FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
International journal for parasitology2018; 48(9-10); 679-690; doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.03.010

Discovery of a novel species, Theileria haneyi n. sp., infective to equids, highlights exceptional genomic diversity within the genus Theileria: implications for apicomplexan parasite surveillance.

Abstract: A novel apicomplexan parasite was serendipitously discovered in horses at the United States - Mexico border. Phylogenetic analysis based on 18S rDNA showed the erythrocyte-infective parasite to be related to, but distinct from, Theileria spp. in Africa, the most similar taxa being Theileria spp. from waterbuck and mountain zebra. The degree of sequence variability observed at the 18S rDNA locus also suggests the likely existence of additional cryptic species. Among described species, the genome of this novel equid Theileria parasite is most similar to that of Theileria equi, also a pathogen of horses. The estimated divergence time between the new Theileria sp. and T. equi, based on genomic sequence data, is greater than 33 million years. Average protein sequence divergence between them, at 23%, is greater than that of Theileria parva and Theileria annulata proteins, which is 18%. The latter two represent highly virulent Theileria spp. of domestic cattle, as well as of African and Asian wild buffalo, respectively, which differ markedly in pathology, host cell tropism, tick vector and geographical distribution. The extent of genome-wide sequence divergence, as well as significant morphological differences, relative to T. equi justify the classification of Theileria sp. as a new taxon. Despite the overall genomic divergence, the nine member equi merozoite antigen (EMA) superfamily, previously found as a multigene family only in T. equi, is also present in the novel parasite. Practically, significant sequence divergence in antigenic loci resulted in this undescribed Theileria sp. not being detectable using currently available diagnostic tests. Discovery of this novel species infective to equids highlights exceptional diversity within the genus Theileria, a finding with serious implications for apicomplexan parasite surveillance.
Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2018-06-06 PubMed ID: 29885436DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.03.010Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

A new species of apicomplexan parasite, distinct from but related to known Theileria species, was discovered in horses near the US-Mexico border. Phylogenetic analysis suggests additional similar undiscovered species may exist. Despite significant genomic divergence from known species, the study identified the presence of a nine-member superfamily common only to this and one other known Theileria species. This discrepancy renders the new species undetectable through standard diagnostic tests.

Discovery and Identification of New Parasite Species

  • The study points out the discovery of a new species of apicomplexan parasite found in horses on the border between the United States and Mexico. This cannot be detected through standard diagnostic tests.
  • This species, named Theileria haneyi, was identified as being related to but distinct from Theileria spp. in Africa.
  • Phylogenetic analysis based on 18S rDNA showed it was quite similar to Theileria spp found in waterbucks and mountain zebras.
  • However, the amount of sequence variability found at the 18S rDNA locus also implies the possibility of other undiscovered species.

Genomic Analysis of the Newly Discovered Species

  • Comparing the genome of this new Theileria species to known species, it was found to be most similar to Theileria equi, another horse pathogen.
  • The estimated time of divergence between this new species and T. equi exceeds 33 million years, suggesting an extensive evolutionary history.
  • The protein sequence divergence between them is greater than that found between certain highly virulent Theileria spp of domestic cattle, demonstrating the distinctness of this new species.

Implications for Parasite Surveillance

  • The discovery demonstrates the remarkable diversity within the genus Theileria, which could impact the strategies used for apicomplexan parasite surveillance.
  • Given the significant sequence divergence in antigenic loci, current diagnostic tests will not detect this new Theileria species.
  • The study underscores the need for continuous research and surveillance to identify and understand the spread of newly emerging pathogens.

