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Journal of virology2016; 91(1); e01711-16; doi: 10.1128/JVI.01711-16

Differential Infection Patterns and Recent Evolutionary Origins of Equine Hepaciviruses in Donkeys.

Abstract: The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major human pathogen. Genetically related viruses in animals suggest a zoonotic origin of HCV. The closest relative of HCV is found in horses (termed equine hepacivirus [EqHV]). However, low EqHV genetic diversity implies relatively recent acquisition of EqHV by horses, making a derivation of HCV from EqHV unlikely. To unravel the EqHV evolutionary history within equid sister species, we analyzed 829 donkeys and 53 mules sampled in nine European, Asian, African, and American countries by molecular and serologic tools for EqHV infection. Antibodies were found in 278 animals (31.5%), and viral RNA was found in 3 animals (0.3%), all of which were simultaneously seropositive. A low RNA prevalence in spite of high seroprevalence suggests a predominance of acute infection, a possible difference from the mostly chronic hepacivirus infection pattern seen in horses and humans. Limitation of transmission due to short courses of infection may explain the existence of entirely seronegative groups of animals. Donkey and horse EqHV strains were paraphyletic and 97.5 to 98.2% identical in their translated polyprotein sequences, making virus/host cospeciation unlikely. Evolutionary reconstructions supported host switches of EqHV between horses and donkeys without the involvement of adaptive evolution. Global admixture of donkey and horse hepaciviruses was compatible with anthropogenic alterations of EqHV ecology. In summary, our findings do not support EqHV as the origin of the significantly more diversified HCV. Identification of a host system with predominantly acute hepacivirus infection may enable new insights into the chronic infection pattern associated with HCV. Objective: The evolutionary origins of the human hepatitis C virus (HCV) are unclear. The closest animal-associated relative of HCV occurs in horses (equine hepacivirus [EqHV]). The low EqHV genetic diversity implies a relatively recent acquisition of EqHV by horses, limiting the time span for potential horse-to-human infections in the past. Horses are genetically related to donkeys, and EqHV may have cospeciated with these host species. Here, we investigated a large panel of donkeys from various countries using serologic and molecular tools. We found EqHV to be globally widespread in donkeys and identify potential differences in EqHV infection patterns, with donkeys potentially showing enhanced EqHV clearance compared to horses. We provide strong evidence against EqHV cospeciation and for its capability to switch hosts among equines. Differential hepacivirus infection patterns in horses and donkeys may enable new insights into the chronic infection pattern associated with HCV.
Copyright © 2016 American Society for Microbiology.
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Publication Date: 2016-12-16 PubMed ID: 27795428PubMed Central: PMC5165184DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01711-16Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study investigates the evolutionary history and infection patterns of equine hepaciviruses (EqHV), particularly in donkeys, to gain insights into the origins of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) in humans. The scientists found EqHV to be prevalent in donkeys worldwide, with potential differences in infection patterns. The results, however, refute that EqHV cospeciates with its hosts or acts as a direct source of HCV.

Research Context

  • HCV is a major human pathogen, with genetically related viruses found in animals. The closest relative to HCV is the EqHV, making it possible that HCV has a zoonotic origin.
  • A lack of genetic diversity in EqHV suggests that horses, primary carriers of EqHV, may have acquired it relatively recently. This makes the derivation of HCV from EqHV unlikely, pointing towards the need to understand EqHV’s evolutionary history.
  • Donkeys, closely related to horses, were analyzed in this study as a possibly overlooked reservoir of the virus.
  • The primary goal of the research was to discern if the HCV could have evolved from the EqHV, and to understand the patterns of EqHV infection within the equid population.

Research Methodology

  • In this study, a total of 829 donkeys and 53 mules from across nine countries in Africa, Asia, Europe, and America were analyzed using molecular and serologic examination methods.
  • The scientists looked for the presence of EqHV infection by identifying antibodies (suggesting past infection) and viral RNA (indicating current infection).
  • The study sought to uncover possible differences in the hepacivirus infection pattern seen in horses and humans, which is mostly chronic, as compared to the potential predominance of acute infection in donkeys.

