FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Open life sciences2022; 17(1); 1269-1281; doi: 10.1515/biol-2022-0487

Discovery of exercise-related genes and pathway analysis based on comparative genomes of Mongolian originated Abaga and Wushen horse.

Abstract: The Mongolian horses have excellent endurance and stress resistance to adapt to the cold and harsh plateau conditions. Intraspecific genetic diversity is mainly embodied in various genetic advantages of different branches of the Mongolian horse. Since people pay progressive attention to the athletic performance of horse, we expect to guide the exercise-oriented breeding of horses through genomics research. We obtained the clean data of 630,535,376,400 bp through the entire genome second-generation sequencing for the whole blood of four Abaga horses and ten Wushen horses. Based on the data analysis of single nucleotide polymorphism, we severally detected that 479 and 943 positively selected genes, particularly exercise related, were mainly enriched on equine chromosome 4 in Abaga horses and Wushen horses, which implied that chromosome 4 may be associated with the evolution of the Mongolian horse and athletic performance. Four hundred and forty genes of positive selection were enriched in 12 exercise-related pathways and narrowed in 21 exercise-related genes in Abaga horse, which were distinguished from Wushen horse. So, we speculated that the Abaga horse may have oriented genes for the motorial mechanism and 21 exercise-related genes also provided a molecular genetic basis for exercise-directed breeding of the Mongolian horse.
© 2022 Jing Pan et al., published by De Gruyter.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2022-09-26 PubMed ID: 36249530PubMed Central: PMC9518662DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0487Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research explored the genetic differences between two branches of the Mongolian horse, focusing particularly on their exercise-related genes. The study, based on full genome sequencing, found that the number and distribution of these genes varied between the Abaga and Wushen horses, providing insight that could guide breeding for athletic performance.

Research Goal and Methodology

  • The research aimed to understand genetic differences related to exercise and athletic performance in two branches of the Mongolian horse – the Abaga and Wushen breed.
  • Genomic data of these horses was collected through full genome sequencing, with total clean data of 630,535,376,400 bp from the blood samples of four Abaga horses and ten Wushen horses.
  • The data was analyzed focusing on single nucleotide polymorphism, a type of genetic variation, to identify positively selected genes, which have been favored by natural selection.

Key Findings

  • From the collected data, 479 and 943 positively selected genes were found in Abaga and Wushen horses, respectively.
  • These selected genes were predominantly enriched on equine chromosome 4. This finding suggests that chromosome 4 may be responsible for evolution and athletic performance in these Mongolian horses.
  • A smaller subset of 440 positively selected genes were identified as part of 12 exercise-related pathways and were specific to the Abaga breed. This subset was narrowed down further to 21 exercise-related genes.

Implications of the Research

  • These findings indicate that Abaga and Wushen horses have genetically different exercise capabilities, and the Abaga breed may have a genetic predisposition for certain motor functions.
  • The identified 21 exercise-related genes could provide a basis for breeding Mongolian horses for specific athletic performances.
  • Such bench-marking of exercise-related genes could potentially assist in enhancing athletic performance in other equine breeds as well.

Cite This Article

APA
Pan J, Purev C, Zhao H, Zhang Z, Wang F, Wendoule N, Qi G, Liu Y, Zhou H. (2022). Discovery of exercise-related genes and pathway analysis based on comparative genomes of Mongolian originated Abaga and Wushen horse. Open Life Sci, 17(1), 1269-1281. https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2022-0487

Publication

Open life sciences
ISSN: 2391-5412
NlmUniqueID: 101669614
Country: Poland
Language: English
Volume: 17
Issue: 1
Pages: 1269-1281