Cite This Article

APA
Knowles DP, Kappmeyer LS, Haney D, Herndon DR, Fry LM, Munro JB, Sears K, Ueti MW, Wise LN, Silva M, Schneider DA, Grause J, White SN, Tretina K, Bishop RP, Odongo DO, Pelzel-McCluskey AM, Scoles GA, Mealey RH, Silva JC. (2018). Discovery of a novel species, Theileria haneyi n. sp., infective to equids, highlights exceptional genomic diversity within the genus Theileria: implications for apicomplexan parasite surveillance. Int J Parasitol, 48(9-10), 679-690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.03.010

Publication

International journal for parasitology
ISSN: 1879-0135
NlmUniqueID: 0314024
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 48
Issue: 9-10
Pages: 679-690
PII: S0020-7519(18)30116-4

Researcher Affiliations

Knowles, Donald P
  • Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA, USA; Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA; The Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA; Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA. Electronic address: dknowles@wsu.edu.
Kappmeyer, Lowell S
  • Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA, USA.
Haney, Darrell
  • Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Eagle Pass, TX, USA.
Herndon, David R
  • Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA, USA.
Fry, Lindsay M
  • Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA, USA; Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
Munro, James B
  • Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Electronic address: JMunro@som.umaryland.edu.
Sears, Kelly
  • Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA; Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
Ueti, Massaro W
  • Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA, USA; Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA; The Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
Wise, Lauren N
  • Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, Physiology and Pharmacology, St. George's University School of Veterinary Medicine True Blue, St. George's, Grenada.
Silva, Marta
  • Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
Schneider, David A
  • Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA, USA; Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
Grause, Juanita
  • Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA.
White, Stephen N
  • Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA, USA; Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
Tretina, Kyle
  • Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Bishop, Richard P
  • Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA; The Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
Odongo, David O
  • Department of Zoology, Nairobi University, Nairobi, Kenya.
Pelzel-McCluskey, Angela M
  • Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Surveillance, Preparedness and Response Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
Scoles, Glen A
  • Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA, USA.
Mealey, Robert H
  • Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
Silva, Joana C
  • Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Electronic address: jcsilva@som.umaryland.edu.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • DNA, Protozoan / genetics
  • Evolution, Molecular
  • Female
  • Genomics
  • Horse Diseases / parasitology
  • Horses
  • Male
  • Phylogeny
  • RNA, Ribosomal, 18S / genetics
  • Theileria / genetics
  • Theileria / isolation & purification
  • Theileria / pathogenicity
  • Theileriasis / parasitology
  • Virulence