Research Findings

  • Findings showed that antibodies were found in 31.5% of the sampled animals, but viral RNA was found only in 0.3%, all of which were already seropositive, hinting at predominantly past and not persistent infections.
  • The low prevalence of RNA, but high seroprevalence, suggests that infection is largely acute in donkeys, potentially distinguishing them from horses and humans.
  • Donkey and horse EqHV strains were found to be 97.5 to 98.2% identical, making virus/host cospeciation, or parallel evolution of viruses and hosts, unlikely.
  • The study also suggested that EqHV may have migrated between horses and donkeys without undergoing adaptive evolution.
  • The global presence of donkey and horse hepaciviruses may be influenced by human-mediated factors.
  • The significantly lower diversity seen in EqHV compared to HCV suggests that EqHV may not be the origin of HCV-

Significance of the Study

  • The identification of potentially different infection patterns in donkeys, where hepacivirus infection seems to be predominantly acute rather than chronic, could enable new insights into the chronic infection pattern seen with HCV.
  • The study also refutes the co-evolution of EqHV with its host species and dismisses EqHV as the source of the more diversified HCV, which could have implications on related future investigations.

Cite This Article

APA
Walter S, Rasche A, Moreira-Soto A, Pfaender S, Bletsa M, Corman VM, Aguilar-Setien A, García-Lacy F, Hans A, Todt D, Schuler G, Shnaiderman-Torban A, Steinman A, Roncoroni C, Veneziano V, Rusenova N, Sandev N, Rusenov A, Zapryanova D, García-Bocanegra I, Jores J, Carluccio A, Veronesi MC, Cavalleri JMV, Drosten C, Lemey P, Steinmann E, Drexler JF. (2016). Differential Infection Patterns and Recent Evolutionary Origins of Equine Hepaciviruses in Donkeys. J Virol, 91(1), e01711-16. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01711-16

Publication

Journal of virology
ISSN: 1098-5514
NlmUniqueID: 0113724
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 91
Issue: 1
PII: e01711-16

Researcher Affiliations

Walter, Stephanie
  • Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
Rasche, Andrea
  • Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany.
  • German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Bonn-Cologne, Germany.
Moreira-Soto, Andrés
  • Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany.
Pfaender, Stephanie
  • Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
Bletsa, Magda
  • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Corman, Victor Max
  • Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany.
  • German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Bonn-Cologne, Germany.
Aguilar-Setien, Alvaro
  • Medical Immunology Research Unit, National Medical Center Siglo XXL, Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico.
García-Lacy, Fernando
  • Equine Medicine and Surgery Department FMVZ-UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico.
Hans, Aymeric
  • ANSES, Laboratory for Equine Diseases, Goustranville, France.
Todt, Daniel
  • Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
Schuler, Gerhard
  • Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology of Large and Small Animals, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
Shnaiderman-Torban, Anat
  • Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Rehovot, Israel.
Steinman, Amir
  • Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Rehovot, Israel.
Roncoroni, Cristina
  • Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Lazio e Toscana, Rome, Italy.
Veneziano, Vincenzo
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
Rusenova, Nikolina
  • Trakia University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria.
Sandev, Nikolay
  • Trakia University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria.
Rusenov, Anton
  • Trakia University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Diseases, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria.
Zapryanova, Dimitrinka
  • Trakia University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Veterinary Physiology, and Physiological Chemistry, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria.
García-Bocanegra, Ignacio
  • Department of Animal Health, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.
Jores, Joerg
  • International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
  • Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Carluccio, Augusto
  • Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Teramo, Italy.
Veronesi, Maria Cristina
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
Cavalleri, Jessika M V
  • Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
Drosten, Christian
  • Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany.
  • German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Bonn-Cologne, Germany.
Lemey, Philippe
  • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Steinmann, Eike
  • Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research Hannover, Hannover, Germany Eike.Steinmann@twincore.de drexler@virology-bonn.de.
Drexler, Jan Felix
  • Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany Eike.Steinmann@twincore.de drexler@virology-bonn.de.
  • German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Bonn-Cologne, Germany.

MeSH Terms

  • Acute Disease
  • Animals
  • Antibodies, Viral / blood
  • Biological Evolution
  • Equidae
  • Europe / epidemiology
  • Genetic Variation
  • Genome, Viral
  • Hepacivirus / classification
  • Hepacivirus / genetics
  • Hepacivirus / immunology
  • Hepatitis C / epidemiology
  • Hepatitis C / transmission
  • Hepatitis C / veterinary
  • Hepatitis C / virology
  • Horses
  • Host Specificity
  • Humans
  • Israel / epidemiology
  • Kenya / epidemiology
  • Latin America / epidemiology
  • Phylogeny
  • Sequence Analysis, DNA
  • Seroepidemiologic Studies

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