FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Virology journal2019; 16(1); 49; doi: 10.1186/s12985-019-1149-1

Development and evaluation of a one-step multiplex real-time TaqMan® RT-qPCR assay for the detection and genotyping of equine G3 and G14 rotaviruses in fecal samples.

Abstract: Equine rotavirus A (ERVA) is the leading cause of diarrhea in neonatal foals and has a negative impact on equine breeding enterprises worldwide. Among ERVA strains infecting foals, the genotypes G3P[12] and G14P[12] are the most prevalent, while infections by strains with other genomic arrangements are infrequent. The identification of circulating strains of ERVA is critical for diagnostic and surveillance purposes, as well as to understand their molecular epidemiology. Current genotyping methods available for ERVA and rotaviruses affecting other animal species rely on Sanger sequencing and are significantly time-consuming, costly and labor intensive. Here, we developed the first one-step multiplex TaqMan real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay targeting the NSP3 and VP7 genes of ERVA G3 and G14 genotypes for the rapid detection and G-typing directly from fecal specimens. A one-step multiplex TaqMan RT-qPCR assay targeting the NSP3 and VP7 genes of ERVA G3 and G14 genotypes was designed. The analytical sensitivity was assessed using serial dilutions of in vitro transcribed RNA containing the target sequences while the analytical specificity was determined using RNA and DNA derived from a panel of group A rotaviruses along with other equine viruses and bacteria. The clinical performance of this multiplex assay was evaluated using a panel of 177 fecal samples and compared to a VP7-specific standard RT-PCR assay and Sanger sequencing. Limits of detection (LOD), sensitivity, specificity, and agreement were determined. The multiplex G3 and G14 VP7 assays demonstrated high specificity and efficiency, with perfect linearity. A 100-fold difference in their analytical sensitivity was observed when compared to the singleplex assays; however, this difference did not have an impact on the clinical performance. Clinical performance of the multiplex RT-qPCR assay demonstrated that this assay had a high sensitivity/specificity for every target (100% for NSP3, > 90% for G3 VP7 and > 99% for G14 VP7, respectively) and high overall agreement (> 98%) compared to conventional RT-PCR and sequencing. This new multiplex RT-qPCR assay constitutes a useful, very reliable tool that could significantly aid in the rapid detection and G-typing of ERVA strains circulating in the field.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2019-04-25 PubMed ID: 31023319PubMed Central: PMC6482509DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1149-1Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Evaluation Study
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article presents the development of a one-step multiplex real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay system for rapid detection and genotyping of two prevalent strains of Equine Rotavirus A (ERVA) – G3 and G14 from fecal samples. This new test method appears to be a significant improvement over current genotyping methods, offering high efficiency as well as specificity.

Research Context and Objectives

  • The researchers are addressing the lack of an efficient diagnostic method for ERVA, a common cause of diarrhea in young foals. Given its consequences on equine breeding businesses globally, prompt and accurate detection and characterization of the virus are crucial for control and prevention efforts.
  • The specific aim of this study was to develop a one-step multiplex TaqMan RT-qPCR assay for swift detection and genotyping of ERVA strains G3 and G14, both of which are commonly found in infected foals.

Assay Development and Evaluation

  • The researchers used in vitro transcriptions of RNA containing target sequences to evaluate the sensitivity of the newly developed assay. They used a panel of various group A rotaviruses, as well as other equine viruses and bacteria, to assess its specificity.
  • The researchers compared this new multiplex assay with a standard VP7-specific RT-PCR assay and Sanger sequencing using a panel of 177 fecal samples. They determined its limits of detection, sensitivity, specificity, and agreement.

Results

  • The researchers found the newly developed G3 and G14 VP7 assays to be highly specific and efficient, showing perfect linearity.
  • Although the multiplex assays were 100 times less sensitive than the singleplex assays, this did not impact their clinical performance.
  • The clinical performance of the multiplex RT-qPCR assay revealed its high sensitivity and specificity—100% for NSP3, over 90% for G3 VP7, and over 99% for G14 VP7. It also showed high overall agreement (over 98%) with the standard RT-PCR and sequencing methods.

Conclusions

  • Based on the results, the researchers concluded that this newly developed multiplex RT-qPCR assay could serve as a reliable tool for the rapid detection and genotyping of ERVA strains.
  • The tool aims to aid in controlling and preventing ERVA infections in the field by allowing early detection and accurate characterization of the virus.