Citations

This article has been cited 58 times.
  1. Díaz-Sánchez AA, Obregón D, Santos HA, Corona-González B. Advances in the Epidemiological Surveillance of Tick-Borne Pathogens. Pathogens 2023 Apr 23;12(5).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens12050633pubmed: 37242303google scholar: lookup
  2. Onzere CK, Hulbert M, Sears KP, Williams LBA, Fry LM. Tulathromycin and Diclazuril Lack Efficacy against Theileria haneyi, but Tulathromycin Is Not Associated with Adverse Clinical Effects in Six Treated Adult Horses. Pathogens 2023 Mar 14;12(3).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens12030453pubmed: 36986375google scholar: lookup
  3. Ozubek S, Ulucesme MC, Aktas M. Discovery of a Novel Species Infecting Goats: Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Babesia aktasi n. sp. Pathogens 2023 Jan 10;12(1).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens12010113pubmed: 36678461google scholar: lookup
  4. Mongruel ACB, Medici EP, da Costa Canena A, Calchi AC, Perles L, Rodrigues BCB, Soares JF, Machado RZ, André MR. Theileria terrestris nov. sp.: A Novel Theileria in Lowland Tapirs (Tapirus terrestris) from Two Different Biomes in Brazil. Microorganisms 2022 Nov 23;10(12).
    doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10122319pubmed: 36557572google scholar: lookup
  5. Coultous R, Gotić J, McCann M, Sutton D, Beck R, Shiels B. Novel equi merozoite antigen (ema-1) gene heterogeneity in a geographically isolated Theileria equi population in Croatia. Parasit Vectors 2022 Oct 31;15(1):401.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-022-05484-4pubmed: 36316753google scholar: lookup
  6. Sivakumar T, Tuvshintulga B, Otgonsuren D, Batmagnai E, Ahedor B, Kothalawala H, Vimalakumar SC, Silva SSP, Yamagishi J, Yokoyama N. Phylogenetic analyses of the mitochondrial, plastid, and nuclear genes of Babesia sp. Mymensingh and its naming as Babesia naoakii n. sp. Parasit Vectors 2022 Aug 24;15(1):299.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-022-05374-9pubmed: 36002908google scholar: lookup
  7. Giubega S, Ilie MS, Luca I, Florea T, Dreghiciu C, Oprescu I, Morariu S, Dărăbuș G. Seroprevalence of Anti-Theileria equi Antibodies in Horses from Three Geographically Distinct Areas of Romania. Pathogens 2022 Jun 9;11(6).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens11060669pubmed: 35745523google scholar: lookup
  8. Lv K, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Liu Z, Deng L. Development of Nested PCR and Duplex Real-Time Fluorescence Quantitative PCR Assay for the Simultaneous Detection of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:873190.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.873190pubmed: 35664851google scholar: lookup
  9. Peckle M, Santos H, Pires M, Silva C, Costa R, Vitari G, Camilo T, Meireles N, Paulino P, Massard C. Dynamics of Theileria equi Infection in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus during the Parasitic Phase in a Chronically Infected Horse. Pathogens 2022 Apr 29;11(5).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens11050525pubmed: 35631046google scholar: lookup
  10. Sears KP, Knowles DP, Fry LM. Clinical Progression of Theileria haneyi in Splenectomized Horses Reveals Decreased Virulence Compared to Theileria equi. Pathogens 2022 Feb 16;11(2).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens11020254pubmed: 35215197google scholar: lookup
  11. Almazán C, Scimeca RC, Reichard MV, Mosqueda J. Babesiosis and Theileriosis in North America. Pathogens 2022 Jan 27;11(2).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens11020168pubmed: 35215111google scholar: lookup
  12. Rocafort-Ferrer G, Leblond A, Joulié A, René-Martellet M, Sandoz A, Poux V, Pradier S, Barry S, Vial L, Legrand L. Molecular assessment of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi prevalence in horses and ticks on horses in southeastern France. Parasitol Res 2022 Mar;121(3):999-1008.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-022-07441-7pubmed: 35128585google scholar: lookup
