FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
BMC veterinary research2017; 13(1); 19; doi: 10.1186/s12917-016-0918-y

Detection of Strongylus vulgaris in equine faecal samples by real-time PCR and larval culture – method comparison and occurrence assessment.

Abstract: Strongylus vulgaris has become a rare parasite in Germany during the past 50 years due to the practice of frequent prophylactic anthelmintic therapy. To date, the emerging development of resistance in Cyathostominae and Parascaris spp. to numerous equine anthelmintics has changed deworming management and the frequency of anthelmintic usage. In this regard, reliable detection of parasitic infections, especially of the highly pathogenic S. vulgaris is essential. In the current study, two diagnostic methods for the detection of infections with S. vulgaris were compared and information on the occurrence of this parasite in German horses was gained. For this purpose, faecal samples of 501 horses were screened for S. vulgaris with real-time PCR and an additional larval culture was performed in samples of 278 horses. A subset of 26 horses underwent multiple follow-up examinations with both methods in order to evaluate both the persistence of S. vulgaris infections and the reproducibility of each diagnostic method. Results: The real-time PCR revealed S. vulgaris-DNA in ten of 501 investigated equine samples (1.9%). The larval culture demonstrated larvae of S. vulgaris in three of the 278 samples (1.1%). A direct comparison of the two methods was possible in 321 samples including 43 follow-up examinations with the result of 11 S. vulgaris-positive samples by real-time PCR and 4 S. vulgaris-positive samples by larval culture. The McNemar's test (p-value = 0.016) revealed a significant difference and the kappa values (0.525) showed a moderate agreement between real-time PCR and larval culture. Conclusions: The real-time PCR detected a significantly higher proportion of positives of S. vulgaris compared to larval culture and should thus be considered as a routine diagnostic method for the detection of S. vulgaris in equine samples.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2017-01-11 PubMed ID: 28077153PubMed Central: PMC5225560DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0918-yGoogle Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research seeks to establish the prevalence of Strongylus vulgaris, a parasitic infection in horses, in Germany. It evaluates and compares two methods of detecting the parasite – real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and larval culture – and concludes that real-time PCR is more effective in detecting S. vulgaris and should be the standard diagnostic method.

Objective and Methodology of the Study

  • The study was focused on comparing the efficacy of two diagnostic methods – real-time PCR and larval culture – in detecting Strongylus vulgaris (S. vulgaris) in equine faecal samples.
  • The researchers tested faecal samples of a total of 501 horses for the occurrence of S. vulgaris.
  • Real-time PCR was performed on all samples, while larval cultures were performed on 278 of these samples.
  • A subset of 26 horses was subjected to multiple examinations using both methods to assess the repeatability and reliability of the findings.

Results and Findings

  • Real-time PCR detected S. vulgaris-DNA in ten out of the 501 samples (1.9%), while the larval culture method detected the parasite in three out of the 278 samples (1.1%).
  • A direct comparison of the two methods in 321 samples, including 43 follow-up tests, showed that real-time PCR resulted in 11 S. vulgaris-positive results while larval culture yielded 4 S. vulgaris positives.
  • Using the McNemar’s test, a statistical significance was established between the outcomes of the two methods, with a p-value of 0.016. Furthermore, the kappa values (used to measure agreement between two methods) were calculated to be 0.525, indicating only a moderate agreement between the two methods.

Conclusions and Recommendations

  • The study concluded that real-time PCR, which detected a higher proportion of positive cases compared to larval culture, is significantly more effective in detecting S. vulgaris in horses.
  • Therefore, the researchers recommend that real-time PCR should be considered as the routine diagnostic method for detecting S. vulgaris in equine samples.

Cite This Article

APA
Kaspar A, Pfister K, Nielsen MK, Silaghi C, Fink H, Scheuerle MC. (2017). Detection of Strongylus vulgaris in equine faecal samples by real-time PCR and larval culture – method comparison and occurrence assessment. BMC Vet Res, 13(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-016-0918-y

Publication

BMC veterinary research
ISSN: 1746-6148
NlmUniqueID: 101249759
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 13
Issue: 1
Pages: 19
PII: 19

