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Acta veterinaria Scandinavica2024; 66(1); 45; doi: 10.1186/s13028-024-00766-6

Diagnostic utility of acute phase proteins and their ability to guide antibiotic usage in pigs, horses, and cattle: a mapping review.

Abstract: To mitigate the use of antibiotics for many of the multifactorial diseases seen in pigs, horses and cattle, new diagnostic tools are needed. Acute phase protein (APP) measurements can, in humans, be used to guide antibiotic treatment initiation, evaluate treatment efficacy, and make a prognosis. The aim of this review is to collect evidence on the clinical functionality of APP measurements as a tool to guide antibiotic treatment in pigs, horses, and cattle. Literature was retrieved using Medline, CAB Abstracts and Google Scholar. The acute phase response has been investigated for a plethora of diseases and clinical signs and the major acute phase proteins are elevated in diseased compared to healthy animals. Few studies correlated acute phase response with aetiology, antibiotic treatment efficacy, prognosis, or severity of disease. The existing research does not support that APP can be used to guide antibiotic treatment, but the reported studies indicate that C-reactive protein (CRP) might be able to differentiate between bacterial and non-bacterial causes of disease in pigs. Serum amyloid A (SAA) might reflect underlying aetiology in horses and infectious or non-infectious cases of mastitis in cows.
© 2024. The Author(s).
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Publication Date: 2024-09-05 PubMed ID: 39237955PubMed Central: PMC11378633DOI: 10.1186/s13028-024-00766-6Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research paper focuses on assessing the usefulness of Acute Phase Proteins (APPs) as a tool to guide antibiotic treatment in pigs, horses, and cattle, but concludes that currently there is insufficient evidence to support this application.

Acute Phase Proteins and Antibiotic Treatment

The main research objective was to understand if Acute Phase Proteins (APPs) could be used as diagnostic tools for directing antibiotic usage in livestock animals – specifically, pigs, horses, and cattle. APPs are proteins whose plasma concentrations increase (positive APPs) or decrease (negative APPs) in response to inflammation. In human medicine, these proteins are sometimes used to guide the need for, and effectiveness of, antibiotic treatments.

  • The study conducted a mapping review, drawing upon a variety of literature sources like Medline, CAB Abstracts and Google Scholar.
  • According to the available research, major acute phase proteins are elevated in diseased animals when compared to healthy ones, indicating that they could potentially be useful biomarkers for disease.

Findings of the Review

Despite the promising initial premise, the review findings suggested that the evidence currently available does not strongly support the use of APPs to guide antibiotic treatment in the studied animals.

  • There were only a few studies that correlated the acute phase response with factors like disease cause, the effectiveness of antibiotic treatment, disease prognosis, or disease severity. Such correlations would potentially allow for more accurate and timely diagnosis and treatment decisions.
  • The studies show that C-reactive protein (CRP), a type of APP, may be useful in distinguishing between bacterial and non-bacterial causes of disease in pigs. This could provide some guidance for when antibiotic treatment is appropriate (namely, for bacterial infections).
  • Serum Amyloid A (SAA), another APP, may potentially indicate the underlying cause of disease in horses and whether mastitis (a udder tissue inflammation) in cows is due to infectious or non-infectious causes.

Conclusion & Implications

While the study sought to identify ways to help mitigate overuse of antibiotics in livestock animals, the available research did not firmly support the use of APPs towards this goal. However, it identified some promising areas where APPs might be useful, such as differentiating between bacterial and non-bacterial disease causes in pigs, and identifying the nature of disease causes in horses and cows. Further research is needed in this area to allow for more definitive conclusions and practical applications.

Cite This Article

APA
Jakobsen N, Weber NR, Larsen I, Pedersen KS. (2024). Diagnostic utility of acute phase proteins and their ability to guide antibiotic usage in pigs, horses, and cattle: a mapping review. Acta Vet Scand, 66(1), 45. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13028-024-00766-6

Publication

Acta veterinaria Scandinavica
ISSN: 1751-0147
NlmUniqueID: 0370400
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 66
Issue: 1
Pages: 45

Researcher Affiliations

Jakobsen, Nadia
  • Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark. najak@sund.ku.dk.
Weber, Nicolai Rosager
  • Danish Agriculture & Food Council F.M.B.A, Axeltorv 3, 1609, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Larsen, Inge
  • Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
Pedersen, Ken Steen
  • Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
  • Ø-Vet A/S, Køberupvej 33, 4700, Næstved, Denmark.

MeSH Terms

  • Acute-Phase Proteins / analysis
  • Acute-Phase Proteins / metabolism
  • Swine
  • Horses
  • Cattle
  • Anti-Bacterial Agents / therapeutic use
  • Acute-Phase Reaction / blood
  • Acute-Phase Reaction / metabolism
  • Acute-Phase Reaction / veterinary
  • Communicable Diseases / diagnosis
  • Communicable Diseases / drug therapy
  • Communicable Diseases / veterinary
  • Animals

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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