Cite This Article

APA
Carossino M, Barrandeguy ME, Erol E, Li Y, Balasuriya UBR. (2019). Development and evaluation of a one-step multiplex real-time TaqMan® RT-qPCR assay for the detection and genotyping of equine G3 and G14 rotaviruses in fecal samples. Virol J, 16(1), 49. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-019-1149-1

Publication

Virology journal
ISSN: 1743-422X
NlmUniqueID: 101231645
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 16
Issue: 1
Pages: 49
PII: 49

Researcher Affiliations

Carossino, Mariano
  • Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
  • Escuela de Veterinaria, Universidad del Salvador, Champagnat 1599, Ruta Panamericana km54.5 (B1630AHU), Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Barrandeguy, Maria E
  • Escuela de Veterinaria, Universidad del Salvador, Champagnat 1599, Ruta Panamericana km54.5 (B1630AHU), Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
  • Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA. Las Cabañas y Los Reseros s/n, (1712) Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Erol, Erdal
  • Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
Li, Yanqiu
  • Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
Balasuriya, Udeni B R
  • Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA. balasuriya1@lsu.edu.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Antigens, Viral / genetics
  • Capsid Proteins / genetics
  • Diarrhea / virology
  • Feces / virology
  • Genome, Viral
  • Genotype
  • Genotyping Techniques
  • Horse Diseases / diagnosis
  • Horse Diseases / virology
  • Horses
  • Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction / methods
  • Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction / standards
  • Phylogeny
  • RNA, Viral / genetics
  • Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
  • Rotavirus / genetics
  • Rotavirus / isolation & purification
  • Rotavirus Infections / diagnosis
  • Rotavirus Infections / veterinary
  • Sensitivity and Specificity
  • Viral Nonstructural Proteins / genetics

Grant Funding

  • 1215351520 / Gluck Equine Research Foundation (GERF) competitive grant
  • CVT 123 / INTA-HARAS Agreement

Conflict of Interest Statement

ETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE: Not applicable. CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION: Not applicable. COMPETING INTERESTS: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. PUBLISHER’S NOTE: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