Researcher Affiliations

Kaspar, A
  • Comparative Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany. alexandra.kaspar@tropa.vetmed.uni-muenchen.de.
Pfister, K
  • Comparative Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
  • Present address: Parasite Consulting GmbH, Wendschatzstrasse 8, CH-3006, Berne, Switzerland.
Nielsen, M K
  • Department of Veterinary Science, M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
Silaghi, C
  • Comparative Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
  • Present address: National Centre of Vector Entomology, Institute for Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8006, Zurich, Switzerland.
Fink, H
  • Department of Statistics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
Scheuerle, M C
  • Comparative Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
  • Present address: ParaDocs Laboratory, Ismaning, Germany.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Feces / parasitology
  • Horses
  • Larva / physiology
  • Parasite Egg Count / veterinary
  • Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / methods
  • Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / veterinary
  • Strongyle Infections, Equine / diagnosis
  • Strongyle Infections, Equine / parasitology
  • Strongylus / isolation & purification

References

This article includes 56 references
  1. Kaplan RM. Drug resistance in nematodes of veterinary importance: a status report.. Trends Parasitol 2004 Oct;20(10):477-81.
    doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2004.08.001pubmed: 15363441google scholar: lookup
  2. Wolf D, Hermosilla C, Taubert A. Oxyuris equi: lack of efficacy in treatment with macrocyclic lactones.. Vet Parasitol 2014 Mar 17;201(1-2):163-8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.12.009pubmed: 24472770google scholar: lookup
  3. Hertzberg H, Schwarzwald CC, Grimm F, Frey CF, Gottstein B, Gerber V. [Helminth control in the adult horse: the need for a re-orientation].. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 2014 Feb;156(2):61-70.
    doi: 10.1024/0036-7281/a000552pubmed: 24463320google scholar: lookup
  4. Peregrine AS, Molento MB, Kaplan RM, Nielsen MK. Anthelmintic resistance in important parasites of horses: does it really matter?. Vet Parasitol 2014 Mar 17;201(1-2):1-8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.01.004pubmed: 24485565google scholar: lookup
  5. Nielsen MK, Reinemeyer CR, Donecker JM, Leathwick DM, Marchiondo AA, Kaplan RM. Anthelmintic resistance in equine parasites--current evidence and knowledge gaps.. Vet Parasitol 2014 Jul 30;204(1-2):55-63.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.11.030pubmed: 24433852google scholar: lookup
  6. Tolliver SC, Lyons ET, Drudge JH. Prevalence of internal parasites in horses in critical tests of activity of parasiticides over a 28-year period (1956-1983) in Kentucky.. Vet Parasitol 1987 Feb;23(3-4):273-84.
    doi: 10.1016/0304-4017(87)90013-6pubmed: 3564356google scholar: lookup
  7. Lloyd S, Smith J, Connan RM, Hatcher MA, Hedges TR, Humphrey DJ, Jones AC. Parasite control methods used by horse owners: factors predisposing to the development of anthelmintic resistance in nematodes.. Vet Rec 2000 Apr 22;146(17):487-92.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.146.17.487pubmed: 10887995google scholar: lookup
  8. O'Meara B, Mulcahy G. A survey of helminth control practices in equine establishments in Ireland.. Vet Parasitol 2002 Oct 16;109(1-2):101-10.
    doi: 10.1016/S0304-4017(02)00249-2pubmed: 12383629google scholar: lookup
  9. Matthee S, Dreyer FH, Hoffmann WA, van Niekerk FE. An introductory survey of helminth control practices in south africa and anthelmintic resistance on Thoroughbred stud farms in the Western Cape Province.. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2002 Dec;73(4):195-200.
    doi: 10.4102/jsava.v73i4.586pubmed: 12665133google scholar: lookup
