FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Frontiers in immunology2024; 15; 1408510; doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1408510

Development of a live attenuated vaccine candidate for equid alphaherpesvirus 1 control: a step towards efficient protection.

Abstract: Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (EqAHV1) is a viral pathogen known to cause respiratory disease, neurologic syndromes, and abortion storms in horses. Currently, there are no vaccines that provide complete protection against EqAHV1. Marker vaccines and the differentiation of infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA) strategy are effective for preventing and controlling outbreaks but have not been used for the prevention of EqAHV1 infection. Glycoprotein 2 (gp2), located on the envelope of viruses (EqAHV1), exhibits high antigenicity and functions as a molecular marker for DIVA. In this study, a series of EqAHV1 mutants with deletion of gp2 along with other virulence genes (TK, UL24/TK, gI/gE) were engineered. The mutant viruses were studied and then in an experiment using Golden Syrian hamsters to assess the extent of viral attenuation and the immune response elicited by the mutant viruses in comparison to the wild-type (WT) virus. Compared with the WT strain, the YM2019 Δgp2, ΔTK/gp2, and ΔUL24/TK/gp2 strains exhibited reduced growth in RK-13 cells, while the ΔgI/gE/gp2 strain exhibited significantly impaired proliferation. The YM2019 Δgp2 strain induced clinical signs and mortality in hamsters. In contrast, the YM2019 ΔTK/gp2 and ΔUL24/TK/gp2 variants displayed diminished pathogenicity, causing no observable clinical signs or fatalities. Immunization with nasal vaccines containing YM2019 ΔTK/gp2 and ΔUL24/TK/gp2 elicited a robust immune response in hamsters. In particular, compared with the vaccine containing the ΔTK/gp2 strain, the vaccine containing the ΔUL24/TK/gp2 strain demonstrated enhanced immune protection upon challenge with the WT virus. Furthermore, an ELISA for gp2 was established and refined to accurately differentiate between infected and vaccinated animals. These results confirm that the ΔUL24/TK/gp2 strain is a safe and effective live attenuated vaccine candidate for controlling EqAHV1 infection.
Copyright © 2024 Hu, Wu, Jia, Zhang, Sun, Sa, Zhang, Cai, Jarhen, Ran and Liu.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2024-07-03 PubMed ID: 39021566PubMed Central: PMC11252532DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1408510Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This study focuses on developing a live attenuated vaccine candidate for Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (EqAHV1), a virus that causes respiratory, neurological, and reproductive issues in horses.
  • The researchers engineered mutant viruses with specific gene deletions and tested their safety, viral growth, and ability to elicit immune protection, identifying a promising vaccine candidate.

Background and Importance

  • Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (EqAHV1): A significant viral pathogen in horses responsible for respiratory disease, neurological syndromes, and abortion storms.
  • Current Vaccine Situation: Existing vaccines do not provide complete protection, and there is no licensed vaccine that utilizes marker strategies to allow Differentiation of Infected and Vaccinated Animals (DIVA).
  • DIVA Concept: Marker vaccines incorporate molecular markers to distinguish vaccinated animals from infected ones, which is critical for controlling outbreaks effectively.

Key Molecular Targets in Virus Engineering

  • Glycoprotein 2 (gp2): A viral envelope protein with high antigenicity that serves as a molecular marker suitable for the DIVA approach.
  • Virulence Genes Deleted: Thymidine kinase (TK), UL24 (a gene involved in viral replication), and glycoproteins gI/gE also targeted for deletion to attenuate the virus.

Experimental Design

  • Engineered several mutant strains of EqAHV1 with deletions in gp2 alone or combined with other virulence genes:
    • Δgp2
    • ΔTK/gp2
    • ΔUL24/TK/gp2
    • ΔgI/gE/gp2
  • Compared these mutants against the wild-type (WT) virus in terms of viral growth and pathogenicity in vitro and in an in vivo hamster model.

Key Findings: Viral Growth and Pathogenicity

  • In RK-13 cell cultures:
    • Δgp2, ΔTK/gp2, and ΔUL24/TK/gp2 strains showed reduced viral growth compared to WT.
    • ΔgI/gE/gp2 strain had severely impaired proliferation.
  • In Golden Syrian hamsters:
    • The Δgp2 virus still caused clinical symptoms and mortality, indicating incomplete attenuation.
    • ΔTK/gp2 and ΔUL24/TK/gp2 mutants showed significantly reduced pathogenicity, causing no symptoms or fatalities.

