Diagnosis of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus infection in horses by immunoglobulin M and G capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Abstract: Immunoglobulin M (IgM) and G (IgG) capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were used as possible adjuncts to hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and virus neutralization (VN) tests to differentiate between reaction to recent exposure to eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) virus and those due to prior vaccination. Serum samples were evaluated by the IgM-capture ELISA, and the results were compared with those of HI and VN tests. Of 381 serum samples, 51% (195 samples) were positive by HI test (> or = 1:40) and 54% (205 samples) were positive by VN test (> or = 1:10), but only 35% (132 samples) were positive by IgM-capture ELISA (> or = 1:100). With only a few exceptions, the sera with IgG ELISA titers had a VN titer of > or = 1:100. When EEE virus isolation and serology were compared, the EEE cases were divided into three categories: 1) peracute cases--the serum was negative for EEE IgM and IgG by the ELISA, negative for VN antibody, but HI antibody positive; 2) acute cases--IgM and HI antibody positive but negative for IgG and VN antibody; and 3) transitional cases--positive for IgM and IgG antibodies, HI titers of 1:40-1:160, and VN titers of > or = 1:100. IgM antibodies of EEE virus were monospecific and did not cross-react with western or Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis viral antigens by the ELISA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Publication Date: 1994-01-01 PubMed ID: 8011779DOI: 10.1177/104063879400600107Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Comparative Study
- Journal Article
- Antibodies
- Clinical Study
- Diagnosis
- Diagnostic Technique
- Disease Diagnosis
- Disease Etiology
- Encephalomyelitis
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
- Epidemiology
- Equine Health
- Horses
- Immunoglobulin G
- Immunoglobulin M
- Immunology
- Infection
- Infectious Disease
- Laboratory Methods
- Serology
- Veterinary Medicine
- Virology
- Virus
Summary
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This study investigates the use of Immunoglobulin M (IgM) and G (IgG) capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) to diagnose eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) virus in horses and differentiate it from reactions due to earlier vaccinations.
Research Methods and Results
- Two types of ELISAs were used as supporting tests to the existing hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and virus neutralization (VN) procedures to facilitate the distinction between the immune responses to a recent exposure to the EEE virus and those arising from earlier vaccinations.
- The researchers evaluated serum samples using the IgM-capture ELISA and compared the resulting data with those of the HI and VN tests.
- Out of the 381 samples screened, it was found that 51% (195 samples) tested positive under the HI test (HI titer ≥ 1:40) and 54% (205 samples) under the VN test (VN titer ≥ 1:10), however, only 35% (132 samples) tested positive under the IgM-capture ELISA (IgM ELISA titer ≥ 1:100).
- Most sera with IgG ELISA titers had an associated VN titer of ≥ 1:100.
EEE Virus Isolation and Serology Comparison
- Three categories of EEE cases were established after the comparison between the EEE virus isolation and serology: peracute cases, acute cases, and transitional cases.
- Peracute cases were identified where the serum was found to be negative for EEE IgM and IgG with the ELISA, no VN antibodies were found, but HI antibodies were present.
- Acute cases were determined where the serum had IgM and HI antibodies but was negative for IgG and VN antibodies.
- Transitional cases involved IgM and IgG antibodies, HI titers of 1:40-1:160, and VN titers of ≥ 1:100.
Specificity of IgM Antibodies
- The study also found that the IgM antibodies of the EEE virus were monospecific and displayed no cross-reactivity with those from other equine encephalomyelitis viral antigens, including western and Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis, using the ELISA.
Conclusion
- In conclusion, the IgM and IgG-capture ELISAs could be utilized to effectively diagnose the EEE virus infection in horses, offering a means of distinguishing actual infection from immunological responses due to previous vaccinations.
Cite This Article
APA
Sahu SP, Alstad AD, Pedersen DD, Pearson JE.
(1994).
Diagnosis of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus infection in horses by immunoglobulin M and G capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
J Vet Diagn Invest, 6(1), 34-38.
https://doi.org/10.1177/104063879400600107 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, IA 50010.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral / blood
- Antigens, Viral / immunology
- Brain / microbiology
- Cross Reactions
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Encephalitis Virus, Eastern Equine / immunology
- Encephalitis Virus, Eastern Equine / isolation & purification
- Encephalomyelitis, Equine / diagnosis
- Encephalomyelitis, Equine / immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Equine / veterinary
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / methods
- Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests / methods
- Horse Diseases
- Horses
- Immunoglobulin G / blood
- Immunoglobulin M / blood
- Neutralization Tests / methods
- Viral Vaccines
Citations
This article has been cited 4 times.- Navien TN, Yeoh TS, Anna A, Tang TH, Citartan M. Aptamers isolated against mosquito-borne pathogens. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021 Jul 9;37(8):131.
- Zacks MA, Paessler S. Encephalitic alphaviruses. Vet Microbiol 2010 Jan 27;140(3-4):281-6.
- Patnaik JL, Juliusson L, Vogt RL. Environmental predictors of human West Nile virus infections, Colorado. Emerg Infect Dis 2007 Nov;13(11):1788-90.
- Ostlund EN, Crom RL, Pedersen DD, Johnson DJ, Williams WO, Schmitt BJ. Equine West Nile encephalitis, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2001 Jul-Aug;7(4):665-9.
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