  13. Schnittger L, Ganzinelli S, Bhoora R, Omondi D, Nijhof AM, Florin-Christensen M. The Piroplasmida Babesia, Cytauxzoon, and Theileria in farm and companion animals: species compilation, molecular phylogeny, and evolutionary insights. Parasitol Res 2022 May;121(5):1207-1245.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-022-07424-8pubmed: 35098377google scholar: lookup
  14. Chiuya T, Villinger J, Masiga DK, Ondifu DO, Murungi MK, Wambua L, Bastos ADS, Fèvre EM, Falzon LC. Molecular prevalence and risk factors associated with tick-borne pathogens in cattle in western Kenya. BMC Vet Res 2021 Nov 27;17(1):363.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-021-03074-7pubmed: 34838023google scholar: lookup
  15. Elsawy BSM, Nassar AM, Alzan HF, Bhoora RV, Ozubek S, Mahmoud MS, Kandil OM, Mahdy OA. Rapid Detection of Equine Piroplasms Using Multiplex PCR and First Genetic Characterization of Theileria haneyi in Egypt. Pathogens 2021 Oct 31;10(11).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens10111414pubmed: 34832570google scholar: lookup
  16. Bonnet SI, Nadal C. Experimental Infection of Ticks: An Essential Tool for the Analysis of Babesia Species Biology and Transmission. Pathogens 2021 Oct 29;10(11).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens10111403pubmed: 34832559google scholar: lookup
  17. Sundstrom KD, Lineberry MW, Grant AN, Duncan KT, Ientile MM, Little SE. Equine attachment site preferences and seasonality of common North American ticks: Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor albipictus, and Ixodes scapularis. Parasit Vectors 2021 Aug 14;14(1):404.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-021-04927-8pubmed: 34391460google scholar: lookup
  18. Torres R, Hurtado C, Pérez-Macchi S, Bittencourt P, Freschi C, de Mello VVC, Machado RZ, André MR, Müller A. Occurrence and Genetic Diversity of Babesia caballi and Theileria equi in Chilean Thoroughbred Racing Horses. Pathogens 2021 Jun 7;10(6).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens10060714pubmed: 34200433google scholar: lookup
  19. Idoko IS, Edeh RE, Adamu AM, Machunga-Mambula S, Okubanjo OO, Balogun EO, Adamu S, Johnson W, Kappmeyer L, Mousel M, Ueti MW. Molecular and Serological Detection of Piroplasms in Horses from Nigeria. Pathogens 2021 Apr 23;10(5).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens10050508pubmed: 33922468google scholar: lookup
  20. Bastos RG, Sears KP, Dinkel KD, Kappmeyer L, Ueti MW, Knowles DP, Fry LM. Development of an Indirect ELISA to Detect Equine Antibodies to Theileria haneyi. Pathogens 2021 Feb 27;10(3).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens10030270pubmed: 33673478google scholar: lookup
  21. Sears K, Knowles D, Dinkel K, Mshelia PW, Onzere C, Silva M, Fry L. Imidocarb Dipropionate Lacks Efficacy against Theileria haneyi and Fails to Consistently Clear Theileria equi in Horses Co-Infected with T. haneyi. Pathogens 2020 Dec 10;9(12).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens9121035pubmed: 33321715google scholar: lookup
  22. Tirosh-Levy S, Gottlieb Y, Fry LM, Knowles DP, Steinman A. Twenty Years of Equine Piroplasmosis Research: Global Distribution, Molecular Diagnosis, and Phylogeny. Pathogens 2020 Nov 8;9(11).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens9110926pubmed: 33171698google scholar: lookup
  23. Mshelia PW, Kappmeyer L, Johnson WC, Kudi CA, Oluyinka OO, Balogun EO, Richard EE, Onoja E, Sears KP, Ueti MW. Molecular detection of Theileria species and Babesia caballi from horses in Nigeria. Parasitol Res 2020 Sep;119(9):2955-2963.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-020-06797-ypubmed: 32647992google scholar: lookup
  24. Tirosh-Levy S, Steinman A, Levy H, Katz Y, Shtilman M, Gottlieb Y. Parasite load and genotype are associated with clinical outcome of piroplasm-infected equines in Israel. Parasit Vectors 2020 May 20;13(1):267.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-020-04133-ypubmed: 32434550google scholar: lookup