References

This article includes 46 references
  1. Bailey KE, Gilkerson JR, Browning GF. Equine rotaviruses--current understanding and continuing challenges.. Vet Microbiol 2013 Nov 29;167(1-2):135-44.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.07.010pmc: PMC7117381pubmed: 23932076google scholar: lookup
  2. Garaicoechea L, Miño S, Ciarlet M, Fernández F, Barrandeguy M, Parreño V. Molecular characterization of equine rotaviruses circulating in Argentinean foals during a 17-year surveillance period (1992-2008).. Vet Microbiol 2011 Mar 24;148(2-4):150-60.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.08.032pubmed: 20943330google scholar: lookup
  3. Dickson J, Smith VW, Coackley W, McKean P, Adams PS. Rotavirus infection of foals.. Aust Vet J 1979 Apr;55(4):207-8.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1979.tb15293.xpubmed: 223542google scholar: lookup
  4. Conner ME, Darlington RW. Rotavirus infection in foals.. Am J Vet Res 1980 Oct;41(10):1699-703.
    pubmed: 6261616
  5. Slovis NM, Elam J, Estrada M, Leutenegger CM. Infectious agents associated with diarrhoea in neonatal foals in central Kentucky: a comprehensive molecular study.. Equine Vet J 2014 May;46(3):311-6.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12119pmc: PMC7163618pubmed: 23773143google scholar: lookup
  6. Imagawa H, Sekiguchi K, Anzai T, Fukunaga Y, Kanemaru T, Ohishi H, Higuchi T, Kamada M. Epidemiology of equine rotavirus infection among foals in the breeding region.. J Vet Med Sci 1991 Dec;53(6):1079-80.
    doi: 10.1292/jvms.53.1079pubmed: 1790219google scholar: lookup
  7. Magdesian K Gary, Dwyer Roberta M, Arguedas Marta Gonzalez. Viral Diarrhea. Equine Infectious Diseases 2014; p. 198-203.e2.
  8. Carstens EB. Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2009).. Arch Virol 2010;155(1):133-46.
    doi: 10.1007/s00705-009-0547-xpmc: PMC7086975pubmed: 19960211google scholar: lookup
  9. Matthijnssens J, Ciarlet M, McDonald SM, Attoui H, Bányai K, Brister JR, Buesa J, Esona MD, Estes MK, Gentsch JR, Iturriza-Gómara M, Johne R, Kirkwood CD, Martella V, Mertens PP, Nakagomi O, Parreño V, Rahman M, Ruggeri FM, Saif LJ, Santos N, Steyer A, Taniguchi K, Patton JT, Desselberger U, Van Ranst M. Uniformity of rotavirus strain nomenclature proposed by the Rotavirus Classification Working Group (RCWG).. Arch Virol 2011 Aug;156(8):1397-413.
    doi: 10.1007/s00705-011-1006-zpmc: PMC3398998pubmed: 21597953google scholar: lookup
  10. Newman JF, Brown F, Bridger JC, Woode GN. Characterisation of a rotavirus.20b.. Nature 1975 Dec 18;258(5536):631-3.
    doi: 10.1038/258631a0pubmed: 173999google scholar: lookup
  11. Eren E, Zamuda K, Patton JT. Modeling of the rotavirus group C capsid predicts a surface topology distinct from other rotavirus species.. Virology 2016 Jan;487:150-62.
    doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.10.017pmc: PMC4679652pubmed: 26524514google scholar: lookup
  12. Chen JZ, Settembre EC, Aoki ST, Zhang X, Bellamy AR, Dormitzer PR, Harrison SC, Grigorieff N. Molecular interactions in rotavirus assembly and uncoating seen by high-resolution cryo-EM.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009 Jun 30;106(26):10644-8.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.0904024106pmc: PMC2689313pubmed: 19487668google scholar: lookup
  13. Settembre EC, Chen JZ, Dormitzer PR, Grigorieff N, Harrison SC. Atomic model of an infectious rotavirus particle.. EMBO J 2011 Jan 19;30(2):408-16.
    doi: 10.1038/emboj.2010.322pmc: PMC3025467pubmed: 21157433google scholar: lookup
  14. Dyall-Smith ML, Lazdins I, Tregear GW, Holmes IH. Location of the major antigenic sites involved in rotavirus serotype-specific neutralization.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1986 May;83(10):3465-8.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.10.3465pmc: PMC323536pubmed: 2422651google scholar: lookup
  15. Matthijnssens J, Otto PH, Ciarlet M, Desselberger U, Van Ranst M, Johne R. VP6-sequence-based cutoff values as a criterion for rotavirus species demarcation.. Arch Virol 2012 Jun;157(6):1177-82.
    doi: 10.1007/s00705-012-1273-3pubmed: 22430951google scholar: lookup
