Omneity® Pellets
All-In-One Vitamin & Mineral Pellet
Determination of reference intervals for equine arterial blood-gas, acid-base and electrolyte analysis.
Abstract: To establish reference intervals for arterial blood-gas (ABG), acid-base and electrolyte values from a healthy equine population. Methods: Retrospective clinical study. Methods: A total of 139 client-owned, systemically healthy horses, 1 year of age and older, presented for elective surgical procedures. Methods: Blood samples were collected anaerobically from the transverse facial or common carotid artery of horses breathing room air, prior to administration of preanaesthetic medication. Samples were analysed immediately, without correction for body temperature, using an automated bench-top analyser. Variables analysed included pH, arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO) and arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO) and plasma concentrations of sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and chloride (Cl). Actual and standardized plasma bicarbonate concentration [HCO (P) and HCO (P, st)], blood and extracellular fluid base excess [base (B) and base (ECF)] and anion gap (AG) were calculated by the machine from preprogrammed algorithms. Methods used for determination of PaCO, PaO, HCO (P), HCO (P, st), base (B) and base (ECF) met the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Reference intervals were determined with the nonparametric or the standard parametric method dependent on data distribution. Results: Reference intervals were determined for pH, 7.37-7.49; PaCO, 4.84-7.20 kPa (36.3-54.0 mmHg); PaO, 11.01-14.97 kPa (82.6-112.3 mmHg); Na, 133-141 mmol L; K, 3.05-4.65 mmol L; Ca, 1.34-1.72 mmol L; Cl, 100-110 mmol L; HCO (P), 23.55-33.90 mmol L; HCO (P, st), 23.87-32.45 mmol L; base (B), 0.51-8.80 mmol L; base (ECF), -0.53 to 9.39 mmol L and AG, 1.5-11.5 mEq L. Conclusions: These data were derived from the largest group of horses reported in a single study and may aid in interpretation of ABG, acid-base and electrolyte measurements in clinical practice.
Copyright © 2019 Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists and American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2019-06-14 PubMed ID: 31471125DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2019.04.015Google Scholar: Lookup The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
Summary
This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.
The research conducted a thorough study determining reference values for arterial blood gas, acid-base, and electrolyte concentrations in healthy horses. These reference intervals can aid veterinarians in diagnosing and treating equine medical conditions.
Methods and Sample Population
- The study was based on a retrospective analysis of data collected from 139 systemically healthy horses that were 1 year of age or older. These horses were encountered during elective surgical procedures.
- The blood samples used in the study were collected from the transverse facial or common carotid artery of the subject horses before any pre-anaesthetic medication was administered. These samples were gathered while the horses were breathing room air.
- An automatic bench-top analysis system was used to immediately analyze the samples without any correction for body temperature.
Variables Studied
- Much of the research focused on a wide range of blood components such as pH, arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO), arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO) and plasma concentrations of sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and chloride (Cl).
- The study also measured and calculated several calculated parameters, including plasma bicarbonate concentration [HCO (P) and HCO (P, st)], blood and extracellular fluid base excess [base (B) and base (ECF)] and anion gap (AG), based off of preprogrammed machine algorithms.
Reference Intervals
- Considering the gathered data and analysis, the researchers were able to set reference intervals for each of the studied variables, which include pH, PaCO, PaO, Na, K, Ca, Cl, [HCO (P) and HCO (P, st)], base (B) and base (ECF), and AG.
- The study chose the statistical method for determining the reference intervals based on data distribution, using nonparametric or standard parametric methods as necessary.
Importance and Applications
- The study provides one of the most comprehensive sets of reference values to date, assembled from the largest group of horses studied in a single experiment.
- These reference intervals can greatly aid veterinary clinical practice, allowing for a more accurate interpretation of arterial blood-gas, acid-base, and electrolyte measurements in horses, thus improving diagnosis and treatment accuracy.
Cite This Article
APA
Hughes J, Bardell D.
(2019).
Determination of reference intervals for equine arterial blood-gas, acid-base and electrolyte analysis.
Vet Anaesth Analg, 46(6), 765-771.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2019.04.015 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Wirral, UK. Electronic address: jodieh@liverpool.ac.uk.
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Wirral, UK; Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
MeSH Terms
- Acid-Base Equilibrium / physiology
- Animals
- Blood Gas Analysis / veterinary
- Carbon Dioxide / blood
- Electrolytes / blood
- Extracellular Fluid / chemistry
- Food Deprivation
- Horses / blood
- Oxygen / blood
- Reference Values
Citations
This article has been cited 8 times.- Jiang L, Huang B, Tang J, Jiang P, Chen D, Zhang C. Comprehensive Analysis of Physiological, Biochemical and Flavor Characteristics Changes in Crucian Carp (Carassius auratus) under Different Concentrations of Eugenol. Foods 2023 Jul 25;12(15).
- Sandersen C, Dmitrovic P, Dupont J, Cesarini C, Guyot H, Serteyn D, Kirsch K. Analytical Performance Evaluation of the New GEM(®) Premier™ 5000 in Comparison to the Epoc(®) Blood Gas Analyzer in Horses. Vet Sci 2023 Feb 3;10(2).
- Vizcarra-Jiménez D, Copaja-Corzo C, Hueda-Zavaleta M, Parihuana-Travezaño EG, Gutierrez-Flores M, Rivarola-Hidalgo M, Benites-Zapata VA. Predictors of Death in Patients with Neonatal Sepsis in a Peruvian Hospital. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022 Oct 31;7(11).
- Chlif M, Ammar MM, Said NB, Sergey L, Ahmaidi S, Alassery F, Hamam H. Mechanism of Dyspnea during Exercise in Children with Corrected Congenital Heart Disease. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021 Dec 23;19(1).
- Gómez Fernández L, Niimura Del Barrio MC, Loughran C. Use of adrenaline continuous infusion to treat hypotension during general anaesthesia in a cow and a calf. Ir Vet J 2020;73:13.
- Akhtar A, Abbas SA, Zaina F, Fatima G, Wahab A, Muqtadir J. Reference Intervals for Venous Blood Gas in Healthy Adults: A One-Year Prospective Study. Cureus 2024 Nov;16(11):e74223.
- Brito PHS, Ferreira MA, Rusch E, Arantes JA, Carregaro AB, Valadão CAA, Ghantous GF, Dória RGS. Anesthesia for non-obstetric surgery during late term pregnancy in mares. PLoS One 2024;19(11):e0313563.
- Viterbo L, Hughes J, Milner PI, Bardell D. Arterial Blood Gas, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Values as Diagnostic and Prognostic Indicators in Equine Colic. Animals (Basel) 2023 Oct 17;13(20).
Use Nutrition Calculator
Check if your horse's diet meets their nutrition requirements with our easy-to-use tool Check your horse's diet with our easy-to-use tool
Talk to a Nutritionist
Discuss your horse's feeding plan with our experts over a free phone consultation Discuss your horse's diet over a phone consultation
Submit Diet Evaluation
Get a customized feeding plan for your horse formulated by our equine nutritionists Get a custom feeding plan formulated by our nutritionists