  10. Fritzen BM. Untersuchungen zum Vorkommen von Anthelmintika-Resistenz in nordrhein-westfälischen Pferdebeständen. PhD. Hannover: Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover; 2005.
  11. Hinney B, Wirtherle NC, Kyule M, Miethe N, Zessin KH, Clausen PH. A questionnaire survey on helminth control on horse farms in Brandenburg, Germany and the assessment of risks caused by different kinds of management.. Parasitol Res 2011 Dec;109(6):1625-35.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-011-2434-0pubmed: 21559764google scholar: lookup
  12. Drudge JH, Lyons ET. Control of internal parasites of the horse.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1966 Feb 15;148(4):378-83.
    pubmed: 5950040
  13. Nielsen MK, Pfister K, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G. Selective therapy in equine parasite control--application and limitations.. Vet Parasitol 2014 May 28;202(3-4):95-103.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.03.020pubmed: 24702770google scholar: lookup
  14. Menzel M, Becher AM, Greite L, Pfister K. Die Einführung der Methode der Selektiven Entwurmung in einem Pferdebestand. Tierärztliche Umschau 2013;68:116–20.
  15. Becher AM, Mahling M, Nielsen MK, Pfister K. Selective anthelmintic therapy of horses in the Federal states of Bavaria (Germany) and Salzburg (Austria): an investigation into strongyle egg shedding consistency.. Vet Parasitol 2010 Jul 15;171(1-2):116-22.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.03.001pubmed: 20356680google scholar: lookup
  16. Gomez HH, Georgi JR. Equine helminth infections: control by selective chemotherapy.. Equine Vet J 1991 May;23(3):198-200.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1991.tb02754.xpubmed: 1884701google scholar: lookup
  17. Pfister K, Beelitz P, Hamel D. Parasitologische Diagnostik. In: Moritz A, editor. Klinische Labordiagnostik in der Tiermedizin. 7. Stuttgart: Schattauer; 2013. pp. 628–99.
  18. Nielsen MK, Vidyashankar AN, Olsen SN, Monrad J, Thamsborg SM. Strongylus vulgaris associated with usage of selective therapy on Danish horse farms-is it reemerging?. Vet Parasitol 2012 Oct 26;189(2-4):260-6.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.04.039pubmed: 22703964google scholar: lookup
  19. Hinney B, Wirtherle NC, Kyule M, Miethe N, Zessin KH, Clausen PH. Prevalence of helminths in horses in the state of Brandenburg, Germany.. Parasitol Res 2011 May;108(5):1083-91.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-011-2362-zpubmed: 21472400google scholar: lookup
  20. Greite L. Untersuchungen zur Verbreitung von Strongylus vulgaris im Rahmen der selektiven Entwurmung bei Pferden in Süddeutschland. PhD. München: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität; 2013.
  21. Schneider S, Pfister K, Becher AM, Scheuerle MC. Strongyle infections and parasitic control strategies in German horses - a risk assessment.. BMC Vet Res 2014 Nov 12;10:262.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-014-0262-zpmc: PMC4232665pubmed: 25387542google scholar: lookup
  22. McCraw BM, Slocombe JO. Strongylus vulgaris in the horse: a review.. Can Vet J 1976 Jun;17(6):150-7.
    pmc: PMC1697226pubmed: 779947
  23. Ogbourne CP, Duncan JL. Strongylus vulgaris in the horse: Its biology and veterinary importance, 2 edn. Farnham Royal: Commonwealth Institute of Parasitology; 1985.
  24. Nielsen MK, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Pfister K, Reinemeyer CR, Molento MB, Peregrine AS, Hodgkinson JE, Jacobsen S, Kaplan RM, Matthews JB. The appropriate antiparasitic treatment: Coping with emerging threats from old adversaries.. Equine Vet J 2016 May;48(3):374-5.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12550pubmed: 27062523google scholar: lookup
  25. RUSSELL AF. The development of helminthiasis in thoroughbred foals.. J Comp Pathol Ther 1948 Apr;58(2):107-27.