Immune Response and Vaccine Efficacy

  • Nasal immunization with vaccines containing ΔTK/gp2 and ΔUL24/TK/gp2 mutants induced robust immune responses in hamsters.
  • Between the two, the vaccine with the ΔUL24/TK/gp2 strain provided stronger immune protection upon WT challenge.

DIVA Strategy Development

  • Established and optimized an ELISA test targeting gp2 glycoprotein to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals.
  • This is valuable for outbreak control and epidemiological surveillance by identifying vaccination status and natural infection.

Conclusions and Implications

  • The ΔUL24/TK/gp2 strain is a promising live attenuated vaccine candidate that balances safety and efficacy against EqAHV1.
  • Its use as a nasal vaccine could provide effective protection while enabling DIVA-compatible surveillance.
  • This work represents a significant step toward efficient prevention and control of EqAHV1 outbreaks in equine populations.

Cite This Article

APA
Hu Y, Wu G, Jia Q, Zhang B, Sun W, Sa R, Zhang S, Cai W, Jarhen , Ran D, Liu J. (2024). Development of a live attenuated vaccine candidate for equid alphaherpesvirus 1 control: a step towards efficient protection. Front Immunol, 15, 1408510. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1408510

Publication

Frontiers in immunology
ISSN: 1664-3224
NlmUniqueID: 101560960
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 15
Pages: 1408510
PII: 1408510

Researcher Affiliations

Hu, Yue
  • Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China.
  • Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
Wu, Guiling
  • Preventive Control Section, Aksu Regional Animal Disease Control and Diagnostic Center, Aksu, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China.
Jia, Qinrui
  • Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China.
Zhang, Baozhong
  • Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
Sun, Wencheng
  • Food, Agricultural and Health Products Division, Centre Testing International Group Co., Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong, China.
Sa, Ruixue
  • Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China.
Zhang, Siyu
  • Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China.
Cai, Weifan
  • Product Manufacturing Sector, GemPharmatech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China.
Jarhen,
  • Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China.
Ran, Duoliang
  • Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China.
Liu, Jianhua
  • Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Vaccines, Attenuated / immunology
  • Herpesviridae Infections / prevention & control
  • Herpesviridae Infections / immunology
  • Herpesviridae Infections / virology
  • Herpesviridae Infections / veterinary
  • Herpesvirus 1, Equid / immunology
  • Herpesvirus 1, Equid / genetics
  • Horses
  • Mesocricetus
  • Antibodies, Viral / blood
  • Antibodies, Viral / immunology
  • Viral Envelope Proteins / immunology
  • Viral Envelope Proteins / genetics
  • Cricetinae
  • Horse Diseases / prevention & control
  • Horse Diseases / immunology
  • Horse Diseases / virology
  • Viral Vaccines / immunology
  • Viral Vaccines / genetics
  • Cell Line
  • Mutation

