FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Virus genes1999; 18(3); 211-220; doi: 10.1023/a:1008064118057

Detection of new DNA polymerase genes of known and potentially novel herpesviruses by PCR with degenerate and deoxyinosine-substituted primers.

Abstract: A consensus primer PCR approach was used to (i) investigate the presence of herpesviruses in wild and zoo equids (zebra, wild ass, tapir) and to (ii) study the genetic relationship of the herpesvirus of pigeons (columbid herpesvirus 1) to other herpesvirus species. The PCR assay, based on degenerate primers targeting highly conserved regions of the DNA polymerase gene of herpesviruses, was modified by using a mixture of degenerate and deoxyinosine-substituted primers. The applicability of the modification was validated by amplification of published DNA polymerase genes of 16 herpesvirus species and of the previously uncharacterized DNA polymerase genes of equine herpesvirus 3 (EHV-3) and equine herpesvirus 5 (EHV-5). The modified assay was then used for partial amplification of the polymerase of columbid herpesvirus 1 which is presently classified as a beta-herpesvirus based on biological criteria. Sequence analysis of amplicons obtained from four different viral strains revealed a close relationship of columbid herpesvirus 1 to members of the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, especially to Marek's disease herpesvirus. This was confirmed by characterization of additional 1.6kb of the columbid herpesvirus 1 polymerase. Consensus PCR analysis of blood samples from zebras, a wild ass and a tapir revealed amplicons showing high percentages ( > 50%) of sequence identity to DNA polymerases of gamma-herpesviruses. In particular, the zebra and the wild ass sequence were closely related to each other and to the polymerases of the equine gamma-herpesviruses EHV-2 and EHV-5 with sequence identities of > 80%. This is a first indication that novel gamma-herpesviruses are present in wild and zoo equids.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 1999-08-24 PubMed ID: 10456789DOI: 10.1023/a:1008064118057Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research investigates the presence of various herpesviruses in wild and zoo equids using a PCR approach with a new modification. Subsequently, it examines the genetic relationship between certain herpes viruses, revealing potentially novel gamma-herpesviruses in wild and zoo equids.

Methodology

  • The study uses a consensus primer PCR approach to identify the presence of herpesviruses in various equids, including zebra, wild ass, and tapir. The term ‘consensus primer’ refers to a set of primers that can all bind at a certain location on a DNA strand to initiate replication.
  • The PCR assay that was used was based on degenerate primers which target highly conserved regions of the DNA polymerase gene in herpesviruses. ‘Degenerate primers’ are a mixture of similar primers that bind to the same region of a DNA strand. ‘Highly conserved’ means parts of the gene that generally do not change over generations and are shared among different species, hence are reliable targets for this type of investigation.

Modification of the PCR Approach

  • The method was modified by using both degenerate primers and those substituted with deoxyinosine. Using both degenerate and deoxyinosine-substituted primers can increase the affinity of the primers for their target sequences, leading to improved PCR performance.
  • The researchers validated the applicability of the modified method by amplifying existing published DNA polymerase genes of 16 different species of herpesvirus. This step was necessary to prove that their modified method would accurately replicate these known types of herpesvirus genes.

Results and Discussion

  • With the modified method, the researchers partially amplified the polymerase of columbid herpesvirus 1, a variety that is classified as a beta-herpesvirus. Analyzing the amplicons — the pieces of DNA that result from amplification — from four different viral strains revealed that columbid herpesvirus 1 is closely related to alphaherpesvirinae, specifically to Marek’s disease herpesvirus.
  • When they applied the PCR method to analysing blood samples from zebras, a wild ass and a tapir, the results indicated high sequence identity to DNA polymerases of gamma-herpesviruses, suggesting that these animals may carry gamma-herpesviruses. The sequences found in the zebra and the wild ass were particularly related to each other and to certain equine gamma-herpesviruses known as EHV-2 and EHV-5.

Conclusion

  • The study provides a first indication of the possible presence of novel gamma-herpesviruses in wild and zoo equids. The researchers’ modification to the PCR method was successful in amplifying the viral strains under investigation, indicating a potential new tool for virus identification research.