    doi: 10.1016/S0368-1742(48)80009-3pubmed: 18861669google scholar: lookup
  26. Barth D. Parasitologische Diagnostik Teil I - Koprologische Untersuchungen. In: Edited by. Therapogen Praxisdienst. München: Therapogen-Werk, Zweigniederlassung der Sharp & Dohme GmbH; 1967. 11. Vol 2, edn.
  27. Van Wyk JA, Van Wyk L. Freezing of sheep faeces invalidates Haemonchus contortus faecal egg counts by the McMaster technique.. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 2002 Dec;69(4):299-304.
    pubmed: 12625382
  28. Nielsen MK, Baptiste KE, Tolliver SC, Collins SS, Lyons ET. Analysis of multiyear studies in horses in Kentucky to ascertain whether counts of eggs and larvae per gram of feces are reliable indicators of numbers of strongyles and ascarids present.. Vet Parasitol 2010 Nov 24;174(1-2):77-84.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.08.007pubmed: 20850927google scholar: lookup
  29. Bellaw JL, Nielsen MK. Evaluation of Baermann apparatus sedimentation time on recovery of Strongylus vulgaris and S. edentatus third stage larvae from equine coprocultures.. Vet Parasitol 2015 Jun 30;211(1-2):99-101.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.05.001pubmed: 25976635google scholar: lookup
  30. Nielsen MK, Peterson DS, Monrad J, Thamsborg SM, Olsen SN, Kaplan RM. Detection and semi-quantification of Strongylus vulgaris DNA in equine faeces by real-time quantitative PCR.. Int J Parasitol 2008 Mar;38(3-4):443-53.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.07.014pubmed: 17889881google scholar: lookup
  31. Andersen UV, Howe DK, Olsen SN, Nielsen MK. Recent advances in diagnosing pathogenic equine gastrointestinal helminths: the challenge of prepatent detection.. Vet Parasitol 2013 Feb 18;192(1-3):1-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.11.003pubmed: 23199789google scholar: lookup
  32. Nielsen MK, Vidyashankar AN, Gravatte HS, Bellaw J, Lyons ET, Andersen UV. Development of Strongylus vulgaris-specific serum antibodies in naturally infected foals.. Vet Parasitol 2014 Mar 1;200(3-4):265-70.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.12.024pubmed: 24433851google scholar: lookup
  33. Campbell AJ, Gasser RB, Chilton NB. Differences in a ribosomal DNA sequence of Strongylus species allows identification of single eggs.. Int J Parasitol 1995 Mar;25(3):359-65.
    doi: 10.1016/0020-7519(94)00116-6pubmed: 7601594google scholar: lookup
  34. Hung GC, Jacobs DE, Krecek RC, Gasser RB, Chilton NB. Strongylus asini (Nematoda, Strongyloidea): genetic relationships with other Strongylus species determined by ribosomal DNA.. Int J Parasitol 1996 Dec;26(12):1407-11.
    doi: 10.1016/S0020-7519(96)00136-1pubmed: 9024894google scholar: lookup
  35. Hung GC, Chilton NB, Beveridge I, Gasser RB. A molecular systematic framework for equine strongyles based on ribosomal DNA sequence data.. Int J Parasitol 2000 Jan;30(1):95-103.
    doi: 10.1016/S0020-7519(99)00166-6pubmed: 10675750google scholar: lookup
  36. Nielsen MK, Olsen SN, Lyons ET, Monrad J, Thamsborg SM. Real-time PCR evaluation of Strongylus vulgaris in horses on farms in Denmark and Central Kentucky.. Vet Parasitol 2012 Dec 21;190(3-4):461-6.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.07.018pubmed: 22877828google scholar: lookup
  37. Andersen UV, Haakansson IT, Roust T, Rhod M, Baptiste KE, Nielsen MK. Developmental stage of strongyle eggs affects the outcome variations of real-time PCR analysis.. Vet Parasitol 2013 Jan 16;191(1-2):191-6.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.08.018pubmed: 23009948google scholar: lookup
  38. FN DRV. FN - Zahlen, Daten, Fakten. Warendorf, Germany: Deutsche Reiterliche Vereinigung Bundesverband für Pferdesport und Pferdezucht; 2015.
  39. Conraths FJ, Fröhlich A, Ziller M. Epidemiologische Untersuchungen in Tierpopulationen - Ein Leitfaden zur Bestimmung von Stichprobenumfängen. Wusterhausen und Greifswald-Insel Riems: Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut; 2011.
