FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology2008; 127(3-4); 242-248; doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.10.313

Development of a bead-based multiplex assay for simultaneous quantification of cytokines in horses.

Abstract: The detection and quantification of equine cytokines has been hampered by the lack of antibodies for many years. With the development of antibody pairs for equine cytokines during the past years, the quantification of these essential regulators of the immune response became possible. After being successfully tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), three of these anti-cytokine reagents were used here to establish the first cytokine multiplex assay for equine IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-alpha. A fluorescent bead-based system was used as matrix for this assay that allows the simultaneous detection of the cytokines in a single sample by a Luminex analyzer. Equine recombinant cytokine/IgG fusion proteins were validated as standards for quantification of the individual cytokines. The analytical sensitivities of the multiplex assay were found to be 40 pg/ml for IL-4 and 15 pg/ml for IL-10 and IFN-alpha. The sensitivity of cytokine detection by the multiplex assay was increased by 13- to 150-fold compared to the corresponding ELISA. The specificity of the multiplex assay was validated using cell culture supernatants from equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated with different mitogens or infected with equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1). As predicted, supernatants from PBMC stimulated with different mitogens contained IL-4 and IL-10, but no IFN-alpha. EHV-1 infection of PBMC resulted in a dose-dependent secretion of IFN-alpha. Low concentrations of IL-10 were also measured. IL-4 was not detectable in these samples. The resulting detection pattern found for the multiplex analysis and assays performed with individual standard cytokines indicated that individual bead assays did not interfere or cross-react during simultaneous detection of equine IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-alpha. The equine cytokine multiplex assay is a valuable and cost-effective tool for quantification of IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-alpha and can be used for manifold immunological applications. In the future, the assay can also be expanded by adding bead assays for other equine cytokines and chemokines to the existing platform.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2008-10-18 PubMed ID: 19027964DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.10.313Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research presents the creation of a bead-based multiplex assay that can quantify three cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, and IFN-alpha) simultaneously in horses. The method increases the sensitivity of cytokine detection, developed due to advancements in anti-cytokine reagents and is particularly beneficial in terms of being cost-effective.

Development of the Multiplex Assay

  • The researchers utilized the development of antibody pairs for equine cytokines that have happened in the recent past to quantify these vital regulators of immune response. Prior to this, detection and quantification were challenging due to a lack of necessary antibodies.
  • Three anti-cytokine reagents which were previously and successfully tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were used in the development of this cytokine multiplex assay, targeted to equine IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-alpha.
  • The assay functioned on a fluorescent bead-based system that allowed for the simultaneous detection of the cytokines in one single sample, achieved through a Luminex analyzer.
  • In order to quantify the individual cytokines, equine recombinant cytokine/IgG fusion proteins were used and validated as standards.

Performance of the Multiplex Assay

  • The analytical sensitivities of the multiplex assay were 40 pg/ml for IL-4 and 15 pg/ml for IL-10 and IFN-alpha.
  • When compared to the sensitivity of the previously used ELISA method, the new multiplex assay’s sensitivity increased by 13 to 150 times.
  • To validate the multiplex assay’s specificity, cell culture supernatants were used from equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) which were stimulated with different mitogens or infected with equine herpes virus type 1 (EHV-1).

Results and Further Potential

  • The detection pattern resulted in the multiplex analysis and assays were performed with individual standard cytokines.
  • It was found that individual bead assays did not interfere or cross-react during the simultaneous detection of equine IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-alpha.
  • This pioneered equine cytokine multiplex assay can be employed for various immunological applications and is notably cost-effective for the quantification of IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-alpha.
  • In the future, the assay has the potential to be expanded by adding bead assays for other equine cytokines and chemokines to the existing platform.