Cite This Article

APA
Ehlers B, Borchers K, Grund C, Frölich K, Ludwig H, Buhk HJ. (1999). Detection of new DNA polymerase genes of known and potentially novel herpesviruses by PCR with degenerate and deoxyinosine-substituted primers. Virus Genes, 18(3), 211-220. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1008064118057

Publication

Virus genes
ISSN: 0920-8569
NlmUniqueID: 8803967
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 18
Issue: 3
Pages: 211-220

Researcher Affiliations

Ehlers, B
  • Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin. EhlersB@RKI.DE
Borchers, K
    Grund, C
      Frölich, K
        Ludwig, H
          Buhk, H J

            MeSH Terms

            • Amino Acid Sequence
            • Animals
            • Cell Line
            • DNA Primers
            • DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase / genetics
            • Equidae
            • Herpesviridae / enzymology
            • Herpesviridae / genetics
            • Inosine / analogs & derivatives
            • Molecular Sequence Data
            • Phylogeny
            • Polymerase Chain Reaction
            • Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
            • Species Specificity

            References

            This article includes 18 references
            1. Kebelmann-Betzing C, Seeger K, Dragon S, Schmitt G, Möricke A, Schild TA, Henze G, Beyermann B. Advantages of a new Taq DNA polymerase in multiplex PCR and time-release PCR.. Biotechniques 1998 Jan;24(1):154-8.
              pubmed: 9454968doi: 10.2144/98241pf01google scholar: lookup
            2. Rovnak J, Quackenbush SL, Reyes RA, Baines JD, Parrish CR, Casey JW. Detection of a novel bovine lymphotropic herpesvirus.. J Virol 1998 May;72(5):4237-42.
              pubmed: 9557713doi: 10.1128/JVI.72.5.4237-4242.1998google scholar: lookup
            3. Ziemann K, Mettenleiter TC, Fuchs W. Gene arrangement within the unique long genome region of infectious laryngotracheitis virus is distinct from that of other alphaherpesviruses.. J Virol 1998 Jan;72(1):847-52.
              pubmed: 9420298doi: 10.1128/JVI.72.1.847-852.1998google scholar: lookup
            4. Rossolini GM, Cresti S, Ingianni A, Cattani P, Riccio ML, Satta G. Use of deoxyinosine-containing primers vs degenerate primers for polymerase chain reaction based on ambiguous sequence information.. Mol Cell Probes 1994 Apr;8(2):91-8.
              pubmed: 7935517doi: 10.1006/mcpr.1994.1013google scholar: lookup
            5. Buckmaster AE, Scott SD, Sanderson MJ, Boursnell ME, Ross NL, Binns MM. Gene sequence and mapping data from Marek's disease virus and herpesvirus of turkeys: implications for herpesvirus classification.. J Gen Virol 1988 Aug;69 ( Pt 8):2033-42.
              pubmed: 2841415doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-69-8-2033google scholar: lookup
            6. McGeoch DJ, Cook S, Dolan A, Jamieson FE, Telford EA. Molecular phylogeny and evolutionary timescale for the family of mammalian herpesviruses.. J Mol Biol 1995 Mar 31;247(3):443-58.
              pubmed: 7714900doi: 10.1006/jmbi.1995.0152google scholar: lookup
            7. Knoth K, Roberds S, Poteet C, Tamkun M. Highly degenerate, inosine-containing primers specifically amplify rare cDNA using the polymerase chain reaction.. Nucleic Acids Res 1988 Nov 25;16(22):10932.