Conflict of Interest Statement

Author WS is employed by Centre Testing International Group Co., Ltd. Author WC is employed by GemPharmatech Co., Ltd. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 47 references
  1. Dayaram A, Seeber PA, Greenwood AD. Environmental detection and potential transmission of equine herpesviruses. Pathogens (2021) 10:423.
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens10040423pmc: PMC8066653pubmed: 33916280google scholar: lookup
  2. Couroucé A, Normand C, Tessier C, Pomares R, Thévenot J, Marcillaud-Pitel C. Equine herpesvirus-1 outbreak during a show-jumping competition: A clinical and epidemiological study. J Equine Vet Sci (2023) 128:104869.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104869pubmed: 37339699google scholar: lookup
  3. Carvelli A, Nielsen SS, Paillot R, Broglia A, Kohnle L. Clinical impact, diagnosis and control of Equine Herpesvirus-1 infection in Europe. EFSA J (2022) 20:e07230.
    doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7230pmc: PMC8985062pubmed: 35414834google scholar: lookup
  4. Bryant NA, Wilkie GS, Russell CA, Compston L, Grafham D, Clissold L. Genetic diversity of equine herpesvirus 1 isolated from neurological, abortigenic and respiratory disease outbreaks. Transboundary Emerging Dis (2018) 65:817–32.
    doi: 10.1111/tbed.12809pmc: PMC5947664pubmed: 29423949google scholar: lookup
  5. Yeh MT, Bujaki E, Dolan PT, Smith M, Wahid R, Konz J. Engineering the live-attenuated polio vaccine to prevent reversion to virulence. Cell Host Microbe (2020) 27:736–751.e8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.04.003pmc: PMC7566161pubmed: 32330425google scholar: lookup
  6. Tu HA, Nivarthi UK, Graham NR, Eisenhauer P, Delacruz MJ, Pierce KK. Stimulation of B cell immunity in flavivirus-naive individuals by the tetravalent live attenuated dengue vaccine TV003. Cell Rep Med (2020) 1:100155.
    doi: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.10015pmc: PMC7762770pubmed: 33377126google scholar: lookup
  7. Pereira-Gómez M, Carrau L, Fajardo Á, Moreno P, Moratorio G. Altering compositional properties of viral genomes to design live-attenuated vaccines. Front Microbiol (2021) 12:676582.
    doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.676582pmc: PMC8278477pubmed: 34276608google scholar: lookup
  8. Osterrieder K, Dorman DC, Burgess BA, Goehring LS, Gross P, Neinast C. Vaccination for the prevention of equine herpesvirus-1 disease in domesticated horses: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Vet Intern Med (2024) 38(3):1858–71.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16895pmc: PMC11099739pubmed: 37930113google scholar: lookup
  9. Schnabel CL, Babasyan S, Rollins A, Freer H, Wimer CL, Perkins GA. An equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) ab4 open reading frame 2 deletion mutant provides immunity and protection from EHV-1 infection and disease. J Virol (2019) 93:e01011–19.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.01011-19pmc: PMC6819910pubmed: 31462575google scholar: lookup
  10. Brar G, Farhat NA, Sukhina A, Lam AK, Kim YH, Hsu T. Deletion of immune evasion genes provides an effective vaccine design for tumor-associated herpesviruses. NPJ Vaccines (2020) 5:102.
    doi: 10.1038/s41541-020-00251-xpmc: PMC7644650pubmed: 33298958google scholar: lookup
  11. Li L, Du Y, Zhang Y, Li P, Liu X, Zhang X. Comprehensive evaluation of the safety and immunogenicity of a gene-deleted variant pseudorabies virus attenuated vaccine. Vet Res (2022) 53:73.
    doi: 10.1186/s13567-022-01091-4pmc: PMC9502647pubmed: 36138470google scholar: lookup
  12. Von Einem J, Wellington J, Whalley JM, Osterrieder K, O’Callaghan DJ, Osterrieder N. The Truncated Form of Glycoprotein gp2 of Equine Herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) Vaccine Strain KyA Is Not Functionally Equivalent to Full-Length gp2 Encoded by EHV-1 Wild-Type Strain RacL11. J Virol (2004) 78:3003–13.
    doi: 10.1128/jvi.78.6.3003-3013.2004pmc: PMC353745pubmed: 14990719google scholar: lookup