Cite This Article

APA
Wagner B, Freer H. (2008). Development of a bead-based multiplex assay for simultaneous quantification of cytokines in horses. Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 127(3-4), 242-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.10.313

Publication

Veterinary immunology and immunopathology
ISSN: 0165-2427
NlmUniqueID: 8002006
Country: Netherlands
Language: English
Volume: 127
Issue: 3-4
Pages: 242-248

Researcher Affiliations

Wagner, Bettina
  • Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. bw73@cornell.edu
Freer, Heather

    MeSH Terms

    • Animals
    • Biological Assay / methods
    • Biological Assay / veterinary
    • Cytokines / metabolism
    • Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / veterinary
    • Horses / metabolism
    • Immunoglobulin G

    Citations

    This article has been cited 54 times.
    1. Mercer MA, Davis JL, McKenzie HC. The Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic Evaluation of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Adult Horses. Animals (Basel) 2023 May 10;13(10).
      doi: 10.3390/ani13101597pubmed: 37238029google scholar: lookup
    2. Keller LE, Tait Wojno ED, Begum L, Fortier LA. T Helper 17-Like Regulatory T Cells in Equine Synovial Fluid Are Associated With Disease Severity of Naturally Occurring Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis. Am J Sports Med 2023 Mar;51(4):1047-1058.
      doi: 10.1177/03635465231153588pubmed: 36794851google scholar: lookup
    3. Keller LE, Tait Wojno ED, Begum L, Fortier LA. Regulatory T cells provide chondroprotection through increased TIMP1, IL-10 and IL-4, but cannot mitigate the catabolic effects of IL-1β and IL-6 in a tri-culture model of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthr Cartil Open 2021 Sep;3(3):100193.
      doi: 10.1016/j.ocarto.2021.100193pubmed: 36474817google scholar: lookup
    4. Sipka A, Mann S, Babasyan S, Freer H, Wagner B. Development of a bead-based multiplex assay to quantify bovine interleukin-10, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interferon-γ concentrations in plasma and cell culture supernatant. JDS Commun 2022 May;3(3):207-211.
      doi: 10.3168/jdsc.2021-0191pubmed: 36338808google scholar: lookup
    5. Sipka A, Babasyan S, Mann S, Freer H, Klaessig S, Wagner B. Development of monoclonal antibodies for quantification of bovine tumor necrosis factor-α. JDS Commun 2021 Nov;2(6):415-420.
      doi: 10.3168/jdsc.2021-0123pubmed: 36337098google scholar: lookup
    6. Keller LE, Tait Wojno ED, Begum L, Fortier LA. Interleukin-6 neutralization and regulatory T cells are additive in chondroprotection from IL-1β-induced inflammation. J Orthop Res 2023 May;41(5):942-950.
      doi: 10.1002/jor.25453pubmed: 36205183google scholar: lookup
    7. Kotepui KU, Thirarattanasunthon P, Rattaprasert P, Kotepui M. A systematic review and meta-analysis of blood interleukin-4 levels concerning malaria infection and severity. Malar J 2022 Jul 12;21(1):217.
      doi: 10.1186/s12936-022-04237-zpubmed: 35820892google scholar: lookup
    8. Guarino C, Larson E, Babasyan S, Rollins A, Joshi LR, Laverack M, Parrilla L, Plocharczyk E, Diel DG, Wagner B. Development of a quantitative COVID-19 multiplex assay and its use for serological surveillance in a low SARS-CoV-2 incidence community. PLoS One 2022;17(1):e0262868.
      doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262868pubmed: 35061843google scholar: lookup
    9. Marx C, Gardner S, Harman RM, Wagner B, Van de Walle GR. Mesenchymal stromal cell-secreted CCL2 promotes antibacterial defense mechanisms through increased antimicrobial peptide expression in keratinocytes. Stem Cells Transl Med 2021 Dec;10(12):1666-1679.
      doi: 10.1002/sctm.21-0058pubmed: 34528765google scholar: lookup
    10. Fasanello DC, Su J, Deng S, Yin R, Colville MJ, Berenson JM, Kelly CM, Freer H, Rollins A, Wagner B, Rivas F, Hall AR, Rahbar E, DeAngelis PL, Paszek MJ, Reesink HL. Hyaluronic acid synthesis, degradation, and crosslinking in equine osteoarthritis: TNF-α-TSG-6-mediated HC-HA formation. Arthritis Res Ther 2021 Aug 20;23(1):218.