  25. Bishop RP, Kappmeyer LS, Onzere CK, Odongo DO, Githaka N, Sears KP, Knowles DP, Fry LM. Equid infective Theileria cluster in distinct 18S rRNA gene clades comprising multiple taxa with unusually broad mammalian host ranges. Parasit Vectors 2020 May 19;13(1):261.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-020-04131-0pubmed: 32430015google scholar: lookup
  26. Tirosh-Levy S, Gottlieb Y, Mimoun L, Mazuz ML, Steinman A. Transplacental Transmission of Theileria equi Is Not a Common Cause of Abortions and Infection of Foals in Israel. Animals (Basel) 2020 Feb 21;10(2).
    doi: 10.3390/ani10020341pubmed: 32098113google scholar: lookup
  27. Sunday Idoko I, Tirosh-Levy S, Leszkowicz Mazuz M, Mohammed Adam B, Sikiti Garba B, Wesley Nafarnda D, Steinman A. Genetic Characterization of Piroplasms in Donkeys and Horses from Nigeria. Animals (Basel) 2020 Feb 18;10(2).
    doi: 10.3390/ani10020324pubmed: 32085574google scholar: lookup
  28. Barbosa AD, Austen J, Portas TJ, Friend JA, Ahlstrom LA, Oskam CL, Ryan UM, Irwin PJ. Sequence analyses at mitochondrial and nuclear loci reveal a novel Theileria sp. and aid in the phylogenetic resolution of piroplasms from Australian marsupials and ticks. PLoS One 2019;14(12):e0225822.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225822pubmed: 31851687google scholar: lookup
  29. Azmi K, Al-Jawabreh A, Abdeen Z. Molecular Detection of Theileria ovis and Theleiria equi in Livestock from Palestine. Sci Rep 2019 Aug 9;9(1):11557.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-47965-0pubmed: 31399617google scholar: lookup
  30. Tonui T, Corredor-Moreno P, Kanduma E, Njuguna J, Njahira MN, Nyanjom SG, Silva JC, Djikeng A, Pelle R. Transcriptomics reveal potential vaccine antigens and a drastic increase of upregulated genes during Theileria parva development from arthropod to bovine infective stages. PLoS One 2018;13(10):e0204047.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204047pubmed: 30303978google scholar: lookup
  31. Dao TTH, Szűts T, Duong NN, Troung DTQ, Solymosi N, Takács N, Hornok S, Farkas R. The first molecular detection of equine piroplasmosis in Vietnam and genetic characterization of three co-circulating genotypes of Theileria equi. Parasitol Res 2026 Feb 5;125(1):14.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-026-08630-4pubmed: 41644779google scholar: lookup
  32. Qin S, Kulabieke T, Mizhamuhan D, Zhang M, Jin M, Abula G, Pi M, Wang H, Zhang Y, Guo Q. Molecular Prevalence and Genotypic Diversity of Theileria equi in Xinjiang, China, Based on Three Genes. Vet Sci 2025 Dec 25;13(1).
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci13010027pubmed: 41600683google scholar: lookup
  33. Dorrego A, Olvera-Maneu S, Jose-Cunilleras E, Gago P, Raez A, Rivera B, Oporto A, Gonzalez S, Cruz-Lopez F. Molecular Detection of Theileria equi, Babesia caballi, and Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato in Hippobosca equina from Horses in Spain. Pathogens 2026 Jan 15;15(1).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens15010094pubmed: 41599078google scholar: lookup
  34. Gupta KK, Gupta N, Kumar S, Srivastava M, Kumar P. Equine piroplasmosis: an emerging tick-borne threat to equine health. Trop Anim Health Prod 2026 Jan 5;58(1):29.
    doi: 10.1007/s11250-025-04829-2pubmed: 41489672google scholar: lookup
  35. Kappmeyer LS, Grimsley M, Hicks J, Bastos RG. A high-quality genome sequence of the equine apicomplexan hemoparasite Theileria haneyi Eagle Pass isolate. Microbiol Resour Announc 2026 Jan 13;15(1):e0056325.
    doi: 10.1128/mra.00563-25pubmed: 41384744google scholar: lookup
  36. Ullah A, Geng M, Chen W, Zhu Q, Shi L, Zhang X, Akhtar MF, Wang C, Khan MZ. Effect of Parasitic Infections on Hematological Profile, Reproductive and Productive Performance in Equines. Animals (Basel) 2025 Nov 14;15(22).
