FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Cornell Vet / Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO): a review.
The Cornell veterinarian1986; 76(1); 61-90;

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO): a review.

Abstract: Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is a very simple compound that has stimulated much controversy in the scientific and popular literature. Fig. 1 It is an aprotic solvent. Therapeutic and toxic agents that are not soluble in water are often soluble in DMSO. DMSO has a very strong affinity for water; on exposure to air, pure DMSO is rapidly diluted. DMSO's physiologic and pharmacologic properties and effects are incompletely understood. Properties that are considered to be particularly important to its therapeutic and toxic effects include: its own rapid penetration and enhanced penetration of other substances across biologic membranes; free radical scavenging; effects on coagulation; anticholinesterase activity; and DMSO-induced histamine release by mast cells. DMSO's systemic toxicity is considered to be low. Combinations of DMSO with other toxic agents probably constitute its greatest toxic potential. The scientific literature is reviewed with particular attention to mechanisms underlying DMSO's reported therapeutic and toxic effects. Currently approved, veterinary applications of DMSO are limited. DMSO's potential value in specific, approved and unapproved veterinary applications is discussed.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 1986-01-01 PubMed ID: 3510103
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research paper gives a comprehensive review of Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO), a simple compound with complex effects, often used as a solvent for water-insoluble therapeutic and toxic agents. Its properties, therapeutic and toxic effects, systemic toxicity, and potential uses in veterinary applications are discussed in detail.

Overview of DMSO

  • Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is a straightforward compound that has instigated considerable debate both in scientific and popular circles.
  • It has the unique capability of being an aprotic solvent. In simple terms, it can dissolve therapeutic and toxic agents that are not soluble in water, making it very valuable in various applications.
  • DMSO is well-known for its strong affinity to water and therefore dilutes rapidly when exposed to air.

Understanding the Properties of DMSO

  • The physiological and pharmacological properties and impacts of DMSO are not fully known, contributing to its controversial reputation.
  • Several properties are believed to be key to its potential therapeutic and toxic effects. This includes rapid penetration across biological membranes (thus enhancing the penetration of other substances), free radical scavenging, effects on coagulation, anticholinesterase activity, and its role in releasing histamine by mast cells.

DMSO’s Toxicity and Applications

  • The systemic toxicity, or overall negative impact on the body, of DMSO is generally considered to be low. The most toxic potential arises when DMSO is combined with other toxic agents.
  • The paper discusses at length the potential therapeutic and toxic effects of DMSO, as reported in existing literature, paying special attention to the mechanisms that might underpin these effects.
  • Currently, the approved use of DMSO in veterinary medicine is limited. However, the paper explores the potential value of DMSO in specific approved and unapproved veterinary applications.

Cite This Article

APA
Brayton CF. (1986). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO): a review. Cornell Vet, 76(1), 61-90.

Publication

The Cornell veterinarian
ISSN: 0010-8901
NlmUniqueID: 0074245
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 76
Issue: 1
Pages: 61-90

Researcher Affiliations

Brayton, C F

    MeSH Terms

    • Absorption
    • Administration, Topical / veterinary
    • Analgesia / veterinary
    • Animals
    • Blood Coagulation / drug effects
    • Chemical Phenomena
    • Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
    • Chemistry
    • Cryoprotective Agents
    • Dimethyl Sulfoxide / adverse effects
    • Dimethyl Sulfoxide / metabolism
    • Dimethyl Sulfoxide / pharmacology
    • Dimethyl Sulfoxide / therapeutic use
    • Enzymes / metabolism
    • Eye Diseases / chemically induced
    • Eye Diseases / veterinary
    • Horse Diseases / drug therapy
    • Horses
    • Inflammation / drug therapy
    • Inflammation / veterinary
    • Ischemia / drug therapy
    • Ischemia / veterinary
    • Kidney Diseases / chemically induced
    • Kidney Diseases / veterinary
    • Liver Diseases / veterinary
    • Rabbits
    • Skin Diseases / chemically induced
    • Skin Diseases / veterinary
    • United States
    • United States Food and Drug Administration
    • Wounds and Injuries / drug therapy
    • Wounds and Injuries / veterinary