  13. Learmonth GS, Love DN, Wellington JE, Gilkerson JR, Whalley JM. The C-terminal regions of the envelope glycoprotein gp2 of equine herpesviruses 1 and 4 are antigenically distinct. Arch Virol (2002) 147(3):607–15.
    doi: 10.1007/s007050200010pubmed: 11958459google scholar: lookup
  14. Huang J, Hartley CA, Ficorilli NP, Crabb BS, Studdert MJ. Glycoprotein G deletion mutants of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV1; equine abortion virus) and EHV4 (equine rhinopneumonitis virus). Arch Virol (2005) 150:2583–92.
    doi: 10.1007/s00705-005-0607-9pubmed: 16052277google scholar: lookup
  15. Marshall KR, Sun Y, Brown SM, Field HJ. An equine herpesvirus-1 gene 71 deletant is attenuated and elicits a protective immune response in mice. Virology (1997) 231:20–7.
    doi: 10.1006/viro.1997.8483pubmed: 9143298google scholar: lookup
  16. Hu Y, Jia Q, Liu J, Sun W, Bao Z, Che C, et al. Molecular characteristics and pathogenicity of an equid alphaherpesvirus 1 strain isolated in China. Virus Genes. (2022) 58:284–93. doi:  10.1007/s11262-022-01910-y
    doi: 10.1007/s11262-022-01910-ypubmed: 35567668google scholar: lookup
  17. Carvalho RF, Spilki FR, Cunha EM, Stocco RC, Arns CW. Molecular data of UL24 homolog gene (ORF37) from Brazilian isolates of equine herpesvirus type 1. Res veterinary Sci. (2012) 93:494–507. doi:  10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.05.019
    doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.05.019pubmed: 21684566google scholar: lookup
  18. Kasem S, Yu MH, Yamada S, Kodaira A, Matsumura T, Tsujimura K, et al. The ORF37 (UL24) is a neuropathogenicity determinant of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) in the mouse encephalitis model. Virology. (2010) 400:259–70. doi:  10.1016/j.virol.2010.02.012
    doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.02.012pubmed: 20199788google scholar: lookup
  19. Slater JD, Gibson JS, Field HJ. Pathogenicity of a thymidine kinase-deficient mutant of equine herpesvirus 1 in mice and specific pathogen-free foals. J Gen Virol. (1993) 74:819–28. doi:  10.1099/0022-1317-74-5-819
    doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-74-5-819pubmed: 8388018google scholar: lookup
  20. nAzab W, Tsujimura K, Kato K, Arii J, Morimoto T, Kawaguchi Y, et al. Characterization of a thymidine kinase-deficient mutant of equine herpesvirus 4 and susceptibility of the virus to antiviral agents. Antiviral Res. (2010) 85:389–95. doi:  10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.11.007n
    doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.11.007pubmed: 19931566google scholar: lookup
  21. Tsujimura K, Yamanaka T, Kondo T, Fukushi H, Matsumura T. Pathogenicity and immunogenicity of equine herpesvirus type 1 mutants defective in either gI or gE gene in murine and hamster models. J Vet Med Sci. (2006) 68:1029–38. doi:  10.1292/jvms.68.1029
    doi: 10.1292/jvms.68.1029pubmed: 17085880google scholar: lookup
  22. Damiani AM, Matsumura T, Yokoyama N, Maeda K, Miyazawa T, Kai C, et al. Nucleotide sequences of glycoprotein I and E genes of equine herpesvirus type 4. J Vet Med Sci. (1998) 60:219–25. doi:  10.1292/jvms.60.219
    doi: 10.1292/jvms.60.219pubmed: 9524947google scholar: lookup
  23. nFu PF, Cheng X, Su BQ, Duan LF, Wang CR, Niu XR, et al. CRISPR/Cas9-based generation of a recombinant double-reporter pseudorabies virus and its characterization and n. Vet Res. (2021) 52:95. doi:  10.1186/s13567-021-00964-4nn
    doi: 10.1186/s13567-021-00964-4pmc: PMC8233574pubmed: 34174954google scholar: lookup
  24. Chen T, Duan X, Hu H, Shang Y, Hu Y, Deng F, et al. Systematic analysis of 42 autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus genes identifies an additional six genes involved in the production of infectious budded virus. Virol Sin. (2021) 36:762–73. doi:  10.1007/s12250-021-00355-1
    doi: 10.1007/s12250-021-00355-1pmc: PMC8379328pubmed: 33683665google scholar: lookup
  25. Hu RM, Zhou Q, Song WB, Sun EC, Zhang MM, He QG, et al. Novel pseudorabies virus variant with defects in TK, gE and gI protects growing pigs against lethal challenge. Vaccine. (2015) 33:5733–40. doi:  10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.066