  40. Roberts FHS, O’Sullivan PJ. Methods for egg counts and larval cultures for strongyles infesting the gastro-intestinal tract of cattle. Austr J Agric Res 1950;1(1):99–102.
    doi: 10.1071/AR9500099google scholar: lookup
  41. Bürger HJ, Stoye M. Parasitologische Diagnostik Teil II - Eizählung und Larvendifferenzierung. In: Edited by. Therapogen Praxisdienst. München: Therapogen-Werk, Zweigniederlassung der Sharp & Dohme GmbH; 1968. 24.Vol 3, edn.
  42. Boch J, Supperer R. Veterinärmedizinische Parasitologie. vol. 6. Farnham Royal: Thomas Schnieder; 2006.
  43. Studzińska MB, Tomczuk K, Demkowska-Kutrzepa M, Szczepaniak K. The Strongylidae belonging to Strongylus genus in horses from southeastern Poland.. Parasitol Res 2012 Oct;111(4):1417-21.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-012-3087-3pmc: PMC3447134pubmed: 22961235google scholar: lookup
  44. Pilo C, Altea A, Pirino S, Nicolussi P, Varcasia A, Genchi M, Scala A. Strongylus vulgaris (Looss, 1900) in horses in Italy: is it still a problem?. Vet Parasitol 2012 Mar 23;184(2-4):161-7.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.09.016pubmed: 21962966google scholar: lookup
  45. Bracken MK, Wøhlk CB, Petersen SL, Nielsen MK. Evaluation of conventional PCR for detection of Strongylus vulgaris on horse farms.. Vet Parasitol 2012 Mar 23;184(2-4):387-91.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.08.015pubmed: 21889849google scholar: lookup
  46. Herd RP. The changing world of worms: The rise of the Cyathostomes and the decline of Strongylus vulgaris. Comp Cont Educ Pract 1990;12(5):732–6.
  47. Kaplan RM. Anthelmintic resistance in nematodes of horses.. Vet Res 2002 Sep-Oct;33(5):491-507.
    doi: 10.1051/vetres:2002035pubmed: 12387486google scholar: lookup
  48. Nielsen MK, Scare J, Gravatte HS, Bellaw JL, Prado JC, Reinemeyer CR. Changes in Serum Strongylus Vulgaris-Specific Antibody Concentrations in Response to Anthelmintic Treatment of Experimentally Infected Foals.. Front Vet Sci 2015;2:17.
    pmc: PMC4672185pubmed: 26664946doi: 10.3389/fvets.2015.00017google scholar: lookup
  49. Kuzmina TA. Contamination of the environment by strongylid (Nematoda: Strongylidae) infective larvae at horse farms of various types in Ukraine.. Parasitol Res 2012 May;110(5):1665-74.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-011-2684-xpubmed: 22006190google scholar: lookup
  50. Andersen UV, Howe DK, Dangoudoubiyam S, Toft N, Reinemeyer CR, Lyons ET, Olsen SN, Monrad J, Nejsum P, Nielsen MK. SvSXP: a Strongylus vulgaris antigen with potential for prepatent diagnosis.. Parasit Vectors 2013 Apr 4;6:84.
    doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-84pmc: PMC3623896pubmed: 23557195google scholar: lookup
  51. Enigk K. Die Widerstandsfähigkeit der Entwicklungsstadien der Strongyliden außerhalb des Wirtstieres. Arch f Tierheilkunde 1934;67:363–76.
  52. Poynter D. Seasonal fluctuations in the number of strongyle eggs passed by horses. Vet Rec 1954;66:74–78.
  53. Duncan JL. Field studies on the epidemiology of mixed strongyle infection in the horse.. Vet Rec 1974 Apr 13;94(15):337-45.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.94.15.337pubmed: 4836097google scholar: lookup
  54. Ogbourne CP. Studies on the epidemiology of Strongylus vulgaris infection of the horse.. Int J Parasitol 1975 Aug;5(4):423-6.
    doi: 10.1016/0020-7519(75)90008-9pubmed: 1140880google scholar: lookup
  55. Ogbourne CP. Variations in the fecundity of strongylid worms of the horse.. Parasitology 1971 Oct;63(2):289-98.
    doi: 10.1017/S0031182000079609pubmed: 5129804google scholar: lookup
  56. Hasslinger MA. [Effect of various temperatures on eggs and larvae of equine Strongyloidea under laboratory conditions and the behavior of these exogenous stages in the pasture].. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1981 Jan 1;94(1):1-5.
    pubmed: 7194634

