Detection of altrenogest and its metabolites in post administration horse urine using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry–increased sensitivity by chemical derivatisation of the glucuronic acid conjugate.
Abstract: Altrenogest (17alpha-allyl-17beta-hydroxyestra-4,9,11-trien-3-one) is a steroid used for the control of estrus in horses. This drug can potentially be abused in racehorses as the occurrence of estrus can alter their performance. This work describes an analytical method based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the detection of altrenogest in horse urine down to a concentration of 13 pg/mL (0.042 nM). Furthermore, the qualitative aspect of metabolism of altrenogest in the horse has been studied. The main transformations that were found for this species were conjugation with glucuronic acid and sulfate. These phase II metabolites were identified by molecular mass and by comparison of their collision-induced dissociation product ion spectra with that of the synthetic aglycone at positive and negative potential, respectively. No phase I metabolites were discovered. In order to increase the ionisation in positive electrospray, a derivatisation procedure forming a basic oxime was tested. This process significantly increased the detection sensitivity for altrenogest glucuronide in horse urine.
Publication Date: 2006-03-07 PubMed ID: 16520102DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.02.014Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
Summary
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The research article is about a detailed method developed for detecting a drug called altrenogest in horse urine using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Altrenogest is a steroid widely used to control estrus in horses but can potentially be misused in racehorses, as it can affect their performance.
Objective and Methodology
The goal of the research was to design an analytical process for the detection of altrenogest, a steroid utilized for controlling estrus in horses. However, it had the potential for misuse in racehorses in regards to altering their performance. To achieve this, the study focused on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, a technique known for its sensitivity to detect substances.
- The research targeted detection concentrations of altrenogest in horse urine as low as 13 pg/mL (0.042 nM).
- Alongside detection, the research also explored the metabolic aspect of altrenogest in horses.
- The study focused on the main transformations the horses underwent while processing the drug, particularly the conjugation with glucuronic acid and sulfate.
Findings
The study provided insight into the detection of altrenogest and its metabolism among horses. The key discoveries of the research include:
- The researchers were able to identify phase II metabolites stemming from the metabolism of altrenogest. The identification was done based on their molecular mass and comparing their collision-induced dissociation product ion spectra with that of the synthetic aglycone.
- The research also unveiled that the drug did not have any phase I metabolites in horses.
Increasing the Detection Sensitivity
Seeking to enhance detection sensitivity, the research tested a derivatisation technique that forms a basic oxime. The impact of this experiment was noteworthy.
- The researchers found that the derivatisation process significantly heightened the detection sensitivity for altrenogest glucuronide in horse urine in the realm of ionisation via positive electrospray.
The research was successful in creating an effective method for detecting altrenogest in horses which could potentially aid in preventing the misuse of the drug in racehorses.
Cite This Article
APA
Lampinen-Salomonsson M, Beckman E, Bondesson U, Hedeland M.
(2006).
Detection of altrenogest and its metabolites in post administration horse urine using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry–increased sensitivity by chemical derivatisation of the glucuronic acid conjugate.
J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci, 833(2), 245-256.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.02.014 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Division of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Centre, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Chromatography, Liquid / methods
- Glucuronic Acid / chemistry
- Horses
- Molecular Weight
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / methods
- Trenbolone Acetate / analogs & derivatives
- Trenbolone Acetate / urine
Citations
This article has been cited 3 times.- Kottwitz JJ, Kiso W, Boothe DM, Schmitt D. Administration of Altrenogest to Maintain Pregnancy in Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus).. Animals (Basel) 2022 Jul 21;12(14).
- Holcapek M, Kolárová L, Nobilis M. High-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in the identification and determination of phase I and phase II drug metabolites.. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008 May;391(1):59-78.
- . Current literature in mass spectrometry.. J Mass Spectrom 2007 Jan;42(1):127-38.
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