Researcher Affiliations

Pan, Jing
  • Faculty of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.
  • Department of Reproductive Medicine, Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospitaly, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.
Purev, Chimge
  • Mongolia-China Joint Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology, "Administration of the Science Park" CSTI, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
Zhao, Hongwei
  • Beijing 8omics Gene Technology Co. Ltd, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
Zhang, Zhipeng
  • Faculty of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.
Wang, Feng
  • Faculty of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
Wendoule, Nashun
  • Animal Husbandry Workstation of Ewenki Autonomous County, Hulun Buir, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.
Qi, Guichun
  • Bayanta Village of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station of Ewenki Autonomous County, Hulun Buir, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.
Liu, Yongbin
  • Sheep Collaboration and Innovation Center, Inner Mongolia Universityy, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.
Zhou, Huanmin
  • Faculty of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.
  • Sheep Collaboration and Innovation Center, Inner Mongolia Universityy, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.

Conflict of Interest Statement

Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 75 references
  1. Chang H, Han GC, Mao YJ, Bai DQ, Dugarjaviin M, Sun W et al. Animal genetic resources in China: horse, donkeys, camels. Beijing: China Agriculture Press; 2011. p. 28–37.
  2. Gim JA, Ayarpadikannan S, Eo J, Kwon YJ, Choi Y, Lee HK. Transcriptional expression changes of glucose metabolism genes after exercise in thoroughbred horses. Gene 2014;547:152–8.
    pubmed: 24971503
  3. Park KD, Park J, Ko J, Kim BC, Kim HS, Ahn K. Whole transcriptome analyses of six thoroughbred horses before and after exercise using RNA-Seq. BMC Genomics 2012;13:473.
    pmc: PMC3472166pubmed: 22971240
  4. Capomaccio S, Vitulo N, Verini-Supplizi A, Barcaccia G, Albiero A, D’Angelo M. RNA sequencing of the exercise transcriptome in equine athletes. PLoS One 2013;8:e83504.
    pmc: PMC3877044pubmed: 24391776
  5. Doan R, Cohen ND, Sawyer J, Ghaffari N, Johnson CD, Dindot SV. Whole-genome sequencing and genetic variant analysis of a Quarter horse mare. BMC Genomics 2012;13:78.
    pmc: PMC3309927pubmed: 22340285
  6. Meira CT, Curi RA, Farah MM, de Oliveira HN, Béltran NA, Silva 2nd JA. Prospection of genomic regions divergently selected in racing line of Quarter horses in relation to cutting line. Animal 2014;8:1754–64.
    pubmed: 25032727
  7. Li LF, Guan WJ, Hua Y, Bai XJ, Ma YH. Establishment and characterization of a fibroblast cell line from the Mongolian horse. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2009;45:311–6.
    pubmed: 19263179
  8. Hund A. The Stallion’s mane the next generation of horses in mongolia. Parasite Immunol 2008;20:73–80.
  9. Elisabeth Y. The Mongolian Horse and Horseman. 2011.
  10. Dugarjaviin M. Horse in China. HongKong: Hong Kong Cultural/China Horstry Publishing CO., Ltd; 2009.
  11. American Museum of Natural History. Article: The Horse in Mongolian Culture. c2018.
  12. Davis M. When things get dark: a Mongolian winter’s tale. New York: St. Martin’s Press; 2010. p. 169.
  13. Li H. Aligning sequence reads, clone sequences and assembly contigs with BWA-MEM. arXiv e-prints 2013.
