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Home / Equine Research Bank / Microorganisms / Dietary Proline Supplementation Promotes Growth and Developm...
Microorganisms2025; 13(11); 2598; doi: 10.3390/microorganisms13112598

Dietary Proline Supplementation Promotes Growth and Development in Weaned Foals by Modulating Gut Microbial Amino Acid Metabolism.

Abstract: This study investigated the effects of varying proline supplementation doses in weaned foals. Twenty-eight weaned foals (approximately 5 months of age; body weight: 54.45 ± 11.33 kg; with an equal number of males and females) were randomly assigned to one of four groups-a control group, a low-dose group (20 mg/kg·d), a medium-dose group (40 mg/kg·d), and a high-dose group (60 mg/kg·d)- receiving continuous supplementation for 60 days. Blood samples were collected periodically for the analysis of hormones, antioxidants, immune parameters, and plasma amino acids. Concurrently, fecal 16S rRNA sequencing was performed to assess the microbial community composition. We observed a significant time-dependent interaction between medium-to-high proline supplementation and time. Proline supplementation resulted in dose-dependent increases in foal body weight ( = 0.002), hormone levels ( < 7.49 × 10), antioxidant capacity ( < 1.56 × 10), immune function ( < 0.005), and key blood biochemical parameters ( < 0.019). Concurrently, supplementation with medium and high doses of proline significantly reduced the plasma concentrations of amino acids such as proline and arginine ( < 0.05). The medium dose achieved the optimal balance between promoting growth and maintaining high nitrogen utilization efficiency. At the microbial level, medium-dose proline significantly enhanced fecal microbial diversity, particularly enriching characteristic taxa like g_Christensenellaceae_R-7_group. Furthermore, functional inference from PICRUSt2 revealed that medium-dose proline supplementation was associated with a higher microbial potential for amino acid degradation and metabolism, in line with the decreasing plasma concentrations of the corresponding amino acids. This research enhances our understanding of the "host-microbiota interaction" mechanism in weaned foals and provides important theoretical support for mitigating weaning stress and optimizing nutritional strategies.
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Publication Date: 2025-11-14 PubMed ID: 41304282PubMed Central: PMC12654596DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms13112598Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • The study examined how different doses of dietary proline affect growth and development in weaned foals by influencing gut microbial amino acid metabolism.
  • It found that medium to high proline supplementation improved growth, hormone levels, antioxidant capacity, immune function, and altered gut microbiota composition and function, with medium dose offering the best balance.

Study Design and Subjects

  • Subjects: 28 weaned foals around 5 months old, weighing approximately 54.45 ± 11.33 kg, balanced for sex (equal males and females).
  • Groups: Foals were randomly divided into four groups:
    • Control group (no supplementation)
    • Low-dose proline group (20 mg/kg/day)
    • Medium-dose proline group (40 mg/kg/day)
    • High-dose proline group (60 mg/kg/day)
  • Duration: All groups were supplemented continuously for 60 days.

Measurements and Data Collection

  • Blood Sampling: Periodic collection for analysis of:
    • Hormone levels related to growth and development
    • Antioxidant status indicating oxidative stress levels
    • Immune parameters showing immune function status
    • Plasma amino acid concentrations, particularly proline and arginine
    • Other key blood biochemical markers
  • Microbiome Analysis:
    • Fecal samples analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing to determine composition of gut microbial communities.
    • Microbial diversity and abundance of specific taxa assessed.
    • Functional prediction using PICRUSt2 to infer microbial metabolic potential, especially amino acid degradation pathways.

Key Findings

  • Growth and Development:
    • Proline supplementation caused dose-dependent increases in body weight with significant improvement in the medium and high dose groups.
    • Hormonal levels promoting growth increased significantly with medium to high doses of proline.
    • Antioxidant capacity improved markedly, suggesting better oxidative stress management.
    • Immune function parameters were enhanced, boosting overall health status.
    • Important blood biochemical values showed improvement, supporting systemic health.
  • Plasma Amino Acid Changes:
    • Medium and high dose proline supplementation unexpectedly reduced plasma proline and arginine concentrations, indicating enhanced utilization or metabolism.
    • The medium dose group showed optimal nitrogen use efficiency, achieving good growth with lower plasma amino acid levels.
  • Gut Microbiome Modulation:
    • Medium-dose proline significantly increased microbial diversity in feces, which is generally beneficial for gut health.
    • There was an enrichment of specific gut bacteria taxa, including the Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, known for beneficial roles.
    • Functional predictions suggested an increased microbial capacity for amino acid degradation and metabolism, aligning with reduced plasma amino acid levels.

Significance and Implications

  • The study provides insight into how dietary proline supplementation can reduce the stress and growth setbacks commonly experienced by foals after weaning.
  • It highlights the connection between nutritional supplementation, host metabolism, and the gut microbiome—illustrating how proline alters microbial amino acid metabolism thereby benefiting host growth and health.
  • Findings support using medium-dose proline supplementation as an optimal nutritional strategy to improve nitrogen utilization efficiency and promote healthier development in young foals.
  • This research contributes to broader understanding of host-microbiota interactions and offers theoretical foundations for improving weaning protocols and foal management practices.

Cite This Article

APA
Meng C, Wang J, Zeng Y, Yao X, Meng J. (2025). Dietary Proline Supplementation Promotes Growth and Development in Weaned Foals by Modulating Gut Microbial Amino Acid Metabolism. Microorganisms, 13(11), 2598. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13112598

Publication

Microorganisms
ISSN: 2076-2607
NlmUniqueID: 101625893
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 13
Issue: 11
PII: 2598

Researcher Affiliations

Meng, Chen
  • College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China.
Wang, Jianwen
  • College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China.
  • Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Equine Breeding and Exercise Physiology, Urumqi 830052, China.
Zeng, Yaqi
  • College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China.
  • Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Equine Breeding and Exercise Physiology, Urumqi 830052, China.
Yao, Xinkui
  • College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China.
  • Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Equine Breeding and Exercise Physiology, Urumqi 830052, China.
Meng, Jun
  • College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China.
  • Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Equine Breeding and Exercise Physiology, Urumqi 830052, China.

Grant Funding

  • 2022A02013-1 / Major Science and Technology Project of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
  • 2024B02013-2 / Construction of equine milk probiotic library and R&D and demonstration of functional equine milk products
  • ZYYD2025JD02 / Central government guides local science and technology development funds project: research on the mechanisms of horse breeding and exercise performance regulation

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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