  16. Matthijnssens J, Ciarlet M, Heiman E, Arijs I, Delbeke T, McDonald SM, Palombo EA, Iturriza-Gómara M, Maes P, Patton JT, Rahman M, Van Ranst M. Full genome-based classification of rotaviruses reveals a common origin between human Wa-Like and porcine rotavirus strains and human DS-1-like and bovine rotavirus strains.. J Virol 2008 Apr;82(7):3204-19.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.02257-07pmc: PMC2268446pubmed: 18216098google scholar: lookup
  17. Matthijnssens J, Miño S, Papp H, Potgieter C, Novo L, Heylen E, Zeller M, Garaicoechea L, Badaracco A, Lengyel G, Kisfali P, Cullinane A, Collins PJ, Ciarlet M, O'Shea H, Parreño V, Bányai K, Barrandeguy M, Van Ranst M. Complete molecular genome analyses of equine rotavirus A strains from different continents reveal several novel genotypes and a largely conserved genotype constellation.. J Gen Virol 2012 Apr;93(Pt 4):866-875.
    doi: 10.1099/vir.0.039255-0pubmed: 22190012google scholar: lookup
  18. Nemoto M, Tsunemitsu H, Imagawa H, Hata H, Higuchi T, Sato S, Orita Y, Sugita S, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Yamanaka T, Kondo T, Matsumura T. Molecular characterization and analysis of equine rotavirus circulating in Japan from 2003 to 2008.. Vet Microbiol 2011 Aug 26;152(1-2):67-73.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.04.016pubmed: 21565456google scholar: lookup
  19. Matthijnssens J, Ons E, De Coster S, Conceição-Neto N, Gryspeerdt A, Van Ranst M, Raue R. Molecular characterization of equine rotaviruses isolated in Europe in 2013: implications for vaccination.. Vet Microbiol 2015 Mar 23;176(1-2):179-85.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.01.011pmc: PMC7126753pubmed: 25637313google scholar: lookup
  20. Ramig RF. Pathogenesis of intestinal and systemic rotavirus infection.. J Virol 2004 Oct;78(19):10213-20.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.78.19.10213-10220.2004pmc: PMC516399pubmed: 15367586google scholar: lookup
  21. Barrandeguy M, Parreño V, Lagos Mármol M, Pont Lezica F, Rivas C, Valle C, Fernandez F. Prevention of rotavirus diarrhoea in foals by parenteral vaccination of the mares: field trial.. Dev Biol Stand 1998;92:253-7.
    pubmed: 9580371
  22. Powell DG, Dwyer RM, Traub-Dargatz JL, Fulker RH, Whalen JW Jr, Srinivasappa J, Acree WM, Chu HJ. Field study of the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of an inactivated equine rotavirus vaccine.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997 Jul 15;211(2):193-8.
    pubmed: 9227750
  23. Sheoran AS, Karzenski SS, Whalen JW, Crisman MV, Powell DG, Timoney JF. Prepartum equine rotavirus vaccination inducing strong specific IgG in mammary secretions.. Vet Rec 2000 Jun 3;146(23):672-3.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.146.23.672pubmed: 10883857google scholar: lookup
  24. Papp H, Matthijnssens J, Martella V, Ciarlet M, Bányai K. Global distribution of group A rotavirus strains in horses: a systematic review.. Vaccine 2013 Nov 19;31(48):5627-33.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.08.045pubmed: 23994380google scholar: lookup
  25. Browning GF, Chalmers RM, Fitzgerald TA, Snodgrass DR. Serological and genomic characterization of L338, a novel equine group A rotavirus G serotype.. J Gen Virol 1991 May;72 ( Pt 5):1059-64.
    doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-72-5-1059pubmed: 1851806google scholar: lookup
  26. Browning GF, Fitzgerald TA, Chalmers RM, Snodgrass DR. A novel group A rotavirus G serotype: serological and genomic characterization of equine isolate FI23.. J Clin Microbiol 1991 Sep;29(9):2043-6.
    pmc: PMC270257pubmed: 1663521doi: 10.1128/jcm.29.9.2043-2046.1991google scholar: lookup
  27. Hardy ME, Woode GN, Xu ZC, Williams JD, Conner ME, Dwyer RM, Powell DG. Analysis of serotypes and electropherotypes of equine rotaviruses isolated in the United States.. J Clin Microbiol 1991 May;29(5):889-93.
    pmc: PMC269902pubmed: 1647407doi: 10.1128/jcm.29.5.889-893.1991google scholar: lookup
  28. Nemoto M, Tsunemitsu H, Murase H, Nambo Y, Sato S, Orita Y, Imagawa H, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Yamanaka T, Matsumura T, Kondo T. Antibody response in vaccinated pregnant mares to recent G3BP[12] and G14P[12] equine rotaviruses.. Acta Vet Scand 2012 Nov 6;54(1):63.
    doi: 10.1186/1751-0147-54-63pmc: PMC3523035pubmed: 23130609google scholar: lookup