      doi: 10.1186/s13075-021-02588-7pubmed: 34416923google scholar: lookup
    11. Zarski LM, Vaala WE, Barnett DC, Bain FT, Soboll Hussey G. A Live-Attenuated Equine Influenza Vaccine Stimulates Innate Immunity in Equine Respiratory Epithelial Cell Cultures That Could Provide Protection From Equine Herpesvirus 1. Front Vet Sci 2021;8:674850.
      doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.674850pubmed: 34179166google scholar: lookup
    12. Neely M, Arroyo L, Jardine C, Clow K, Moore A, Hazlett M, Weese JS. Evaluation of 2 ELISAs to determine Borrelia burgdorferi seropositivity in horses over a 12-month period. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021 Jul;33(4):736-739.
      doi: 10.1177/10406387211016103pubmed: 34041969google scholar: lookup
    13. Raza F, Babasyan S, Larson EM, Freer HS, Schnabel CL, Wagner B. Peripheral blood basophils are the main source for early interleukin-4 secretion upon in vitro stimulation with Culicoides allergen in allergic horses. PLoS One 2021;16(5):e0252243.
      doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252243pubmed: 34038479google scholar: lookup
    14. Watkins A, Fasanello D, Stefanovski D, Schurer S, Caracappa K, D'Agostino A, Costello E, Freer H, Rollins A, Read C, Su J, Colville M, Paszek M, Wagner B, Reesink H. Investigation of synovial fluid lubricants and inflammatory cytokines in the horse: a comparison of recombinant equine interleukin 1 beta-induced synovitis and joint lavage models. BMC Vet Res 2021 May 12;17(1):189.
      doi: 10.1186/s12917-021-02873-2pubmed: 33980227google scholar: lookup
    15. Segabinazzi LGTM, Canisso IF, Podico G, Cunha LL, Novello G, Rosser MF, Loux SC, Lima FS, Alvarenga MA. Intrauterine Blood Plasma Platelet-Therapy Mitigates Persistent Breeding-Induced Endometritis, Reduces Uterine Infections, and Improves Embryo Recovery in Mares. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021 Apr 23;10(5).
      doi: 10.3390/antibiotics10050490pubmed: 33922743google scholar: lookup
    16. Raza F, Ivanek R, Freer H, Reiche D, Rose H, Torsteinsdóttir S, Svansson V, Björnsdóttir S, Wagner B. Cul o 2 specific IgG3/5 antibodies predicted Culicoides hypersensitivity in a group imported Icelandic horses. BMC Vet Res 2020 Aug 10;16(1):283.
      doi: 10.1186/s12917-020-02499-wpubmed: 32778104google scholar: lookup
    17. Larson EM, Babasyan S, Wagner B. Phenotype and function of IgE-binding monocytes in equine Culicoides hypersensitivity. PLoS One 2020;15(5):e0233537.
      doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233537pubmed: 32442209google scholar: lookup
    18. Park S, Yossifon G. Micromotor-Based Biosensing Using Directed Transport of Functionalized Beads. ACS Sens 2020 Apr 24;5(4):936-942.
      doi: 10.1021/acssensors.9b02041pubmed: 32141739google scholar: lookup
    19. Schnabel CL, Babasyan S, Rollins A, Freer H, Wimer CL, Perkins GA, Raza F, Osterrieder N, Wagner B. An Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 (EHV-1) Ab4 Open Reading Frame 2 Deletion Mutant Provides Immunity and Protection from EHV-1 Infection and Disease. J Virol 2019 Nov 15;93(22).
      doi: 10.1128/JVI.01011-19pubmed: 31462575google scholar: lookup
    20. Klier J, Bartl C, Geuder S, Geh KJ, Reese S, Goehring LS, Winter G, Gehlen H. Immunomodulatory asthma therapy in the equine animal model: A dose-response study and evaluation of a long-term effect. Immun Inflamm Dis 2019 Sep;7(3):130-149.
      doi: 10.1002/iid3.252pubmed: 31141308google scholar: lookup
    21. Wimer CL, Schnabel CL, Perkins G, Babasyan S, Freer H, Stout AE, Rollins A, Osterrieder N, Goodman LB, Glaser A, Wagner B. The deletion of the ORF1 and ORF71 genes reduces virulence of the neuropathogenic EHV-1 strain Ab4 without compromising host immunity in horses. PLoS One 2018;13(11):e0206679.
      doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206679pubmed: 30440016google scholar: lookup
    22. Schnabel CL, Wimer CL, Perkins G, Babasyan S, Freer H, Watts C, Rollins A, Osterrieder N, Wagner B. Deletion of the ORF2 gene of the neuropathogenic equine herpesvirus type 1 strain Ab4 reduces virulence while maintaining strong immunogenicity. BMC Vet Res 2018 Aug 22;14(1):245.
      doi: 10.1186/s12917-018-1563-4pubmed: 30134896google scholar: lookup
    23. Li L, Wagner B, Freer H, Schilling M, Bannantine JP, Campo JJ, Katani R, Grohn YT, Radzio-Basu J, Kapur V. Early detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in cattle with multiplex-bead based immunoassays. PLoS One 2017;12(12):e0189783.
      doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189783pubmed: 29261761google scholar: lookup
    24. Parkinson NJ, Buechner-Maxwell VA, Witonsky SG, Pleasant RS, Werre SR, Ahmed SA. Characterization of basal and lipopolysaccharide-induced microRNA expression in equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells using Next-Generation Sequencing. PLoS One 2017;12(5):e0177664.
      doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177664pubmed: 28552958google scholar: lookup
    25. Pfaender S, Walter S, Grabski E, Todt D, Bruening J, Romero-Brey I, Gather T, Brown RJ, Hahn K, Puff C, Pfankuche VM, Hansmann F, Postel A, Becher P, Thiel V, Kalinke U, Wagner B, Bartenschlager R, Baumgärtner W, Feige K, Pietschmann T, Cavalleri JM, Steinmann E. Immune protection against reinfection with nonprimate hepacivirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017 Mar 21;114(12):E2430-E2439.
      doi: 10.1073/pnas.1619380114pubmed: 28275093google scholar: lookup
    26. Wagner B, Perkins G, Babasyan S, Freer H, Keggan A, Goodman LB, Glaser A, Torsteinsdóttir S, Svansson V, Björnsdóttir S. Neonatal Immunization with a Single IL-4/Antigen Dose Induces Increased Antibody Responses after Challenge Infection with Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 (EHV-1) at Weanling Age. PLoS One 2017;12(1):e0169072.
      doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169072pubmed: 28045974google scholar: lookup
    27. Wilkerson MJ, Black KE, Lanza-Perea M, Sharma B, Gibson K, Stone DM, George A, Nair AD, Ganta RR. Initial development and preliminary evaluation of a multiplex bead assay to detect antibodies to Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma platys, and Ehrlichia chaffeensis outer membrane peptides in naturally infected dogs from Grenada, West Indies. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017 Jan;29(1):109-114.
      doi: 10.1177/1040638716671979pubmed: 27852813google scholar: lookup
    28. Korn A, Miller D, Dong L, Buckles EL, Wagner B, Ainsworth DM. Differential Gene Expression Profiles and Selected Cytokine Protein Analysis of Mediastinal Lymph Nodes of Horses with Chronic Recurrent Airway Obstruction (RAO) Support an Interleukin-17 Immune Response. PLoS One 2015;10(11):e0142622.
      doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142622pubmed: 26561853google scholar: lookup
    29. Hall SA, Stucke D, Morrone B, Lebelt D, Zanella AJ. Simultaneous detection and quantification of six equine cytokines in plasma using a fluorescent microsphere immunoassay (FMIA). MethodsX 2015;2:241-8.
      doi: 10.1016/j.mex.2015.04.002pubmed: 26150994google scholar: lookup
    30. Schnabel CL, Steinig P, Koy M, Schuberth HJ, Juhls C, Oswald D, Wittig B, Willenbrock S, Murua Escobar H, Pfarrer C, Wagner B, Jaehnig P, Moritz A, Feige K, Cavalleri JM. Immune response of healthy horses to DNA constructs formulated with a cationic lipid transfection reagent. BMC Vet Res 2015 Jun 23;11:140.
      doi: 10.1186/s12917-015-0452-3pubmed: 26100265google scholar: lookup
    31. Ortved K, Wagner B, Calcedo R, Wilson J, Schaefer D, Nixon A. Humoral and cell-mediated immune response, and growth factor synthesis after direct intraarticular injection of rAAV2-IGF-I and rAAV5-IGF-I in the equine middle carpal joint. Hum Gene Ther 2015 Mar;26(3):161-71.