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.066pubmed: 26428456google scholar: lookup
  26. Cardif RD, Miller CH, Munn RJ. Manual hematoxylin and eosin staining of mouse tissue sections. Cold Spring Harb Protoc. (2014) 2014:655–8. doi:  10.1101/pdb.prot073411
    doi: 10.1101/pdb.prot073411pubmed: 24890205google scholar: lookup
  27. Gibson-Corley KN, Olivier AK, Meyerholz DK. Principles for valid histopathologic scoring in research. Vet Pathol. (2013) 50:1007–15. doi:  10.1177/0300985813485099
    doi: 10.1177/0300985813485099pmc: PMC3795863pubmed: 23558974google scholar: lookup
  28. Bannai H, Takahashi Y, Ohmura H, Ebisuda Y, Mukai K, Kam bayashi Y, et al. Decreased virus-neutralizing antibodies against equine herpesvirus type 1 In nasal secretions of horses after 12-hour transportation. J Equine Vet Sci. (2021) 103:103665. doi:  10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103665
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103665pubmed: 34281635google scholar: lookup
  29. Azab W, Bedair S, Abdelgawad A, Eschke K, Farag GK, Abdel Raheim A, et al. Detection of equid herpesviruses among diferent Arabian horse populations in Egypt. Vet Med Sci. (2019) 5:361–71. doi:  10.1002/vms3.176
    doi: 10.1002/vms3.176pmc: PMC7155215pubmed: 31149784google scholar: lookup
  30. Lee DB, Kim H, Jeong JH, Jang US, Jang Y, Roh S, et al. Mosaic RBD nanoparticles induce intergenus cross-reactive antibodies and protect against SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. (2023) 120:e2208425120. doi:  10.1073/pnas.2208425120
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.2208425120pmc: PMC9942827pubmed: 36669119google scholar: lookup
  31. Ning Y, Huang Y, Wang M, Cheng A, Jia R, Liu M, et al. Evaluation of the safety and immunogenicity of duck-plague virus gE mutants. Front Immunol. (2022) 13:882796. doi:  10.3389/fimmu.2022.882796
    doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.882796pmc: PMC9067127pubmed: 35515004google scholar: lookup
  32. Dimock WW, Edwards PR. Is there a filterable virus of abortion in mares? Bull Kentucky Agric Experiment Station. (1933) 333:297–301.
  33. Hannant D, Jessett DM, O’Neill T, Dolby CA, Cook RF, Mumford JA. Responses of ponies to equid herpesvirus-1 ISCOM vaccination and challenge with virus of the homologous strain. Res Vet Sci. (1993) 54:299–305. doi:  10.1016/0034-5288(93)90126-Z
    doi: 10.1016/0034-5288(93)90126-Zpubmed: 8393207google scholar: lookup
  34. Stasi D, Wagner B, Barnum S, Pusterla N. Comparison of antibody and antigen response to intranasal and intramuscular EHV-1 modified-live vaccination in healthy adult horses. J Equine Vet Sci. (2024) 133:104992. doi:  10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104992
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104992pubmed: 38160702google scholar: lookup
  35. Kydd JH, Hannant D, Robinson RS, Bryant N, Osterrieder N. Vaccination of foals with a modified live, equid herpesvirus-1 gM deletion mutant (RacHΔgM) confers partial protection against infection. Vaccine. (2020) 38:388–98. doi:  10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.09.106
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.09.106pubmed: 31629571google scholar: lookup
  36. Balena V, Pradhan SS, Bera BC, Anand T, Sansanwal R, Khetmalis R, et al. Double and quadruple deletion mutant of EHV-1 is highly attenuated and induces optimal immune response. Vaccine. (2023) 41:1081–93. doi:  10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.12.044
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.12.044pubmed: 36604218google scholar: lookup
  37. Tsujimura K, Shiose T, Yamanaka T, Nemoto M, Kondo T, Matsumura T. Equine herpesvirus type 1 mutant defective in glycoprotein E gene as candidate vaccine strain. J Vet Med Sci. (2009) 71:1439–48. doi:  10.1292/jvms.001439
    doi: 10.1292/jvms.001439pubmed: 19959893google scholar: lookup
  38. Mesquita LP, Arévalo AF, Zanatto DA, Miyashiro SI, Cunha EMS, De Souza MDCC, et al. Equine herpesvirus type 1 induces both neurological and respiratory disease in Syrian hamsters. Vet Microbiol. (2017) 203:117–24. doi:  10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.03.007