              pubmed: 2462716doi: 10.1093/nar/16.22.10932google scholar: lookup
            8. Ehlers B, Buhk HJ, Ludwig H. Analysis of bovine cytomegalovirus genome structure: cloning and mapping of the monomeric polyrepetitive DNA unit, and comparison of European and American strains.. J Gen Virol 1985 Jan;66 ( Pt 1):55-68.
              pubmed: 2981961doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-66-1-55google scholar: lookup
            9. Desrosiers RC, Sasseville VG, Czajak SC, Zhang X, Mansfield KG, Kaur A, Johnson RP, Lackner AA, Jung JU. A herpesvirus of rhesus monkeys related to the human Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus.. J Virol 1997 Dec;71(12):9764-9.
              pubmed: 9371642doi: 10.1128/JVI.71.12.9764-9769.1997google scholar: lookup
            10. Messana M, Kosters J, Grund C. Studies on reactivation and transmission of pigeon herpes virus (PHV) for raising PHV-free pigeons (Columba livia dom.).. Avian Pathol 1997;26(4):859-64.
              pubmed: 18483950doi: 10.1080/03079459708419259google scholar: lookup
            11. Borchers K, Frölich K. Antibodies against equine herpesviruses in free-ranging mountain zebras from Namibia.. J Wildl Dis 1997 Oct;33(4):812-7.
              pubmed: 9391966doi: 10.7589/0090-3558-33.4.812google scholar: lookup
            12. Cassol S, Salas T, Lapointe N, Arella M, Rudnik J, O'Shaughnessy M. Improved detection of HIV-1 envelope sequences using optimized PCR and inosine-substituted primers.. Mol Cell Probes 1991 Apr;5(2):157-60.
              pubmed: 2072937doi: 10.1016/0890-8508(91)90011-8google scholar: lookup
            13. Cornwell HJ, Wright NG. Herpesvirus infection of pigeons. I. Pathology and virus isolation.. J Comp Pathol 1970 Apr;80(2):221-7.
              pubmed: 4317833doi: 10.1016/0021-9975(70)90088-5google scholar: lookup
            14. Telford EA, Studdert MJ, Agius CT, Watson MS, Aird HC, Davison AJ. Equine herpesviruses 2 and 5 are gamma-herpesviruses.. Virology 1993 Aug;195(2):492-9.
              pubmed: 8337826doi: 10.1006/viro.1993.1400google scholar: lookup
            15. Knopf CW. Evolution of viral DNA-dependent DNA polymerases.. Virus Genes 1998;16(1):47-58.
              pubmed: 9562890doi: 10.1023/a:1007997609122google scholar: lookup
            16. Borchers K, Wolfinger U, Goltz M, Broll H, Ludwig H. Distribution and relevance of equine herpesvirus type 2 (EHV-2) infections.. Arch Virol 1997;142(5):917-28.
              pubmed: 9191857doi: 10.1007/s007050050128google scholar: lookup
            17. Gunther BM, Klupp BG, Gravendyck M, Lohr JE, Mettenleiter TC, Kaleta EF. Comparison of the genomes of 15 avian herpes-virus isolates by restriction endonuclease analysis.. Avian Pathol 1997;26(2):305-16.
              pubmed: 18483909doi: 10.1080/03079459708419213google scholar: lookup
            18. VanDevanter DR, Warrener P, Bennett L, Schultz ER, Coulter S, Garber RL, Rose TM. Detection and analysis of diverse herpesviral species by consensus primer PCR.. J Clin Microbiol 1996 Jul;34(7):1666-71.
              pubmed: 8784566doi: 10.1128/JCM.34.7.1666-1671.1996google scholar: lookup