    Citations

    This article has been cited 60 times.
    1. Calik MW, Carley DW. DMSO potentiates the suppressive effect of dronabinol on sleep apnea and REM sleep in rats.. J Cannabis Res 2023 Jul 28;5(1):30.
      doi: 10.1186/s42238-023-00199-4pubmed: 37507813google scholar: lookup
    2. Borkens Y. Black Salve (or escharotics). A picture about an unorthodox medical preparation in oncology.. Skin Health Dis 2023 Jun;3(3):e241.
      doi: 10.1002/ski2.241pubmed: 37275421google scholar: lookup
    3. Corrêa RLGQ, de Moraes MMF, de Oliveira KT, Aoto YA, Coutinho-Neto MD, Homem-de-Mello P. Diving into the optoelectronic properties of Cu(II) and Zn(II) curcumin complexes: a DFT and wavefunction benchmark.. J Mol Model 2023 Apr 29;29(5):166.
      doi: 10.1007/s00894-023-05560-1pubmed: 37118617google scholar: lookup
    4. Hoang BX, Han BO, Fang WH, Tran HD, Hoang C, Shaw DG, Nguyen TQ. The Rationality of Implementation of Dimethyl Sulfoxide as Differentiation-inducing Agent in Cancer Therapy.. Cancer Diagn Progn 2023 Jan-Feb;3(1):1-8.
      doi: 10.21873/cdp.10172pubmed: 36632588google scholar: lookup
    5. Ruwoldt J, Tanase-Opedal M, Syverud K. Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry of Lignin Revisited: Exploring Solvents with Low Harmfulness, Lignin Purity, Hansen Solubility Parameter, and Determination of Phenolic Hydroxyl Groups.. ACS Omega 2022 Dec 20;7(50):46371-46383.
      doi: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04982pubmed: 36570215google scholar: lookup
    6. Chen C, Ji H, Jiang N, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Zhu Z, Hu Y, Wang Y, Li A, Guo A. Thrombin increases the expression of cholesterol 25-hydroxylase in rat astrocytes after spinal cord injury.. Neural Regen Res 2023 Jun;18(6):1339-1346.
      doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.357905pubmed: 36453421google scholar: lookup
    7. Silverstein ML, McLean P, Crowley JS, Gosman AA. Topical Dimethyl Sulfoxide for Congested Nipple-areolar Complexes in Breast Surgery: A Pilot Study.. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2022 Oct;10(10):e4595.
      doi: 10.1097/GOX.0000000000004595pubmed: 36320619google scholar: lookup
    8. Tjaden A, Giessmann RT, Knapp S, Schröder M, Müller S. High-content live-cell multiplex screen for chemogenomic compound annotation based on nuclear morphology.. STAR Protoc 2022 Dec 16;3(4):101791.
      doi: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101791pubmed: 36317177google scholar: lookup
    9. Lu H, Tong Z, Peng L, Wang Z, Yin SF, Kambe N, Qiu R. Recent Advances in the Use of Dimethyl Sulfoxide as a Synthon in Organic Chemistry.. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2022 Oct 28;380(6):55.
      doi: 10.1007/s41061-022-00411-8pubmed: 36306032google scholar: lookup
    10. Hawley LE, Prochaska F, Stringer M, Goodlett CR, Roper RJ. Sexually dimorphic DYRK1A overexpression on postnatal day 15 in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome: Effects of pharmacological targeting on behavioral phenotypes.. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022 Jun;217:173404.
      doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173404pubmed: 35576991google scholar: lookup
    11. Kang SK, Lee MJ, Ryu HH, Lee J, Lee MS. Dimethyl Sulfoxide Enhances Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Production During Lytic Replication.. Front Microbiol 2021;12:778525.
      doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.778525pubmed: 34975802google scholar: lookup
    12. Weegh N, Zentrich E, Zechner D, Struve B, Wassermann L, Talbot SR, Kumstel S, Heider M, Vollmar B, Bleich A, Häger C. Voluntary wheel running behaviour as a tool to assess the severity in a mouse pancreatic cancer model.. PLoS One 2021;16(12):e0261662.
      doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261662pubmed: 34941923google scholar: lookup