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.03.007pubmed: 28619133google scholar: lookup
  39. Saleh AG, El-Habashi N, Abd-Ellatieff HA, Abas OM, Anwar S, Fukushi H, et al. Comparative study of the pathogenesis of rhinopneumonitis induced by intranasal inoculation of hamsters with equine herpesvirus-9, equine herpesvirus-1 strain ab4p and zebra-borne equine herpesvirus-1. J Comp Pathol. (2020) 180:35–45. doi:  10.1016/j.jcpa.2020.08.002
    doi: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2020.08.002pubmed: 33222872google scholar: lookup
  40. El-Habashi N, El-Nahass ES, Abd-Ellatieff H, Saleh A, Abas O, Tsuchiya Y, et al. Lesions and distribution of viral antigen in the brain of hamsters infected with equine herpesvirus (EHV)-9, EHV-1 strain ab4p, and zebra-borne EHV-1. Vet Pathol. (2019) 56:691–702. doi:  10.1177/0300985818825129
    doi: 10.1177/0300985818825129pubmed: 30686182google scholar: lookup
  41. Badr Y, Okada A, Abo-Sakaya R, Beshir E, Ohya K, Fukushi H. Equine herpesvirus type 1 ORF51 encoding UL11 as an essential gene for replication in cultured cells. Arch Virol. (2018) 163:599–607. doi:  10.1007/s00705-017-3650-4
    doi: 10.1007/s00705-017-3650-4pubmed: 29149435google scholar: lookup
  42. Laval K, Favoreel HW, Nauwynck HJ. Equine herpesvirus type 1 replication is delayed in CD172a+ monocytic cells and controlled by histone deacetylases. J Gen Virol. (2015) 96:118–30. doi:  10.1099/vir.0.067363-0
    doi: 10.1099/vir.0.067363-0pubmed: 25239765google scholar: lookup
  43. Azab W, Zajic L, Osterrieder N. The role of glycoprotein H of equine herpesviruses 1 and 4 (EHV-1 and EHV-4) in cellular host range and integrin binding. Vet Res. (2012) 43:61. doi:  10.1186/1297-9716-43-61
    doi: 10.1186/1297-9716-43-61pmc: PMC3522555pubmed: 22909178google scholar: lookup
  44. Kreutzfeldt N, Chambers TM, Reedy S, Spann KM, Pusterla N. Effect of dexamethasone on antibody response of horses to vaccination with a combined equine influenza virus and equine herpesvirus-1 vaccine. J Vet Intern Med. (2024) 38:424–30. doi:  10.1111/jvim.16978
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16978pmc: PMC10800231pubmed: 38141173google scholar: lookup
  45. Bannai H, Kambayashi Y, Nemoto M, Ohta M, Tsujimura K. Experimental challenge of horses after prime-boost immunization with a modified live equid alphaherpesvirus 1 vaccine administered by two different routes. Arch Virol. (2023) 168:27. doi:  10.1007/s00705-022-05638-w
    doi: 10.1007/s00705-022-05638-wpubmed: 36596958google scholar: lookup
  46. Ruan P, Wang M, Cheng A, Zhao X, Yang Q, Wu Y, et al. Mechanism of herpesvirus UL24 protein regulating viral immune escape and virulence. Front Microbiol. (2023) 14:1268429. doi:  10.3389/fmicb.2023.1268429
    doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1268429pmc: PMC10559885pubmed: 37808279google scholar: lookup
  47. Liu Y, Xie Z, Li Y, Song Y, Di D, Liu J, et al. Evaluation of an I177L gene-based five-gene-deleted African swine fever virus as a live attenuated vaccine in pigs. Emerg Microbes Infect. (2023) 12:2148560. doi:  10.1080/22221751.2022.2148560
    doi: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2148560pmc: PMC9769145pubmed: 36378022google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 2 times.
  1. Kutumbetov L, Myrzakhmetova B, Tussipova A, Zhapparova G, Tlenchiyeva T, Bissenbayeva K, Nurabayev S, Kerimbayev A. Development and Preclinical Evaluation of a Lyophilized Vaccine Against Equine Herpesvirus Type 4 (EHV-4). Vaccines (Basel) 2025 May 31;13(6).
    doi: 10.3390/vaccines13060604pubmed: 40573935google scholar: lookup
  2. Hu Y, Zhang SY, Sun WC, Feng YR, Gong HR, Ran DL, Zhang BZ, Liu JH. Breaking Latent Infection: How ORF37/38-Deletion Mutants Offer New Hope against EHV-1 Neuropathogenicity. Viruses 2024 Sep 16;16(9).
    doi: 10.3390/v16091472pubmed: 39339948google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 100,280 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.