  14. . Picard Tools – By Broad Institute. c2015.
  15. McKenna A, Hanna M, Banks E, Sivachenko A, Cibulskis K, Kernytsky A. The genome analysis toolkit: a MapReduce framework for analyzing next-generation DNA sequencing data. Genome Res 2010;20:1297–303.
    pmc: PMC2928508pubmed: 20644199
  16. Li H. A statistical framework for SNP calling, mutation discovery, association mapping and population genetical parameter estimation from sequencing data. Bioinformatics 2011;27:2987–93.
    pmc: PMC3198575pubmed: 21903627
  17. Wang K, Li M, Hakonarson H. ANNOVAR: functional annotation of genetic variants from high-throughput sequencing data. Nucleic Acids Res 2010;38:e164.
    pmc: PMC2938201pubmed: 20601685
  18. Young MD, Wakefield MJ, Smyth GK, Oshlack A. Gene ontology analysis for RNA-seq: accounting for selection bias. Genome Biol 2010;11:R14.
    pmc: PMC2872874pubmed: 20132535
  19. Xie C, Mao X, Huang J, Ding Y, Wu J, Dong S. KOBAS 2.0: a web server for annotation and identification of enriched pathways and diseases. Nucleic Acids Res 2011;39:W316–22.
    pmc: PMC3125809pubmed: 21715386
  20. Hill EW, Gu J, McGivney BA, MacHugh DE. Targets of selection in the Thoroughbred genome contain exercise-relevant gene SNPs associated with elite racecourse performance. Anim Genet 2010;41(Suppl 2):56–63.
    pubmed: 21070277
  21. Shioi T, McMullen JR, Kang PM, Douglas PS, Obata T, Franke TF. Akt/protein kinase B promotes organ growth in transgenic mice. Mol Cell Biol 2002;22:2799–809.
    pmc: PMC133704pubmed: 11909972
  22. Xie L, Jiang Y, Ouyang P, Chen J, Doan H, Herndon B. Effects of dietary calorie restriction or exercise on the PI3K and Ras signaling pathways in the skin of mice. J Biol Chem 2007;282:28025–35.
    pubmed: 17646168
  23. Luo J, McMullen JR, Sobkiw CL, Zhang L, Dorfman AL, Sherwood MC. Class IA phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulates heart size and physiological cardiac hypertrophy. Mol Cell Biol 2005;25:9491–502.
    pmc: PMC1265829pubmed: 16227599
  24. Sagara S, Osanai T, Itoh T, Izumiyama K, Shibutani S, Hanada K. Overexpression of coupling factor 6 attenuates exercise-induced physiological cardiac hypertrophy by inhibiting PI3K/Akt signaling in mice. J Hypertens 2012;30:778–86.
    pubmed: 22306848
  25. Standard J, Jiang Y, Yu M, Su XY, Zhao ZH, Xu JT. Reduced signaling of PI3K-Akt and RAS-MAPK pathways are the key targets for weight loss-induced cancer prevention by dietary calorie restriction and/or physical activity. J Nutr Biochem 2014;25:1317–23.
    pmc: PMC4252505pubmed: 25283328
  26. Song HK, Kim J, Lee JS, Nho KJ, Jeong HC, Kim J. Pik3ip1 modulates cardiac hypertrophy by inhibiting PI3K pathway. PLoS One 2015;10:e0122251.
    pmc: PMC4380398pubmed: 25826393
  27. Liu SD, Zhang YQ, Cao J. The influence of the aerobic endurance training on the skeletal muscular mitochondria function and PI3K-Akt protein expression. Zhongguo Ying Yong Sheng Li Xue Za Zhi 2016;32:55–8.
    pubmed: 27255043
  28. Vega RB, Konhilas JP, Kelly DP, Leinwand LA. Molecular mechanisms underlying cardiac adaptation to exercise. Cell Metab 2017;25:1012–26.
    pmc: PMC5512429pubmed: 28467921
  29. Schröder W, Klostermann A, Distl O. Candidate genes for physical performance in the horse. Vet J 2011;190:39–48.
    pubmed: 21115378
  30. Gabriel BM, Hamilton DL, Tremblay AM, Wackerhage H. The Hippo signal transduction network for exercise physiologists. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016;120:1105–17.
    pmc: PMC4867322pubmed: 26940657