  29. Carossino M, Barrandeguy ME, Li Y, Parreño V, Janes J, Loynachan AT, Balasuriya UBR. Detection, molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of G3P[12] and G14P[12] equine rotavirus strains co-circulating in central Kentucky.. Virus Res 2018 Aug 15;255:39-54.
    doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.05.025pubmed: 29864502google scholar: lookup
  30. Miño S, Adúriz M, Barrandeguy M, Parreño V. Molecular characterization of equine rotavirus group a detected in Argentinean foals during 2009–2014. J Equine Vet Sci 2017;59:64–70.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.09.008google scholar: lookup
  31. Anaya-Molina Y, De La Cruz Hernandez SI, Andres-Dionicio AE, Teran-Vega HL, Mendez-Perez H, Castro-Escarpulli G, Garcia-Lozano HA. One-step real-time RT-PCR helps to identify mixed rotavirus infections in Mexico. Diagn Microbiol infect dis 2018.
  32. Andersson M, Lindh M. Rotavirus genotype shifts among Swedish children and adults-Application of a real-time PCR genotyping.. J Clin Virol 2017 Nov;96:1-6.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2017.09.005pubmed: 28915451google scholar: lookup
  33. Esona MD, Gautam R, Tam KI, Williams A, Mijatovic-Rustempasic S, Bowen MD. Multiplexed one-step RT-PCR VP7 and VP4 genotyping assays for rotaviruses using updated primers.. J Virol Methods 2015 Oct;223:96-104.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.07.012pmc: PMC5818709pubmed: 26231786google scholar: lookup
  34. Gautam R, Mijatovic-Rustempasic S, Esona MD, Tam KI, Quaye O, Bowen MD. One-step multiplex real-time RT-PCR assay for detecting and genotyping wild-type group A rotavirus strains and vaccine strains (Rotarix® and RotaTeq®) in stool samples.. PeerJ 2016;4:e1560.
    doi: 10.7717/peerj.1560pmc: PMC4734446pubmed: 26839745google scholar: lookup
  35. Kottaridi C, Spathis AT, Ntova CK, Papaevangelou V, Karakitsos P. Evaluation of a multiplex real time reverse transcription PCR assay for the detection and quantitation of the most common human rotavirus genotypes.. J Virol Methods 2012 Mar;180(1-2):49-53.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.12.009pubmed: 22245180google scholar: lookup
  36. Zhang J, Guy JS, Snijder EJ, Denniston DA, Timoney PJ, Balasuriya UB. Genomic characterization of equine coronavirus.. Virology 2007 Dec 5;369(1):92-104.
    doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.06.035pmc: PMC7103287pubmed: 17706262google scholar: lookup
  37. Carossino M, Lee PY, Nam B, Skillman A, Shuck KM, Timoney PJ, Tsai YL, Ma LJ, Chang HF, Wang HT, Balasuriya UB. Development and evaluation of a reverse transcription-insulated isothermal polymerase chain reaction (RT-iiPCR) assay for detection of equine arteritis virus in equine semen and tissue samples using the POCKIT™ system.. J Virol Methods 2016 Aug;234:7-15.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.02.015pubmed: 27036504google scholar: lookup
  38. Miño S, Barrandeguy M, Parreño V, Parra GI. Genetic linkage of capsid protein-encoding RNA segments in group A equine rotaviruses.. J Gen Virol 2016 Apr;97(4):912-921.
    doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.000397pubmed: 26758293google scholar: lookup
  39. Chang KO, Parwani AV, Saif LJ. The characterization of VP7 (G type) and VP4 (P type) genes of bovine group A rotaviruses from field samples using RT-PCR and RFLP analysis.. Arch Virol 1996;141(9):1727-39.
    doi: 10.1007/BF01718295pubmed: 8893794google scholar: lookup
  40. Maes P, Matthijnssens J, Rahman M, Van Ranst M. RotaC: a web-based tool for the complete genome classification of group A rotaviruses.. BMC Microbiol 2009 Nov 23;9:238.
    doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-9-238pmc: PMC2785824pubmed: 19930627google scholar: lookup
  41. Freeman MM, Kerin T, Hull J, McCaustland K, Gentsch J. Enhancement of detection and quantification of rotavirus in stool using a modified real-time RT-PCR assay.. J Med Virol 2008 Aug;80(8):1489-96.
    doi: 10.1002/jmv.21228pubmed: 18551614google scholar: lookup
  42. Burd EM. Validation of laboratory-developed molecular assays for infectious diseases.. Clin Microbiol Rev 2010 Jul;23(3):550-76.
    doi: 10.1128/CMR.00074-09pmc: PMC2901657pubmed: 20610823google scholar: lookup
  43. Parashar UD, Gibson CJ, Bresee JS, Glass RI. Rotavirus and severe childhood diarrhea.. Emerg Infect Dis 2006 Feb;12(2):304-6.