            Citations

            This article has been cited 64 times.
            1. Furusato IN, Figueiredo KB, de Carvalho ACSR, da Silva Ferreira CS, Takahashi JPF, Kimura LM, Aleixo CS, de Brito OP, Luchs A, Cunha MS, de Azevedo Fernandes NCC, de Araújo LJT, Catão-Dias JL, Guerra JM. Detection of herpesviruses in neotropical primates from São Paulo, Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2023 Sep 9;.
              doi: 10.1007/s42770-023-01105-zpubmed: 37688686google scholar: lookup
            2. Okoh GR, Lockhart M, Grimsey J, Whitmore D, Ariel E, Butler J, Horwood PF. Development of subfamily-based consensus PCR assays for the detection of human and animal herpesviruses. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2023 Jun;42(6):741-746.
              doi: 10.1007/s10096-023-04605-wpubmed: 37084118google scholar: lookup
            3. Bianchessi L, Rocchi MS, Maley M, Piccinini R, Turin L. Molecular Tools to Identify and Characterize Malignant Catarrhal Fever Viruses (MCFV) of Ruminants and Captive Artiodactyla. Viruses 2022 Dec 1;14(12).
              doi: 10.3390/v14122697pubmed: 36560701google scholar: lookup
            4. Sahindokuyucu I, Yazici Z, Barry G. A retrospective molecular investigation of selected pigeon viruses between 2018-2021 in Turkey. PLoS One 2022;17(8):e0268052.
              doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268052pubmed: 36037167google scholar: lookup
            5. Akter R, El-Hage CM, Sansom FM, Carrick J, Devlin JM, Legione AR. Metagenomic investigation of potential abortigenic pathogens in foetal tissues from Australian horses. BMC Genomics 2021 Oct 2;22(1):713.
              doi: 10.1186/s12864-021-08010-5pubmed: 34600470google scholar: lookup
            6. Scheurer L, Bachofen C, Hardmeier I, Lechmann J, Schoster A. Prevalence of Nasal Shedding of Equid Gammaherpesviruses in Healthy Swiss Horses. Viruses 2021 Aug 25;13(9).
              doi: 10.3390/v13091686pubmed: 34578268google scholar: lookup
            7. Žlabravec Z, Vrezec A, Slavec B, Kuhar U, Zorman Rojs O, Račnik J. Herpesvirus Infection in a Breeding Population of Two Coexisting Strix Owls. Animals (Basel) 2021 Aug 27;11(9).
              doi: 10.3390/ani11092519pubmed: 34573485google scholar: lookup
            8. Mira F, Canuti M, Di Bella S, Puleio R, Lavazza A, Lelli D, Vicari D, Purpari G, Cannella V, Chiaramonte G, Schirò G, Castronovo C, Guercio A. Detection and Molecular Characterization of Two Gammaherpesviruses from Pantesco Breed Donkeys during an Outbreak of Mild Respiratory Disease. Viruses 2021 Aug 2;13(8).
              doi: 10.3390/v13081527pubmed: 34452391google scholar: lookup
            9. Lechmann J, Ackermann M, Kaiser V, Bachofen C. Viral infections shared between water buffaloes and small ruminants in Switzerland. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021 Sep;33(5):894-905.
              doi: 10.1177/10406387211027131pubmed: 34166139google scholar: lookup
            10. Kohl C, Brinkmann A, Radonić A, Dabrowski PW, Mühldorfer K, Nitsche A, Wibbelt G, Kurth A. The virome of German bats: comparing virus discovery approaches. Sci Rep 2021 Apr 1;11(1):7430.
              doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-86435-4pubmed: 33795699google scholar: lookup
            11. Kubacki J, Fraefel C, Bachofen C. Implementation of next-generation sequencing for virus identification in veterinary diagnostic laboratories. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021 Mar;33(2):235-247.
              doi: 10.1177/1040638720982630pubmed: 33357110google scholar: lookup
            12. Ewing RY, Rotstein DS, McLellan WA, Costidis AM, Lovewell G, Schaefer AM, Romero CH, Bossart GD. Macroscopic and Histopathologic Findings From a Mass Stranding of Rough-Toothed Dolphins (Steno bredanensis) in 2005 on Marathon Key, Florida, USA. Front Vet Sci 2020;7:572.
              doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00572pubmed: 32984413google scholar: lookup
            13. Dall Agnol AM, Leme RA, Suphoronski SA, Oliveira TES, Possatti F, Saporiti V, Headley SA, Alfieri AA, Alfieri AF. Porcine lymphotropic herpesvirus DNA detection in multiple organs of pigs in Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2020 Dec;51(4):2145-2152.