    doi: 10.3390/ani15223294pubmed: 41302002google scholar: lookup
  37. Soliman AM, Elhawary NM, Helmy NM, El-Seify MA, Amer MM, Mohamed S, Memon FU, Rashid MHO, Gadelhaq SM. Molecular detection and genotyping of Theileria equi infection within the equine population in Giza, Egypt, using real-time PCR as compared with conventional detection methods. Iran J Vet Res 2025;26(2):145-151.
    doi: 10.22099/ijvr.2025.51028.7553pubmed: 41170307google scholar: lookup
  38. Hacilarlioglu S, Bilgic HB, Karagenc T, Aydin HB, Toker H, Kanlioglu H, Pekagirbas M, Bakirci S. Molecular Detection and Prevalence of Equine Piroplasmosis and Other Blood Parasites in Equids of Western Aegean Türkiye. Vet Sci 2025 Aug 27;12(9).
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci12090826pubmed: 41012752google scholar: lookup
  39. Rar V, Marchenko V, Epikhina T, Tikunov A, Suntsova O, Kozlova I, Tikunova N. The first genetic study of Babesia caballi, Theileria equi, and Babesia occultans in Dermacentor spp. in Russian Siberia. Exp Appl Acarol 2025 Aug 21;95(3):33.
    doi: 10.1007/s10493-025-01057-zpubmed: 40839152google scholar: lookup
  40. Duaso J, Perez-Ecija A, Navarro A, Martínez E, De Las Heras A, Mendoza FJ. True Prevalence and Seroprevalence of Piroplasmosis in Horses in Southwestern Europe. Animals (Basel) 2025 Jul 11;15(14).
    doi: 10.3390/ani15142047pubmed: 40723509google scholar: lookup
  41. Baggio-Souza V, Berger L, Mallmann-Bohn R, Reis AO, Basilio LG, Pereira YS, Tirelli L, Fagundes-Moreira R, da Silva JVDSA, das Neves LF, Moroz LR, Santos HA, Espinoza MEM, Daudt C, Gregori F, Giroto-Soares A, da Silva FRC, Garcia JL, de Aguiar DM, Peixoto MP, Venzal JM, Dantas-Torres F, André MR, Soares JF. Are Babesia vogeli genotypes associated with Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Rhipicephalus linnaei distribution?. Parasit Vectors 2025 Jul 13;18(1):282.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-025-06923-8pubmed: 40653486google scholar: lookup
  42. Poh KC, Oyen K, Onzere CK, Kappmeyer LS, Bastos RG. Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks are unable to transstadially transmit Theileria haneyi to horses. Front Vet Sci 2025;12:1572944.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2025.1572944pubmed: 40241805google scholar: lookup
  43. Fernandes TA, Paulino PG, Dos Santos Juliano D, Rabello CA, de Oliveira NVB, de Souza Santana M, Peckle M, Massard CL, da Costa Angelo I, Jacob JCF, Santos HA. Epidemiology and genetic diversity of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in draft horses in the Distrito Federal, Brazil. Trop Anim Health Prod 2025 Feb 19;57(2):72.
    doi: 10.1007/s11250-025-04321-xpubmed: 39969660google scholar: lookup
  44. Facile V, Magliocca M, Dini FM, Imposimato I, Mariella J, Freccero F, Urbani L, Rinnovati R, Sel E, Gallina L, Castagnetti C, Galuppi R, Battilani M, Balboni A. Molecular Diagnosis and Identification of Equine Piroplasms: Challenges and Insights from a Study in Northern Italy. Animals (Basel) 2025 Feb 5;15(3).
    doi: 10.3390/ani15030437pubmed: 39943207google scholar: lookup
  45. Benitez-Ibalo AP, Debárbora VN, Mangold AJ, Nava S, Sebastian PS. Molecular genotyping of Theileria spp. detected in horses from Corrientes City, Argentina. Vet Res Commun 2024 Dec 24;49(1):54.
    doi: 10.1007/s11259-024-10618-3pubmed: 39718660google scholar: lookup
  46. Ulucesme MC, Ozubek S, Aktas M. Experimental infection of purebred Saanen goats high pathogenicity and virulence of Babesia aktasi. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024 Dec;18(12):e0012705.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012705pubmed: 39621802google scholar: lookup
  47. Paulino PG, Amaral FB, de Oliveira RT, de Andrade SG, Rabello CA, Meirelles N, de Souza Santana M, Galdino KCP, Jacob JCF, Peckle M, Massard CL, Santos HA. Genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of Theileria equi inferred from heat shock protein 70 kDa gene sequences in Brazilian horses. Vet Res Commun 2024 Nov 19;49(1):16.