    13. Sangweni NF, Dludla PV, Chellan N, Mabasa L, Sharma JR, Johnson R. The Implication of Low Dose Dimethyl Sulfoxide on Mitochondrial Function and Oxidative Damage in Cultured Cardiac and Cancer Cells.. Molecules 2021 Dec 1;26(23).
      doi: 10.3390/molecules26237305pubmed: 34885888google scholar: lookup
    14. Zheng X, Gou Y, Jiang Z, Yang A, Yang Z, Qin S. Icaritin-Induced FAM99A Affects GLUT1-Mediated Glycolysis via Regulating the JAK2/STAT3 Pathway in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.. Front Oncol 2021;11:740557.
      doi: 10.3389/fonc.2021.740557pubmed: 34765550google scholar: lookup
    15. Ebeling J, Pieper F, Göbel J, Knispel H, McCarthy M, Goncalves M, Turner M, Merrill AR, Genersch E. Anti-Virulence Strategy against the Honey Bee Pathogenic Bacterium Paenibacillus larvae via Small Molecule Inhibitors of the Bacterial Toxin Plx2A.. Toxins (Basel) 2021 Aug 29;13(9).
      doi: 10.3390/toxins13090607pubmed: 34564612google scholar: lookup
    16. Mahmoud DB, Ismail WM, Moatasim Y, Kutkat O, ElMeshad AN, Ezzat SM, El Deeb KS, El-Fishawy AM, Gomaa MR, Kandeil A, Al-Karmalawy AA, Ali MA, Mostafa A. Delineating a potent antiviral activity of Cuphea ignea extract loaded nano-formulation against SARS-CoV-2: In silico and in vitro studies.. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021 Dec;66:102845.
      doi: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102845pubmed: 34539819google scholar: lookup
    17. Gomes KC, Lima FWB, da Silva Aguiar HQ, de Araújo SS, de Cordova CAS, de Cordova FM. Thiamine deficiency and recovery: impact of recurrent episodes and beneficial effect of treatment with Trolox and dimethyl sulfoxide.. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2021 Nov;394(11):2289-2307.
      doi: 10.1007/s00210-021-02148-5pubmed: 34468817google scholar: lookup
    18. Lee C, Jones TA. Effects of Several Therapeutic Agents on Mammalian Vestibular Function: Meclizine, Diazepam, and JNJ7777120.. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2021 Oct;22(5):527-549.
      doi: 10.1007/s10162-021-00803-5pubmed: 34009490google scholar: lookup
    19. Lee S, Ozkavukcu S, Ku SY. Current and Future Perspectives for Improving Ovarian Tissue Cryopreservation and Transplantation Outcomes for Cancer Patients.. Reprod Sci 2021 Jun;28(6):1746-1758.
      doi: 10.1007/s43032-021-00517-2pubmed: 33791995google scholar: lookup
    20. Carmean CM, Zhao L, Landeche M, Chellan B, Sargis RM. Dimethyl sulfoxide acutely enhances regulated insulin secretion in the MIN6-K8 mouse insulinoma cell line.. Histochem Cell Biol 2021 Jul;156(1):69-73.
      doi: 10.1007/s00418-021-01984-zpubmed: 33743067google scholar: lookup
    21. Miśkiewicz-Bujna J, Miśkiewicz-Migoń I, Panasiuk A, Kubica-Cielińska A, Zielińska M, Waszczuk Ł, Bladowska J, Miś M, Bąbol-Pokora K, Młynarski W, Ociepa T, Kałwak K, Gorczyńska E, Ussowicz M. Severe and fatal toxicity after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in GNE defect-associated thrombocytopenia.. Bone Marrow Transplant 2021 Jul;56(7):1714-1716.
      doi: 10.1038/s41409-021-01235-8pubmed: 33637881google scholar: lookup
    22. Djayet C, Bremond-Gignac D, Touchard J, Secretan PH, Vidal F, Robert MP, Daruich A, Cisternino S, Schlatter J. Formulation and Stability of Ataluren Eye Drop Oily Solution for Aniridia.. Pharmaceutics 2020 Dec 22;13(1).
      doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010007pubmed: 33375041google scholar: lookup
    23. Ort J, Kremer B, Grüßer L, Blaumeiser-Debarry R, Clusmann H, Coburn M, Höllig A, Lindauer U. Failed Neuroprotection of Combined Inhibition of L-Type and ASIC1a Calcium Channels with Nimodipine and Amiloride.. Int J Mol Sci 2020 Nov 24;21(23).
      doi: 10.3390/ijms21238921pubmed: 33255506google scholar: lookup
    24. Sousa MI, Correia B, Branco AF, Rodrigues AS, Ramalho-Santos J. Effects of DMSO on the Pluripotency of Cultured Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells (mESCs).. Stem Cells Int 2020;2020:8835353.