              doi: 10.1007/s42770-020-00335-9pubmed: 32638274google scholar: lookup
            14. Akter R, Legione A, Sansom FM, El-Hage CM, Hartley CA, Gilkerson JR, Devlin JM. Detection of Coxiella burnetii and equine herpesvirus 1, but not Leptospira spp. or Toxoplasma gondii, in cases of equine abortion in Australia - a 25 year retrospective study. PLoS One 2020;15(5):e0233100.
              doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233100pubmed: 32453753google scholar: lookup
            15. James S, Donato D, de Thoisy B, Lavergne A, Lacoste V. Novel herpesviruses in neotropical bats and their relationship with other members of the Herpesviridae family. Infect Genet Evol 2020 Oct;84:104367.
              doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104367pubmed: 32450245google scholar: lookup
            16. Singer S, Hoffmann B, Hafner-Marx A, Christian J, Forster F, Schneider K, Knubben-Schweizer G, Neubauer-Juric A. Bovine Alphaherpesvirus 2 infections in Bavaria: an analysis of the current situation - several years after eradicating Bovine Alphaherpesvirus 1. BMC Vet Res 2020 May 24;16(1):149.
              doi: 10.1186/s12917-020-02310-wpubmed: 32448263google scholar: lookup
            17. Schulze V, Lurz PWW, Ferrari N, Romeo C, Steele MA, Marino S, Mazzamuto MV, Calvignac-Spencer S, Schlottau K, Beer M, Ulrich RG, Ehlers B. Search for polyoma-, herpes-, and bornaviruses in squirrels of the family Sciuridae. Virol J 2020 Mar 27;17(1):42.
              doi: 10.1186/s12985-020-01310-4pubmed: 32220234google scholar: lookup
            18. David D, Davidson I, Berkowitz A, Karniely S, Edery N, Bumbarov V, Laskar O, Elazari-Volcani R. A novel poxvirus isolated from an Egyptian fruit bat in Israel. Vet Med Sci 2020 Aug;6(3):587-590.
              doi: 10.1002/vms3.233pubmed: 32100464google scholar: lookup
            19. Ehlers B, Anoh AE, Ben Salem N, Broll S, Couacy-Hymann E, Fischer D, Gedvilaite A, Ingenhütt N, Liebmann S, Martin M, Mossoun A, Mugisha L, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Pauly M, Pérez de Val B, Preugschas H, Richter D, Schubert G, Szentiks CA, Teichmann T, Walter C, Ulrich RG, Wiersma L, Leendertz FH, Calvignac-Spencer S. Novel Polyomaviruses in Mammals from Multiple Orders and Reassessment of Polyomavirus Evolution and Taxonomy. Viruses 2019 Oct 10;11(10).
              doi: 10.3390/v11100930pubmed: 31658738google scholar: lookup
            20. Raposo JV, Alves ADR, Dos Santos da Silva A, Dos Santos DC, Melgaço JG, Moreira OC, Pinto MA, de Paula VS. Multiplex qPCR facilitates identification of betaherpesviruses in patients with acute liver failure of unknown etiology. BMC Infect Dis 2019 Sep 4;19(1):773.
              doi: 10.1186/s12879-019-4309-4pubmed: 31484497google scholar: lookup
            21. Tan SK, Shen P, Lefterova MI, Sahoo MK, Fung E, Odegaard JI, Davis RW, Pinsky BA, Scharfe C. Transplant Virus Detection Using Multiplex Targeted Sequencing. J Appl Lab Med 2018 Mar;2(5):757-769.
              doi: 10.1373/jalm.2017.024521pubmed: 31245786google scholar: lookup
            22. Needle DB, Selig MK, Jackson KA, Delwart E, Tighe E, Leib SL, Seuberlich T, Pesavento PA. Fatal bronchopneumonia caused by skunk adenovirus 1 in an African pygmy hedgehog. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019 Jan;31(1):103-106.
              doi: 10.1177/1040638718812123pubmed: 30475680google scholar: lookup
            23. Seeber PA, Dayaram A, Sicks F, Osterrieder N, Franz M, Greenwood AD. Noninvasive Detection of Equid Herpesviruses in Fecal Samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019 Feb 1;85(3).
              doi: 10.1128/AEM.02234-18pubmed: 30446563google scholar: lookup
            24. Hydeskov HB, Dastjerdi A, Hopkins KP, Ryser-Degiorgis MP, Widén F, Cunningham AA, Lawson B. Detection and characterisation of multiple herpesviruses in free-living Western European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus). Sci Rep 2018 Sep 17;8(1):13942.
              doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-31900-wpubmed: 30224824google scholar: lookup
            25. Marenzoni ML, Stefanetti V, Danzetta ML, Timoney PJ. Gammaherpesvirus infections in equids: a review. Vet Med (Auckl) 2015;6:91-101.