      doi: 10.1089/hum.2014.050pubmed: 25705927google scholar: lookup
    32. Richard EA, Depecker M, Defontis M, Leleu C, Fortier G, Pitel PH, Couroucé-Malblanc A. Cytokine concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from horses with neutrophilic inflammatory airway disease. J Vet Intern Med 2014 Nov-Dec;28(6):1838-44.
      doi: 10.1111/jvim.12464pubmed: 25269933google scholar: lookup
    33. Tai K, Iwasaki H, Ikegaya S, Takada N, Tamaki Y, Tabara K, Ueda T. Significantly higher cytokine and chemokine levels in patients with Japanese spotted fever than in those with Tsutsugamushi disease. J Clin Microbiol 2014 Jun;52(6):1938-46.
      doi: 10.1128/JCM.03238-13pubmed: 24671792google scholar: lookup
    34. Moss DM, Priest JW, Hamlin K, Derado G, Herbein J, Petri WA Jr, Lammie PJ. Longitudinal evaluation of enteric protozoa in Haitian children by stool exam and multiplex serologic assay. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014 Apr;90(4):653-60.
      doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0545pubmed: 24591430google scholar: lookup
    35. Sun M, Liu C. A novel bead-based fluorescence immunoassay for aldosterone. J Biomed Res 2011 May;25(3):213-9.
      doi: 10.1016/S1674-8301(11)60028-6pubmed: 23554692google scholar: lookup
    36. Wagner B, Freer H, Rollins A, Garcia-Tapia D, Erb HN, Earnhart C, Marconi R, Meeus P. Antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi OspA, OspC, OspF, and C6 antigens as markers for early and late infection in dogs. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2012 Apr;19(4):527-35.
      doi: 10.1128/CVI.05653-11pubmed: 22336289google scholar: lookup
    37. Goodman LB, Wimer C, Dubovi EJ, Gold C, Wagner B. Immunological correlates of vaccination and infection for equine herpesvirus 1. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2012 Feb;19(2):235-41.
      doi: 10.1128/CVI.05522-11pubmed: 22205656google scholar: lookup
    38. Moss DM, Priest JW, Boyd A, Weinkopff T, Kucerova Z, Beach MJ, Lammie PJ. Multiplex bead assay for serum samples from children in Haiti enrolled in a drug study for the treatment of lymphatic filariasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2011 Aug;85(2):229-37.
      doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2011.11-0029pubmed: 21813840google scholar: lookup
    39. Soboll Hussey G, Hussey SB, Wagner B, Horohov DW, Van de Walle GR, Osterrieder N, Goehring LS, Rao S, Lunn DP. Evaluation of immune responses following infection of ponies with an EHV-1 ORF1/2 deletion mutant. Vet Res 2011 Feb 7;42(1):23.
      doi: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-23pubmed: 21314906google scholar: lookup
    40. Wood BA, O'Halloran KP, Vandewoude S. Development and validation of a multiplex microsphere-based assay for detection of domestic cat (Felis catus) cytokines. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2011 Mar;18(3):387-92.
      doi: 10.1128/CVI.00289-10pubmed: 21209158google scholar: lookup
    41. Fresa K, Catandi GD, Gonzalez-Castro R, Omar A, Whitcomb LA, Cheng MH, Chen TW, Carnevale EM, Chicco AJ. Impact of dietary essential fatty acids on phospholipid composition and mitochondrial function in aged mares. Sci Rep 2025 Dec 5;15(1):43295.
      doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-03271-6pubmed: 41350304google scholar: lookup
    42. Simonin EM, Torsteinsdóttir S, Svansson V, Björnsdóttir S, Freer H, Tarsillo J, Wagner B. Early allergen introduction overrides allergy predisposition in offspring of horses with Culicoides hypersensitivity. Front Immunol 2025;16:1654693.
      doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1654693pubmed: 41194920google scholar: lookup
    43. Berghaus LJ, Venner M, Helbig H, Hildebrandt D, Hart K. The potential value of cytokine, cortisol and vitamin D profiles in foals from birth to weaning for respiratory disease prediction on a farm endemic for Rhodococcus equi pneumonia. Equine Vet J 2026 Mar;58(2):359-371.