      doi: 10.1155/2020/8835353pubmed: 33123203google scholar: lookup
    25. Lee MR, Kim JE, Park JW, Kang MJ, Choi HJ, Bae SJ, Choi YW, Kim KM, Hong JT, Hwang DY. Fermented mulberry (Morus alba) leaves suppress high fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis through amelioration of the inflammatory response and autophagy pathway.. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020 Sep 18;20(1):283.
      doi: 10.1186/s12906-020-03076-2pubmed: 32948162google scholar: lookup
    26. Sharpe A, Barrios S, Gayer S, Allan-Perkins E, Stein D, Appiah-Madson HJ, Falco R, Distel DL. DESS deconstructed: Is EDTA solely responsible for protection of high molecular weight DNA in this common tissue preservative?. PLoS One 2020;15(8):e0237356.
      doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237356pubmed: 32817618google scholar: lookup
    27. Guo JW, Chien CC, Chen JH. CYP3A Excipient-Based Microemulsion Prolongs the Effect of Magnolol on Ischemia Stroke Rats.. Pharmaceutics 2020 Aug 5;12(8).
      doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12080737pubmed: 32764430google scholar: lookup
    28. Sotelo EDP, Vendruscolo CP, Fülber J, Seidel SRT, Jaramillo FM, Agreste FR, Silva LCLCD, Baccarin RYA. Effects of Joint Lavage with Dimethylsulfoxide on LPS-Induced Synovitis in Horses-Clinical and Laboratorial Aspects.. Vet Sci 2020 Apr 30;7(2).
      doi: 10.3390/vetsci7020057pubmed: 32365982google scholar: lookup
    29. Dvořák Z, Kopp F, Costello CM, Kemp JS, Li H, Vrzalová A, Štěpánková M, Bartoňková I, Jiskrová E, Poulíková K, Vyhlídalová B, Nordstroem LU, Karunaratne CV, Ranhotra HS, Mun KS, Naren AP, Murray IA, Perdew GH, Brtko J, Toporova L, Schön A, Wallace BD, Walton WG, Redinbo MR, Sun K, Beck A, Kortagere S, Neary MC, Chandran A, Vishveshwara S, Cavalluzzi MM, Lentini G, Cui JY, Gu H, March JC, Chatterjee S, Matson A, Wright D, Flannigan KL, Hirota SA, Sartor RB, Mani S. Targeting the pregnane X receptor using microbial metabolite mimicry.. EMBO Mol Med 2020 Apr 7;12(4):e11621.
      doi: 10.15252/emmm.201911621pubmed: 32153125google scholar: lookup
    30. Medeiros RCN, Moraes JO, Rodrigues SDC, Pereira LM, Aguiar HQDS, de Cordova CAS, Yim Júnior A, de Cordova FM. Thiamine Deficiency Modulates p38(MAPK) and Heme Oxygenase-1 in Mouse Brain: Association with Early Tissue and Behavioral Changes.. Neurochem Res 2020 Apr;45(4):940-955.
      doi: 10.1007/s11064-020-02975-7pubmed: 31989470google scholar: lookup
    31. Williams-Spooner MJ, Westbrook RF, Holmes NM. The Conditions under Which Consolidation of Serial-Order Conditioned Fear Requires De Novo Protein Synthesis in the Basolateral Amygdala Complex.. J Neurosci 2019 Sep 11;39(37):7357-7368.
      doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0768-19.2019pubmed: 31341027google scholar: lookup
    32. Deol P, Yang J, Morisseau C, Hammock BD, Sladek FM. Dimethyl Sulfoxide Decreases Levels of Oxylipin Diols in Mouse Liver.. Front Pharmacol 2019;10:580.
      doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00580pubmed: 31191316google scholar: lookup
    33. Allen DC, Carlson TL, Xiong Y, Jin J, Grant KA, Cuzon Carlson VC. A Comparative Study of the Pharmacokinetics of Clozapine N-Oxide and Clozapine N-Oxide Hydrochloride Salt in Rhesus Macaques.. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019 Feb;368(2):199-207.
      doi: 10.1124/jpet.118.252031pubmed: 30523062google scholar: lookup
    34. Mus LM, Denecker G, Speleman F, Roman BI. Vehicle development, pharmacokinetics and toxicity of the anti-invasive agent 4-fluoro-3',4',5'-trimethoxychalcone in rodents.. PLoS One 2018;13(2):e0192548.
      doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192548pubmed: 29470507google scholar: lookup
    35. Whitehead AE, Whitty J, Scott M, Léguillette R. Reversible dysphagia secondary to guttural pouch mycosis in a gelding treated medically with voriconazole and surgically with carotid occlusion and esophagostomy.. Can Vet J 2018 Feb;59(2):165-170.