              doi: 10.2147/VMRR.S39473pubmed: 30155436google scholar: lookup
            26. Amery-Gale J, Hartley CA, Vaz PK, Marenda MS, Owens J, Eden PA, Devlin JM. Avian viral surveillance in Victoria, Australia, and detection of two novel avian herpesviruses. PLoS One 2018;13(3):e0194457.
              doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194457pubmed: 29570719google scholar: lookup
            27. Basso W, Marti H, Hilbe M, Sydler T, Stahel A, Bürgi E, Sidler X. Clinical cystoisosporosis associated to porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV, Suid herpesvirus 2) infection in fattening pigs. Parasitol Int 2017 Dec;66(6):806-809.
              doi: 10.1016/j.parint.2017.09.007pubmed: 28942051google scholar: lookup
            28. Smiley Evans T, Lowenstine LJ, Gilardi KV, Barry PA, Ssebide BJ, Kinani JF, Nizeyimana F, Noheri JB, Cranfield MR, Mudakikwa A, Goldstein T, Mazet JAK, Johnson CK. Mountain gorilla lymphocryptovirus has Epstein-Barr virus-like epidemiology and pathology in infants. Sci Rep 2017 Jul 13;7(1):5352.
              doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-04877-1pubmed: 28706209google scholar: lookup
            29. Pozo F, Juste J, Vázquez-Morón S, Aznar-López C, Ibáñez C, Garin I, Aihartza J, Casas I, Tenorio A, Echevarría JE. Identification of Novel Betaherpesviruses in Iberian Bats Reveals Parallel Evolution. PLoS One 2016;11(12):e0169153.
              doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169153pubmed: 28036408google scholar: lookup
            30. Poncelet L, Garigliany M, Ando K, Franssen M, Desmecht D, Brion JP. Cell cycle S phase markers are expressed in cerebral neuron nuclei of cats infected by the Feline Panleukopenia Virus. Cell Cycle 2016 Dec 16;15(24):3482-3489.
              doi: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1249546pubmed: 27830988google scholar: lookup
            31. Graham AL, Nussey DH, Lloyd-Smith JO, Longbottom D, Maley M, Pemberton JM, Pilkington JG, Prager KC, Smith L, Watt KA, Wilson K, McNEILLY TN, Brülisauer F. Exposure to viral and bacterial pathogens among Soay sheep (Ovis aries) of the St Kilda archipelago. Epidemiol Infect 2016 Jul;144(9):1879-88.
              doi: 10.1017/S0950268816000017pubmed: 26829883google scholar: lookup
            32. Lawson B, Dastjerdi A, Shah S, Everest D, Núñez A, Pocknell A, Hicks D, Horton DL, Cunningham AA, Irvine RM. Mortality associated with avian reovirus infection in a free-living magpie (Pica pica) in Great Britain. BMC Vet Res 2015 Feb 7;11:20.
              doi: 10.1186/s12917-015-0329-5pubmed: 25880683google scholar: lookup
            33. Gilardi KV, Oxford KL, Gardner-Roberts D, Kinani JF, Spelman L, Barry PA, Cranfield MR, Lowenstine LJ. Human herpes simplex virus type 1 in confiscated gorilla. Emerg Infect Dis 2014 Nov;20(11):1883-6.
              doi: 10.3201/eid2011.140075pubmed: 25341185google scholar: lookup
            34. Sijmons S, Vissani A, Tordoya MS, Muylkens B, Thiry E, Maes P, Matthijnssens J, Barrandeguy M, Van Ranst M. Complete genome sequence of equid herpesvirus 3. Genome Announc 2014 Oct 2;2(5).
              doi: 10.1128/genomeA.00797-14pubmed: 25278519google scholar: lookup
            35. Sierra E, Sánchez S, Saliki JT, Blas-Machado U, Arbelo M, Zucca D, Fernández A. Retrospective study of etiologic agents associated with nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis in stranded cetaceans in the canary islands. J Clin Microbiol 2014 Jul;52(7):2390-7.
              doi: 10.1128/JCM.02906-13pubmed: 24759718google scholar: lookup
            36. Jahns H, Fast C. A histopathological study of bovine ganglia. J Comp Pathol 2014 Feb-Apr;150(2-3):234-44.
              doi: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2013.11.207pubmed: 24456750google scholar: lookup
            37. Woźniakowski GJ, Samorek-Salamonowicz E, Szymański P, Wencel P, Houszka M. Phylogenetic analysis of Columbid herpesvirus-1 in rock pigeons, birds of prey and non-raptorial birds in Poland. BMC Vet Res 2013 Mar 21;9:52.
              doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-52pubmed: 23517888google scholar: lookup