      doi: 10.1111/evj.70093pubmed: 40923138google scholar: lookup
    44. Roth SP, Liso G, Brehm W, Wagner B, Schnabel CL, Troillet A. Selected cytokine and chemokine concentrations in equine autologous conditioned serum are similar under defined and practically relevant storage conditions. Front Vet Sci 2025;12:1588240.
      doi: 10.3389/fvets.2025.1588240pubmed: 40496923google scholar: lookup
    45. Moore GE, Leatherwood JL, Glass KG, Arnold CE, Paris BL, Carter MM, George JM, Fontenot AB, Martinez RE, Franklin MA, Norton SA, Bradbery AN, Wickersham TA. Influence of dietary Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product on markers of inflammation and cartilage metabolism in young exercising horses challenged with intra-articular lipopolysaccharide. Transl Anim Sci 2025;9:txaf042.
      doi: 10.1093/tas/txaf042pubmed: 40336821google scholar: lookup
    46. Suntrarachun S, Laoungbua P, Khunsap S, Noiporm J, Suttisee R. Evaluation of cellular immune response in rabbits after exposure to cobra venom and purified toxin fraction. Environ Anal Health Toxicol 2024 Dec;39(4):e2024029-0.
      doi: 10.5620/eaht.2024029pubmed: 39973075google scholar: lookup
    47. Carter MM, Leatherwood JL, Paris BL, Moore GE, George JM, Martinez RE, Karges K, Cox JR, Arnold CE, Glass KG, Bradbery AN, Rodiles A, Wickersham TA. Influence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-1077 on the fecal pH, markers of gut permeability, fecal microbiota, and markers of systemic inflammation in sedentary horses fed a high-starch diet. J Anim Sci 2025 Jan 4;103.
      doi: 10.1093/jas/skaf005pubmed: 39803897google scholar: lookup
    48. Holmes CM, Wagner B. Characterization of Nasal Mucosal T Cells in Horses and Their Response to Equine Herpesvirus Type 1. Viruses 2024 Sep 25;16(10).
      doi: 10.3390/v16101514pubmed: 39459849google scholar: lookup
    49. Wjst VF, Lübke S, Wagner B, Rhyner C, Jentsch MC, Arnold C, Lohmann KL, Schnabel CL. Aspergillus fumigatus antigen-reactive Th17 cells are enriched in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in severe equine asthma. Front Immunol 2024;15:1367971.
      doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1367971pubmed: 39229267google scholar: lookup
    50. Holmes CM, Babasyan S, Eady N, Schnabel CL, Wagner B. Immune horses rapidly increase antileukoproteinase and lack type I interferon secretion during mucosal innate immune responses against equine herpesvirus type 1. Microbiol Spectr 2024 Oct 3;12(10):e0109224.
      doi: 10.1128/spectrum.01092-24pubmed: 39162558google scholar: lookup
    51. Borge AJ, Colitti B, Rosati S, Nordstoga AB, Gjerset B, Udjus K, Nogarol C, Chellappa S, Samdal IA, Lybeck K. Development of a Bead-Based Multiplex Fluorescent Immunoassay to Detect Antibodies against Maedi-Visna Virus in Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2024 May 12;14(10).
      doi: 10.3390/ani14101442pubmed: 38791660google scholar: lookup
    52. Giessler KS, Goehring LS, Jacob SI, Davis A, Esser MM, Lee Y, Zarski LM, Weber PSD, Hussey GS. Impact of the host immune response on the development of equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy in horses. J Gen Virol 2024 May;105(5).
      doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.001987pubmed: 38767608google scholar: lookup
    53. Holmes CM, Babasyan S, Wagner B. Neonatal and maternal upregulation of antileukoproteinase in horses. Front Immunol 2024;15:1395030.
      doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1395030pubmed: 38736885google scholar: lookup
    54. Keggan A, Freer H, Rollins A, Wagner B. Production of seven monoclonal equine immunoglobulins isotyped by multiplex analysis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013 Jun 15;153(3-4):187-93.
      doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.02.010pubmed: 23541920google scholar: lookup
    Subscribe to our newsletter
    Join 99,658 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.