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Royal Society open science2017; 4(4); 160997; doi: 10.1098/rsos.160997

Detecting taxonomic and phylogenetic signals in equid cheek teeth: towards new palaeontological and archaeological proxies.

Abstract: The Plio-Pleistocene evolution of and the subsequent domestication of horses and donkeys remains poorly understood, due to the lack of phenotypic markers capable of tracing this evolutionary process in the palaeontological/archaeological record. Using images from 345 specimens, encompassing 15 extant taxa of equids, we quantified the occlusal enamel folding pattern in four mandibular cheek teeth with a single geometric morphometric protocol. We initially investigated the protocol accuracy by assigning each tooth to its correct anatomical position and taxonomic group. We then contrasted the phylogenetic signal present in each tooth shape with an exome-wide phylogeny from 10 extant equine species. We estimated the strength of the phylogenetic signal using a Brownian motion model of evolution with multivariate statistic, and mapped the dental shape along the molecular phylogeny using an approach based on squared-change parsimony. We found clear evidence for the relevance of dental phenotypes to accurately discriminate all modern members of the genus and capture their phylogenetic relationships. These results are valuable for both palaeontologists and zooarchaeologists exploring the spatial and temporal dynamics of the evolutionary history of the horse family, up to the latest domestication trajectories of horses and donkeys.
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Publication Date: 2017-04-05 PubMed ID: 28484618PubMed Central: PMC5414255DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160997Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research article explores the use of dental patterns in identifying and tracking the evolutionary timeline of horses and donkeys. The study provides tangible evidence that dental phenotypes can be used to accurately distinguish among different members of the equine family and understand their evolutionary relationships.

Research Methodology

The scientists assessed the dental folding patterns of equid cheek teeth from 345 specimens, which include 15 existing taxa of equids. They used a single geometric morphometric protocol to quantify these occlusal enamel folding patterns on four mandibular cheek teeth. For validity, they initially checked the accuracy of the protocol by confirming the tooth’s correct anatomical position and taxonomic group.

  • The geometric morphometric protocol provides a way to standardize the description and comparison of complex biological shapes, like tooth occlusal enamel folding patterns, which has a crucial role in equine evolution.
  • The recognition of the anatomical position and taxonomic group of the teeth is important to ensure the protocol’s accuracy and validate the resulting analyses.

Analysis of Phylogenetic Signals

After establishing the protocol’s accuracy, the research team examined the phylogenetic signal in each tooth shape and contrasted it with an exome-wide phylogeny from ten existing equine species. They used a Brownian motion model of evolution, multivariate K statistic to measure the phylogenetic signal’s strength, and applied an approach based on squared-change parsimony to map the dental shape along the molecular phylogeny.

  • An exome-wide phylogeny provides the evolutionary relationships between species based on genetic information (specifically, exomes which are coding sections of the DNA).
  • The Brownian motion model of evolution is utilized to mimic the random evolutionary changes that occur over time on a phylogenetic tree.
  • The multivariate K statistic measures the strength of the phylogenetic signal, indicating how much the observed trait variation is structured by phylogeny.
  • Squared-change parsimony is a method to infer ancestral states and trace character changes along the branches of a phylogenetic tree which aids in mapping how the dental shape evolved over time.

Relevance and Implications of the Study

The study found significant evidence to support the relevance of dental phenotypes to accurately identify modern members of the genus equus and capture their phylogenetic relationships accurately. This offers a valuable contribution for both palaeontologists and zooarchaeologists in their quest to comprehend the spatial and temporal dynamics of the evolutionary history of the equine family, including the latest domestication trajectories of horses and donkeys.

  • It provides a novel approach and substantive evidence on the utility of dental phenotypes to discern and track equine evolutionary processes, which shape current understanding of their evolutionary history.
  • By quantifying the phylogenetic signal within tooth shape, the researchers can estimate evolutionary rates and directionality in equids and contribute insights to debates around horse and donkey domestication.
  • This research can offer useful proxies for zooarchaeologists tracing the timeline and nature of equid domestication and offer important tools for future phylogenetic and paleontological researches.

Cite This Article

APA
Cucchi T, Mohaseb A, Peigné S, Debue K, Orlando L, Mashkour M. (2017). Detecting taxonomic and phylogenetic signals in equid cheek teeth: towards new palaeontological and archaeological proxies. R Soc Open Sci, 4(4), 160997. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160997

Publication

Royal Society open science
ISSN: 2054-5703
NlmUniqueID: 101647528
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 4
Issue: 4
Pages: 160997
PII: 160997

Researcher Affiliations

Cucchi, T
  • CNRS, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, UMR 7209, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique: Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnements, 75005 Paris, France.
  • Department of Archaeology, University of Aberdeen, St Mary's, Aberdeen, UK.
Mohaseb, A
  • CNRS, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, UMR 7209, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique: Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnements, 75005 Paris, France.
Peigné, S
  • UMR 7207 Centre de recherche sur la paléobiodiversité et les paléoenvironnements (CR2P), MNHN/CNRS/Univ. Paris 06, CP/38, 8 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France.
Debue, K
  • CNRS, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, UMR 7209, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique: Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnements, 75005 Paris, France.
Orlando, L
  • Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 K Copenhagen, Denmark.
  • Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie Moléculaire et d'Imagerie de Synthèse, Université de Toulouse, University Paul Sabatier, CNRS UMR 5288, 31000 Toulouse, France.
Mashkour, M
  • CNRS, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, UMR 7209, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique: Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnements, 75005 Paris, France.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors have no competing interests.

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