            38. Harari A, Wood CE, Van Doorslaer K, Chen Z, Domaingue MC, Elmore D, Koenig P, Wagner JD, Jennings RN, Burk RD. Condylomatous genital lesions in cynomolgus macaques from Mauritius. Toxicol Pathol 2013 Aug;41(6):893-901.
              doi: 10.1177/0192623312467521pubmed: 23262641google scholar: lookup
            39. Back H, Kendall A, Grandón R, Ullman K, Treiberg-Berndtsson L, Ståhl K, Pringle J. Equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis in association with asinine herpesvirus type 5 and equine herpesvirus type 5: a case report. Acta Vet Scand 2012 Sep 25;54(1):57.
              doi: 10.1186/1751-0147-54-57pubmed: 23009194google scholar: lookup
            40. Wu Z, Ren X, Yang L, Hu Y, Yang J, He G, Zhang J, Dong J, Sun L, Du J, Liu L, Xue Y, Wang J, Yang F, Zhang S, Jin Q. Virome analysis for identification of novel mammalian viruses in bat species from Chinese provinces. J Virol 2012 Oct;86(20):10999-1012.
              doi: 10.1128/JVI.01394-12pubmed: 22855479google scholar: lookup
            41. Dettwiler M, Stahel A, Krüger S, Gerspach C, Braun U, Engels M, Hilbe M. A possible case of caprine-associated malignant catarrhal fever in a domestic water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in Switzerland. BMC Vet Res 2011 Dec 2;7:78.
              doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-7-78pubmed: 22132808google scholar: lookup
            42. Shen H, Thomas PR, Ensley SM, Kim WI, Loynachan AT, Halbur PG, Opriessnig T. Vitamin E and selenium levels are within normal range in pigs diagnosed with mulberry heart disease and evidence for viral involvement in the syndrome is lacking. Transbound Emerg Dis 2011 Dec;58(6):483-91.
              doi: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01224.xpubmed: 21518323google scholar: lookup
            43. Teterina A, Richter D, Matuschka FR, Ehlers B, Voigt S. Identification of a novel betaherpesvirus in Mus musculus. Virol J 2009 Dec 21;6:225.
              doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-6-225pubmed: 20025745google scholar: lookup
            44. Deckers M, Hofmann J, Kreuzer KA, Reinhard H, Edubio A, Hengel H, Voigt S, Ehlers B. High genotypic diversity and a novel variant of human cytomegalovirus revealed by combined UL33/UL55 genotyping with broad-range PCR. Virol J 2009 Nov 26;6:210.
              doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-6-210pubmed: 19941648google scholar: lookup
            45. Hughes DJ, Kipar A, Milligan SG, Cunningham C, Sanders M, Quail MA, Rajandream MA, Efstathiou S, Bowden RJ, Chastel C, Bennett M, Sample JT, Barrell B, Davison AJ, Stewart JP. Characterization of a novel wood mouse virus related to murid herpesvirus 4. J Gen Virol 2010 Apr;91(Pt 4):867-79.
              doi: 10.1099/vir.0.017327-0pubmed: 19940063google scholar: lookup
            46. Davison AJ, Eberle R, Ehlers B, Hayward GS, McGeoch DJ, Minson AC, Pellett PE, Roizman B, Studdert MJ, Thiry E. The order Herpesvirales. Arch Virol 2009;154(1):171-7.
              doi: 10.1007/s00705-008-0278-4pubmed: 19066710google scholar: lookup
            47. Ehlers B, Dural G, Yasmum N, Lembo T, de Thoisy B, Ryser-Degiorgis MP, Ulrich RG, McGeoch DJ. Novel mammalian herpesviruses and lineages within the Gammaherpesvirinae: cospeciation and interspecies transfer. J Virol 2008 Apr;82(7):3509-16.
              doi: 10.1128/JVI.02646-07pubmed: 18216123google scholar: lookup
            48. Prepens S, Kreuzer KA, Leendertz F, Nitsche A, Ehlers B. Discovery of herpesviruses in multi-infected primates using locked nucleic acids (LNA) and a bigenic PCR approach. Virol J 2007 Sep 6;4:84.
              doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-4-84pubmed: 17822523google scholar: lookup
            49. Ehlers B, Küchler J, Yasmum N, Dural G, Voigt S, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Jäkel T, Matuschka FR, Richter D, Essbauer S, Hughes DJ, Summers C, Bennett M, Stewart JP, Ulrich RG. Identification of novel rodent herpesviruses, including the first gammaherpesvirus of Mus musculus. J Virol 2007 Aug;81(15):8091-100.
              doi: 10.1128/JVI.00255-07pubmed: 17507487google scholar: lookup
            50. Jabado OJ, Palacios G, Kapoor V, Hui J, Renwick N, Zhai J, Briese T, Lipkin WI. Greene SCPrimer: a rapid comprehensive tool for designing degenerate primers from multiple sequence alignments. Nucleic Acids Res 2006;34(22):6605-11.