      pubmed: 29386677
    36. de Abreu Costa L, Henrique Fernandes Ottoni M, Dos Santos MG, Meireles AB, Gomes de Almeida V, de Fátima Pereira W, Alves de Avelar-Freitas B, Eustáquio Alvim Brito-Melo G. Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) Decreases Cell Proliferation and TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-2 Cytokines Production in Cultures of Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes.. Molecules 2017 Nov 10;22(11).
      doi: 10.3390/molecules22111789pubmed: 29125561google scholar: lookup
    37. Calik MW, Carley DW. Effects of Cannabinoid Agonists and Antagonists on Sleep and Breathing in Sprague-Dawley Rats.. Sleep 2017 Sep 1;40(9).
      doi: 10.1093/sleep/zsx112pubmed: 28934522google scholar: lookup
    38. Griffith C, Dayoub AS, Jaranatne T, Alatrash N, Mohamedi A, Abayan K, Breitbach ZS, Armstrong DW, MacDonnell FM. Cellular and cell-free studies of catalytic DNA cleavage by ruthenium polypyridyl complexes containing redox-active intercalating ligands.. Chem Sci 2017 May 1;8(5):3726-3740.
      doi: 10.1039/c6sc04094bpubmed: 28553531google scholar: lookup
    39. Chopra S, Bertrand N, Lim JM, Wang A, Farokhzad OC, Karnik R. Design of Insulin-Loaded Nanoparticles Enabled by Multistep Control of Nanoprecipitation and Zinc Chelation.. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017 Apr 5;9(13):11440-11450.
      doi: 10.1021/acsami.6b16854pubmed: 28323414google scholar: lookup
    40. Butawan M, Benjamin RL, Bloomer RJ. Methylsulfonylmethane: Applications and Safety of a Novel Dietary Supplement.. Nutrients 2017 Mar 16;9(3).
      doi: 10.3390/n逰290pubmed: 28300758google scholar: lookup
    41. Ebrahimi-Chaharom ME, Abed-Kahnamoui M, Bahari M, Hamishehkar H, Gharouni M. Effect of different concentrations of specific inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases on the shear bond strength of self-adhesive resin cements to dentin.. J Clin Exp Dent 2017 Mar;9(3):e431-e436.
      doi: 10.4317/jced.53486pubmed: 28298987google scholar: lookup
    42. Andrade JC, Morais Braga MF, Guedes GM, Tintino SR, Freitas MA, Quintans LJ Jr, Menezes IR, Coutinho HD. Menadione (vitamin K) enhances the antibiotic activity of drugs by cell membrane permeabilization mechanism.. Saudi J Biol Sci 2017 Jan;24(1):59-64.
      doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.09.004pubmed: 28053572google scholar: lookup
    43. Tsung YC, Chung CY, Wan HC, Chang YY, Shih PC, Hsu HS, Kao MC, Huang CJ. Dimethyl Sulfoxide Attenuates Acute Lung Injury Induced by Hemorrhagic Shock/Resuscitation in Rats.. Inflammation 2017 Apr;40(2):555-565.
      doi: 10.1007/s10753-016-0502-4pubmed: 28028757google scholar: lookup
    44. Onofre J, Baert Y, Faes K, Goossens E. Cryopreservation of testicular tissue or testicular cell suspensions: a pivotal step in fertility preservation.. Hum Reprod Update 2016 Nov;22(6):744-761.
      doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmw029pubmed: 27566839google scholar: lookup
    45. Mickiewicz B, Shin SY, Pozzi A, Vogel HJ, Clark AL. Serum Metabolite Profiles Are Altered by Erlotinib Treatment and the Integrin α1-Null Genotype but Not by Post-Traumatic Osteoarthritis.. J Proteome Res 2016 Mar 4;15(3):815-25.
      doi: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00719pubmed: 26784366google scholar: lookup
    46. Dória RG, Carvalho MB, Freitas SH, Laskoski LM, Colodel EM, Mendonça FS, Silva MA, Grigoletto R, Fantinato Neto P. Evaluation of intravenous regional perfusion with amphotericin B and dimethylsulfoxide to treat horses for pythiosis of a limb.. BMC Vet Res 2015 Jul 16;11:152.
      doi: 10.1186/s12917-015-0472-zpubmed: 26174778google scholar: lookup
    47. Kim MS, Lee ST, Lim JM, Gong SP. Medium composition for effective slow freezing of embryonic cell lines derived from marine medaka (Oryzias dancena).. Cytotechnology 2016 Jan;68(1):9-17.