    doi: 10.1007/s11259-024-10599-3pubmed: 39560826google scholar: lookup
  48. Wu X, Xu J, Su L, Li E, Wang S, Hornok S, Liu G, Wang Y. First Molecular Evidence of Babesia caballi and Theileria equi in Imported Donkeys from Kyrgyzstan. Pathogens 2024 Aug 23;13(9).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens13090713pubmed: 39338905google scholar: lookup
  49. Ochi A, Toya Y, Sengoku M, Tsuchiya S, Kishi D, Ueno T. In vitro evaluation of the automated hematology analyzer XN-31 for rapid diagnosis of equine piroplasmosis. Microbiol Spectr 2024 Oct 3;12(10):e0058224.
    doi: 10.1128/spectrum.00582-24pubmed: 39269182google scholar: lookup
  50. Mendoza FJ, Pérez-Écija A, Kappmeyer LS, Suarez CE, Bastos RG. New insights in the diagnosis and treatment of equine piroplasmosis: pitfalls, idiosyncrasies, and myths. Front Vet Sci 2024;11:1459989.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1459989pubmed: 39205808google scholar: lookup
  51. Onzere CK, Hassan A, Sears K, Kappmeyer LS, Villarino NF, Fry LM, Bastos RG. Transient efficacy of buparvaquone against Theileria haneyi in chronically infected horses. Parasit Vectors 2024 Aug 12;17(1):337.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-024-06397-0pubmed: 39129000google scholar: lookup
  52. Altay K, Erol U, Sahin OF, Ulucesme MC, Aytmirzakizi A, Aktas M. Survey of tick-borne pathogens in grazing horses in Kyrgyzstan: phylogenetic analysis, genetic diversity, and prevalence of Theileria equi. Front Vet Sci 2024;11:1359974.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1359974pubmed: 38746933google scholar: lookup
  53. Nehra AK, Kumari A, Moudgil AD, Vohra S. Revisiting the genotypes of Theileria equi based on the V4 hypervariable region of the 18S rRNA gene. Front Vet Sci 2024;11:1303090.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1303090pubmed: 38560630google scholar: lookup
  54. Jongejan F, Du C, Papadopoulos E, Blanda V, Di Bella S, Cannella V, Guercio A, Vicari D, Tirosh-Levy S, Steinman A, Baneth G, van Keulen S, Hulsebos I, Berger L, Wang X. Diagnostic performance of a rapid immunochromatographic test for the simultaneous detection of antibodies to Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in horses and donkeys. Parasit Vectors 2024 Mar 28;17(1):160.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-024-06253-1pubmed: 38549117google scholar: lookup
  55. Palmateer NC, Munro JB, Nagaraj S, Crabtree J, Pelle R, Tallon L, Nene V, Bishop R, Silva JC. The Hypervariable Tpr Multigene Family of Theileria Parasites, Defined by a Conserved, Membrane-Associated, C-Terminal Domain, Includes Several Copies with Defined Orthology Between Species. J Mol Evol 2023 Dec;91(6):897-911.
    doi: 10.1007/s00239-023-10142-zpubmed: 38017120google scholar: lookup
  56. Ahedor B, Otgonsuren D, Zhyldyz A, Guswanto A, Ngigi NMM, Valinotti MFR, Kothalawala H, Kalaichelvan N, Silva SSP, Kothalawala H, Acosta TJ, Sivakumar T, Yokoyama N. Development and evaluation of specific polymerase chain reaction assays for detecting Theileria equi genotypes. Parasit Vectors 2023 Nov 25;16(1):435.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-023-06045-zpubmed: 38007442google scholar: lookup
  57. Zhou B, Yang G, Hu Z, Chen K, Guo W, Wang X, Du C. Development of a Real-Time Quantitative PCR Based on a TaqMan-MGB Probe for the Rapid Detection of Theileria haneyi. Microorganisms 2023 Oct 26;11(11).
    doi: 10.3390/microorganisms11112633pubmed: 38004645google scholar: lookup
  58. Elsawy BSM, Mahmoud MS, Suarez CE, Alzan HF. Impact of Equine and Camel Piroplasmosis in Egypt: How Much Do We Know about the Current Situation?. Pathogens 2023 Nov 5;12(11).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens12111318pubmed: 38003783google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,780 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.