              doi: 10.1093/nar/gkl966pubmed: 17135211google scholar: lookup
            51. Thureen DR, Keeler CL Jr. Psittacid herpesvirus 1 and infectious laryngotracheitis virus: Comparative genome sequence analysis of two avian alphaherpesviruses. J Virol 2006 Aug;80(16):7863-72.
              doi: 10.1128/JVI.00134-06pubmed: 16873243google scholar: lookup
            52. Hanson LA, Rudis MR, Vasquez-Lee M, Montgomery RD. A broadly applicable method to characterize large DNA viruses and adenoviruses based on the DNA polymerase gene. Virol J 2006 Apr 11;3:28.
              doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-3-28pubmed: 16608526google scholar: lookup
            53. Rose TM. CODEHOP-mediated PCR - a powerful technique for the identification and characterization of viral genomes. Virol J 2005 Mar 15;2:20.
              doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-2-20pubmed: 15769292google scholar: lookup
            54. Clewley JP. A role for arrays in clinical virology: fact or fiction?. J Clin Virol 2004 Jan;29(1):2-12.
              doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2003.08.002pubmed: 14675863google scholar: lookup
            55. Ehlers B, Ochs A, Leendertz F, Goltz M, Boesch C, Mätz-Rensing K. Novel simian homologues of Epstein-Barr virus. J Virol 2003 Oct;77(19):10695-9.
              doi: 10.1128/jvi.77.19.10695-10699.2003pubmed: 12970457google scholar: lookup
            56. Albini S, Zimmermann W, Neff F, Ehlers B, Häni H, Li H, Hüssy D, Engels M, Ackermann M. Identification and quantification of ovine gammaherpesvirus 2 DNA in fresh and stored tissues of pigs with symptoms of porcine malignant catarrhal fever. J Clin Microbiol 2003 Feb;41(2):900-4.
              doi: 10.1128/JCM.41.2.900-904.2003pubmed: 12574312google scholar: lookup
            57. McGeoch DJ. Molecular evolution of the gamma-Herpesvirinae. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2001 Apr 29;356(1408):421-35.
              doi: 10.1098/rstb.2000.0775pubmed: 11313003google scholar: lookup
            58. Truong VNY, Ellis R, Stanfield BA. Guinea Pig X Virus Is a Gammaherpesvirus. Viruses 2025 Aug 5;17(8).
              doi: 10.3390/v17081084pubmed: 40872798google scholar: lookup
            59. Abade Dos Santos FA, Duarte A, Varandas IC, Barros SS, Henriques AM, Fagulha T, Duarte MD. Molecular Identification and Characterization of a Novel Gammaherpesvirus in Wild Rabbits. Viruses 2025 Jul 10;17(7).
              doi: 10.3390/v17070967pubmed: 40733584google scholar: lookup
            60. Lee SB, Lee KL, Kim SW, Jung WJ, Park DS, Lee S, Giri SS, Kim SG, Jo SJ, Park JH, Hwang MH, Park EJ, Seo JP, Kim BY, Park SC. Novel Gammaherpesvirus Infections in Narrow-Ridged Finless Porpoise (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis) and False Killer Whales (Pseudorca crassidens) in the Republic of Korea. Viruses 2024 Jul 31;16(8).
              doi: 10.3390/v16081234pubmed: 39205209google scholar: lookup
            61. Divilov K. Whole-genome assembly of a novel invertebrate herpesvirus from the gastropod Babylonia areolata. Microb Genom 2024 Apr;10(4).
              doi: 10.1099/mgen.0.001237pubmed: 38656275google scholar: lookup
            62. Kumagai A, Soga Y, Kimura K, Hatama S. Isolation and complete genomic characterization of a Movar 33/63-like Japanese bovine herpesvirus 4 from a calf with respiratory disease. J Vet Med Sci 2024 Jun 1;86(6):645-652.
              doi: 10.1292/jvms.24-0028pubmed: 38644182google scholar: lookup
            63. Bianchessi L, Flach E, Monacchia G, Dagleish M, Maley M, Turin L, Rocchi MS. Identification and characterisation of Gamma-herpesviruses in zoo artiodactyla. Virol J 2024 Feb 23;21(1):49.
              doi: 10.1186/s12985-024-02311-3pubmed: 38395934google scholar: lookup
            64. Stanfield BA, Ruiz E, Chouljenko VN, Kousoulas KG. Guinea pig herpes like virus is a gamma herpesvirus. Virus Genes 2024 Apr;60(2):148-158.
              doi: 10.1007/s11262-024-02054-xpubmed: 38340271google scholar: lookup
            Subscribe to our newsletter
            Join 99,608 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.