    doi: 10.3201/eid1202.050006pmc: PMC3373114pubmed: 16494759google scholar: lookup
  44. Vlasova AN, Amimo JO, Saif LJ. Porcine Rotaviruses: Epidemiology, Immune Responses and Control Strategies.. Viruses 2017 Mar 18;9(3).
    doi: 10.3390/v9030048pmc: PMC5371803pubmed: 28335454google scholar: lookup
  45. Tsunemitsu H, Imagawa H, Togo M, Shouji T, Kawashima K, Horino R, Imai K, Nishimori T, Takagi M, Higuchi T. Predominance of G3B and G14 equine group A rotaviruses of a single VP4 serotype in Japan.. Arch Virol 2001 Oct;146(10):1949-62.
    doi: 10.1007/s007050170044pmc: PMC7087255pubmed: 11722016google scholar: lookup
  46. Collins PJ, Cullinane A, Martella V, O'Shea H. Molecular characterization of equine rotavirus in Ireland.. J Clin Microbiol 2008 Oct;46(10):3346-54.
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.00995-08pmc: PMC2566120pubmed: 18716232google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 11 times.
  1. Carossino M, Balasuriya UBR, Thieulent CJ, Barrandeguy ME, Vissani MA, Parreño V. Quadruplex Real-Time TaqMan(®) RT-qPCR Assay for Differentiation of Equine Group A and B Rotaviruses and Identification of Group A G3 and G14 Genotypes. Viruses 2023 Jul 26;15(8).
    doi: 10.3390/v15081626pubmed: 37631969google scholar: lookup
  2. Thieulent CJ, Dittmar W, Balasuriya UBR, Crossland NA, Wen X, Richt JA, Carossino M. Mouse-Adapted SARS-CoV-2 MA10 Strain Displays Differential Pulmonary Tropism and Accelerated Viral Replication, Neurodissemination, and Pulmonary Host Responses in K18-hACE2 Mice. mSphere 2023 Feb 21;8(1):e0055822.
    doi: 10.1128/msphere.00558-22pubmed: 36728430google scholar: lookup
  3. Omatola CA, Olaniran AO. Rotaviruses: From Pathogenesis to Disease Control-A Critical Review. Viruses 2022 Apr 22;14(5).
    doi: 10.3390/v14050875pubmed: 35632617google scholar: lookup
  4. Nemoto M, Matsumura T. Equine rotavirus infection. J Equine Sci 2021 Mar;32(1):1-9.
    doi: 10.1294/jes.32.1pubmed: 33776534google scholar: lookup
  5. Pawłuszkiewicz K, Kucharczyk E, Korgiel M, Busłowicz T, Faltus A, Kucharczyk N, Paluch E. Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Rotavirus Infections: Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2025 Sep 19;26(18).
    doi: 10.3390/ijms26189175pubmed: 41009736google scholar: lookup
  6. Gamage C, Holl W, Parreño V, Thieulent CJ, Balasuriya UBR, Vissani MA, Barrandeguy ME, Carossino M. Comparative clinical, virological and pathological characterization of equine rotavirus A G3P[12] and G14P[12] infection in neonatal mice. J Gen Virol 2025 Jun;106(6).
    doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.002110pubmed: 40471657google scholar: lookup
  7. Cullinane A, Nelly M, Dayot L, Lukaseviciute G, Garvey M, Healy J, Gallagher R. Diagnostic Performance of Rapid Antigen Tests to Detect Equine Rotavirus A. Viruses 2025 Mar 14;17(3).
    doi: 10.3390/v17030413pubmed: 40143340google scholar: lookup
  8. Thieulent CJ, Carossino M, Peak L, Wolfson W, Balasuriya UBR. Development and validation of multiplex one-step qPCR/RT-qPCR assays for simultaneous detection of SARS-CoV-2 and pathogens associated with feline respiratory disease complex. PLoS One 2024;19(3):e0297796.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297796pubmed: 38517847google scholar: lookup
  9. Carossino M, Vissani MA, Barrandeguy ME, Balasuriya UBR, Parreño V. Equine Rotavirus A under the One Health Lens: Potential Impacts on Public Health. Viruses 2024 Jan 16;16(1).
    doi: 10.3390/v16010130pubmed: 38257830google scholar: lookup
  10. Thieulent CJ, Carossino M, Peak L, Wolfson W, Balasuriya UBR. Multiplex One-Step RT-qPCR Assays for Simultaneous Detection of SARS-CoV-2 and Other Enteric Viruses of Dogs and Cats. Viruses 2023 Sep 7;15(9).
    doi: 10.3390/v15091890pubmed: 37766296google scholar: lookup
  11. Thieulent CJ, Carossino M, Peak L, Strother K, Wolfson W, Balasuriya UBR. Development and Validation of a Panel of One-Step Four-Plex qPCR/RT-qPCR Assays for Simultaneous Detection of SARS-CoV-2 and Other Pathogens Associated with Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease Complex. Viruses 2023 Sep 5;15(9).
    doi: 10.3390/v15091881pubmed: 37766287google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,911 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.