      doi: 10.1007/s10616-014-9749-5pubmed: 24916563google scholar: lookup
    48. Ravindran R, Juliet S, Gopalan AK, Kavalimakkil AK, Ramankutty SA, Nair SN, Narayanan PM, Ghosh S. Toxicity of DMSO, Triton X 100 and Tween 20 against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus.. J Parasit Dis 2011 Oct;35(2):237-9.
      doi: 10.1007/s12639-011-0054-3pubmed: 23024514google scholar: lookup
    49. Araruna MK, Brito SA, Morais-Braga MF, Santos KK, Souza TM, Leite TR, Costa JG, Coutinho HD. Evaluation of antibiotic & antibiotic modifying activity of pilocarpine & rutin.. Indian J Med Res 2012;135(2):252-4.
      pubmed: 22446871
    50. Tsai TI, Bui BV, Vingrys AJ. Dimethyl sulphoxide dose-response on rat retinal function.. Doc Ophthalmol 2009 Dec;119(3):199-207.
      doi: 10.1007/s10633-009-9191-8pubmed: 19763650google scholar: lookup
    51. Bakar B, Oruckaptan HH, Hazer BD, Saatci I, Atilla P, Kilic K, Muftuoglu SF. Evaluation of the toxicity of onyx compared with n-butyl 2-cyanoacrylate in the subarachnoid space of a rabbit model: an experimental research.. Neuroradiology 2010 Feb;52(2):125-34.
      doi: 10.1007/s00234-009-0594-8pubmed: 19756562google scholar: lookup
    52. Brien S, Prescott P, Lewith G. Meta-analysis of the related nutritional supplements dimethyl sulfoxide and methylsulfonylmethane in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee.. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2011;2011:528403.
      doi: 10.1093/ecam/nep045pubmed: 19474240google scholar: lookup
    53. Sahley TL, Anderson DJ, Chernicky CL. Bi-phasic intensity-dependent opioid-mediated neural amplitude changes in the chinchilla cochlea: partial blockade by an N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA)-receptor antagonist.. Eur J Pharmacol 2008 Feb 2;580(1-2):100-15.
      doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.10.038pubmed: 18036588google scholar: lookup
    54. Korzun AM, Nurminsky VN, Rozinov SV, Salyaev RK. The effect of dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) on the membrane conductivity of an isolated vacuole.. Dokl Biochem Biophys 2001 Nov-Dec;381:409-11.
      doi: 10.1023/a:1013319714716pubmed: 11813556google scholar: lookup
    55. Mariano AC, Alexandre GM, Silva LC, Romeiro A, Cameron LC, Chen Y, Chase PB, Sorenson MM. Dimethyl sulphoxide enhances the effects of P(i) in myofibrils and inhibits the activity of rabbit skeletal muscle contractile proteins.. Biochem J 2001 Sep 15;358(Pt 3):627-36.
      doi: 10.1042/0264-6021:3580627pubmed: 11535124google scholar: lookup
    56. Doig PA. Dimethyl sulfoxide and alcohol--a potentially dangerous combination.. Can Vet J 1999 Nov;40(11):755-6.
      pubmed: 10563234
    57. Rowat SC. Integrated defense system overlaps as a disease model: with examples for multiple chemical sensitivity.. Environ Health Perspect 1998 Feb;106 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):85-109.
      doi: 10.1289/ehp.98106s185pubmed: 9539008google scholar: lookup
    58. Barahona-Gomariz MV, Sanz-Barrera F, Sánchez-Fortún S. Acute toxicity of organic solvents on Artemia salina.. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 1994 May;52(5):766-71.
      doi: 10.1007/BF00195501pubmed: 8186651google scholar: lookup
    59. Green SL, Mayhew IG, Brown MP, Gronwall RR, Montieth G. Concentrations of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole in cerebrospinal fluid and serum in mares with and without a dimethyl sulfoxide pretreatment.. Can J Vet Res 1990 Apr;54(2):215-22.
      pubmed: 2357657
    60. Forman LA, Oaks JA. The effect of dimethylsulfoxide on the tegumental brush border of the cestode Hymenolepis diminuta.. Parasitol Res 1992;78(1):66-73.
      doi: 10.1007/BF00936184pubmed: 1584750google scholar: lookup
    Subscribe to our newsletter
    Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.