with Type 2 Diabetic Nephropathy. J Clin Lab Anal 2004;18:206–210.
                doi: 10.1002/jcla.20024pmc: PMC6807695pubmed: 15103687google scholar: lookup
              14. Basile DP, Fredrich K, Weihrauch D, Hattan N, Chilian W. Angiostatin and matrix metalloprotease expression following ischemic acute renal failure. Am J Renal Physiol 2004;286:F893–F902.
                doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00328.2003pubmed: 15075185google scholar: lookup
              15. Schott HC II, Hodgson DR, Bayly WM. Haematuria, pigmenturia and proteinuria in exercising horses. Equine Vet J 1995;27(1):67–72.
                pubmed: 7774551
              16. Bayly WM, Brobst DF, Elfers RS, Reed SM. Serum and urinary biochemistry and enzyme changes in ponies with acute renal failure. Cornell Vet 1986;76:306–316.
                pubmed: 3731785
              17. Uechi M, Nogami Y, Terui H, Nakayama T, Ishikawa R, Wakao Y, Takahashi M. Evaluation of Urinary Enzymes in Dogs with Early Renal Disorder. J Vet Med Sci 1994;56(3):555–556.
                pubmed: 7948390
              18. Ogura T, Takaoka M, Yamauchi T, Oishi T, Mimura Y, Hashimoto M, Asono N, Yamamura M, Otsuka F, Makino H, Ota Z, Takahashi K. Changes in urinary enzyme activity and histochemical findings in experimental tubular injury induced by gold sodium thiomalate. J Med 1996;1(1&2):41–55.
                pubmed: 8863177
              19. Duan SB, Wu HW, Luo JA, Liu FY. Assessment of renal function in the early stages of nephrotoxicity induced by iodinated contrast media. Nephron 1999;83(2):122–5.
                doi: 10.1159/000045488pubmed: 10516490google scholar: lookup
              20. Heiene R, Moe L, Molmen G. Calculation of urinary enzyme excretion, with renal structure and function in dogs with pyometra. Res Vet Sci 2001;70:129–137.
                doi: 10.1053/rvsc.2000.0451pubmed: 11356092google scholar: lookup
              21. Van der Harst M, Bull S, Laffont CM, Klein WR. Gentamicin nephrotoxicity- a comparison of in vitro findings with in vivo experiments in equines. Vet Res Commun 2005;29(3):247–261.
                doi: 10.1023/B:VERC.0000047492.05882.bbpubmed: 15736857google scholar: lookup
              22. Brobst DF, Carroll RJ, Bayly WM. Urinary enzyme concentrations in healthy horses. Cornell Vet 1986;76:299–305.
                pubmed: 2873962
              23. Sepper R, Konttinen YT, Sorsa T, Koski H. Gelatinolytic and type IV Collagenolytic activity in bronchiectasis. Chest 1994;106:1129–1133.
                pubmed: 7924484
              24. Raulo SM, Latvanen T, Maisi P, Piril E, Sorsa T, Tervahartiala T, Hirvonen J. Increase in milk metalloproteinase activity and vascular permeability in bovine endotoxin-induced and naturally occuring Eschericia coli mastitis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2002;85(3–4):137–145.
                doi: 10.1016/S0165-2427(01)00423-8pubmed: 11943315google scholar: lookup
              25. Albert J, Radomski A, Soop A, Sollevi A, Frostell C, Radomski MW. Differential release of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and nitric oxide following infusion of endotoxin to human volunteers. Acta Anesthesiol Scand 2003;47:407–410.
                doi: 10.1034/j.1399-6576.2003.00059.xpubmed: 12694137google scholar: lookup
              26. Raulo SM. PhD Theses. Helsinki University, Department of Clinical veterinary Sciences; 2001. Matrix Metalloproteinases as Markers of Inflammation in Equine Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) pp. 22–37.
              27. Schott HC II. Examination of the Urinary System. In: Reed SM, Bayly WM, Sellon DC, editor. Equine Internal Medicine. 2. Missouri, USA: Saunders; 2004. pp. 1200–1210.
              28. Brewer BD, Clement SF, Lotz SW, Gronwall R. Renal Clearance, Urinary Excretion of Endogenous Substances, and Urinary Diagnostic Indices in Healthy Neonatal Foals. Vet Int Med 1991;5:28–33.
                pubmed: 1673477
              29. Scheinin M, McDonald E. An Introduction to the Pharmacology of α2-Adrenoceptors in the Central Nervous System. Acta Vet Scand 1989;85:11–19.
                pubmed: 2571258
              30. Brashier MK, Geor RJ, Ames TR, O'Leary TP. Effect of intravenous calcium administration on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicosis in ponies. Am J Vet Res 1998;59(8):1055–1062.
                pubmed: 9706213
              31. Adams R, McClure JJ, Gossett KA, Koonce KL, Exibo C. Evaluation of a technique for measurement of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in equine urine. A J Vet Res 1985;46(1):147–150.
                pubmed: 2857544
              32. Kohn CW, Chew DJ. The Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice. 3. Vol. 3. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1987. Laboratory Diagnosis and Characterization of Renal Disease in Horses; pp. 585–615.
                pubmed: 3322528
              33. Edwards DJ, Brownlow MA, Hutchins DR. Indices of renal function: reference values in normal horses. Aust Vet J 1989;66:60–63.
                pubmed: 2712771
              34. Kaneko J, Harvey JW, Bruss ML. Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals. 5. San Diego: Academic Press; 1997. p. 891.
              Subscribe to our newsletter
              Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.