Citations

This article has been cited 15 times.
  1. Osterman-Lind E, Holmberg M, Grandi G. Selective Anthelmintic Treatment in Horses in Sweden Based on Coprological Analyses: Ten-Year Results. Animals (Basel) 2023 Aug 28;13(17).
    doi: 10.3390/ani13172741pubmed: 37685005google scholar: lookup
  2. Martins AV, Coelho AL, Corrêa LL, Ribeiro MS, Lobão LF, Palmer JPS, Moura LC, Molento MB, Barbosa ADS. First microscopic and molecular parasitological survey of Strongylus vulgaris in Brazilian ponies. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2023;32(3):e006323.
    doi: 10.1590/S1984-29612023036pubmed: 37377279google scholar: lookup
  3. Osterman-Lind E, Hedberg Alm Y, Hassler H, Wilderoth H, Thorolfson H, Tydén E. Evaluation of Strategies to Reduce Equine Strongyle Infective Larvae on Pasture and Study of Larval Migration and Overwintering in a Nordic Climate. Animals (Basel) 2022 Nov 10;12(22).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12223093pubmed: 36428321google scholar: lookup
  4. El-Gameel SM, Al-Mokaddem AK, Salaeh NMK, Attia MM. Morphomolecular characterization of Strongylus vulgaris isolated from donkeys with special references to histopathological study on the affected organs. J Parasit Dis 2022 Sep;46(3):795-803.
    doi: 10.1007/s12639-022-01498-ypubmed: 36091280google scholar: lookup
  5. Jürgenschellert L, Krücken J, Bousquet E, Bartz J, Heyer N, Nielsen MK, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G. Occurrence of Strongylid Nematode Parasites on Horse Farms in Berlin and Brandenburg, Germany, With High Seroprevalence of Strongylus vulgaris Infection. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:892920.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.892920pubmed: 35754549google scholar: lookup
  6. Roeber F, Webster M. Protecting dogs and cats against the Australian paralysis tick, Ixodes holocyclus (Acari: Ixodidae): A review of the Australian acaricide registration process. Curr Res Parasitol Vector Borne Dis 2021;1:100054.
    doi: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2021.100054pubmed: 35284866google scholar: lookup
  7. Maestrini M, Molento MB, Mancini S, Martini M, Angeletti FGS, Perrucci S. Intestinal Strongyle Genera in Different Typology of Donkey Farms in Tuscany, Central Italy. Vet Sci 2020 Dec 2;7(4).
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci7040195pubmed: 33276602google scholar: lookup
  8. Gehlen H, Wulke N, Ertelt A, Nielsen MK, Morelli S, Traversa D, Merle R, Wilson D, Samson-Himmelstjerna GV. Comparative Analysis of Intestinal Helminth Infections in Colic and Non-Colic Control Equine Patients. Animals (Basel) 2020 Oct 19;10(10).
    doi: 10.3390/ani10101916pubmed: 33086590google scholar: lookup
  9. Tydén E, Enemark HL, Franko MA, Höglund J, Osterman-Lind E. Prevalence of Strongylus vulgaris in horses after ten years of prescription usage of anthelmintics in Sweden. Vet Parasitol X 2019 Nov;2:100013.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vpoa.2019.100013pubmed: 32904767google scholar: lookup
  10. Harvey AM, Meggiolaro MN, Hall E, Watts ET, Ramp D, Šlapeta J. Wild horse populations in south-east Australia have a high prevalence of Strongylus vulgaris and may act as a reservoir of infection for domestic horses. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2019 Apr;8:156-163.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.01.008pubmed: 30815358google scholar: lookup
  11. Wang T, Chen X, Yan X, Su Y, Gao W, Liu C, Wang W. Progress in serology and molecular biology of equine parasite diagnosis: sustainable control strategies. Front Vet Sci 2025;12:1663577.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2025.1663577pubmed: 40979365google scholar: lookup
  12. Baghdadi HBA, Abdelsalam M, Attia MM. Diagnostic innovations in Equine Parasitology: a Nanogold-ELISA for sensitive serodiagnosis of migratory strongylus vulgaris larvae infections. BMC Vet Res 2024 Dec 27;20(1):579.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-024-04389-xpubmed: 39731087google scholar: lookup
  13. Hedberg Alm Y, Tydén E, Martin F, Lernå J, Halvarsson P. Farm size and biosecurity measures associated with Strongylus vulgaris infection in horses. Equine Vet J 2025 May;57(3):703-711.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.14212pubmed: 39171858google scholar: lookup
  14. Diekmann I, Blazejak K, Krücken J, Strube C, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G. Comparison of morphological and molecular Strongylus spp. identification in equine larval cultures and first report of a patent Strongylus asini infection in a horse. Equine Vet J 2025 Mar;57(2):522-529.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.14134pubmed: 39012065google scholar: lookup
  15. Domshy KA, Whitehead AE, Poissant J, Goldsmith DA, Legge C, Knight CG, Zachar EK, Loch SS, Davies JL. A retrospective study of the prevalence in equine postmortems of cranial mesenteric arteritis caused by Strongylus vulgaris in Alberta (2010 to 2022). Can Vet J 2024 Jun;65(6):587-593.
    pubmed: 38827589
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,727 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.