  31. McGivney BA, McGettigan PA, Browne JA, Evans AC, Fonseca RG, Loftus BJ. Characterization of the equine skeletal muscle transcriptome identifies novel functional responses to exercise training. BMC Genomics 2010;11:398.
    pmc: PMC2900271pubmed: 20573200
  32. Do KT, Cho HW, Badrinath N, Park JW, Choi JY, Chung YH. Molecular characterization and expression analysis of creatine kinase muscle (CK-M) gene in horse. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2015;28:1680–5.
    pmc: PMC4647075pubmed: 26580434
  33. Kramer HF, Goodyear LJ. Exercise, MAPK, and NF-kappaB signaling in skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007;103:388–95.
    pubmed: 17303713
  34. Launay JM, Hervé P, Peoc’h K, Tournois C, Callebert J, Nebigil CG. Function of the serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 2B receptor in pulmonary hypertension. Nat Med 2002;8:1129–35.
    pubmed: 12244304
  35. Bevilacqua L, Doly S, Kaprio J, Yuan Q, Tikkanen R, Paunio T. A population-specific HTR2B stop codon predisposes to severe impulsivity. Nature 2010;468:1061–6.
    pmc: PMC3183507pubmed: 21179162
  36. Sauteur L, Krudewig A, Herwig L, Ehrenfeuchter N, Lenard A, Affolter M. Cdh5/VE-cadherin promotes endothelial cell interface elongation via cortical actin polymerization during angiogenic sprouting. Cell Rep 2014;9:504–13.
    pubmed: 25373898
  37. Jespersen T, Grunnet M, Olesen SP. The KCNQ1 potassium channel: from gene to physiological function. Physiology (Bethesda) 2005;20:408–16.
    pubmed: 16287990
  38. Brown WM. Exercise-associated DNA methylation change in skeletal muscle and the importance of imprinted genes: a bioinformatics meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2015;49:1567–78.
    pubmed: 25824446
  39. Pedersen PJ, Thomsen KB, Flak JB, Tejada MA, Hauser F, Trachsel D. Molecular cloning and functional expression of the K +, channel KV7.1 and the regulatory subunit KCNE1 from equine myocardium. Res Vet Sci 2017;113:79–86.
    pubmed: 28917093
  40. Franzini-Armstrong C. The structure of a simple Z line. J Cell Biol 1973;58:630–42.
    pmc: PMC2109064pubmed: 4583880
  41. Benz PM, Merkel CJ, Offner K, Abeßer M, Ullrich M, Fischer T. Mena/VASP and αII-Spectrin complexes regulate cytoplasmic actin networks in cardiomyocytes and protect from conduction abnormalities and dilated cardiomyopathy. Cell Commun Signal 2013;11:56.
    pmc: PMC3751641pubmed: 23937664
  42. Inoue M, Saeki M, Egusa H, Niwa H, Kamisaki Y. PIH1D1, a subunit of R2TP complex, inhibits doxorubicin-induced apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010;403:340–4.
    pubmed: 21078300
  43. Ponsuksili S, Murani E, Trakooljul N, Schwerin M, Wimmers K. Discovery of candidate genes for muscle traits based on GWAS supported by eQTL-analysis. Int J Biol Sci 2014;10:327–37.
    pmc: PMC3957088pubmed: 24643240
  44. Dalbo VJ, Roberts MD, Hassell S, Kerksick CM. Effects of pre-exercise feeding on serum hormone concentrations and biomarkers of myostatin and ubiquitin proteasome pathway activity. Eur J Nutr 2013;52:477–87.
    pubmed: 22476926
  45. Meyer SU, Krebs S, Thirion C, Blum H, Krause S, Pfaffl MW. Tumor necrosis factor alpha and insulin-like growth factor 1 induced modifications of the gene expression kinetics of differentiating skeletal muscle cells. PLoS One 2015;10:e0139520.
    pmc: PMC4598026pubmed: 26447881
  46. Langlois S, Cowan KN. Regulation of skeletal muscle myoblast differentiation and proliferation by pannexins. Adv Exp Med Biol 2017;925:57–73.
    pubmed: 27518505
  47. Brashear A, Dobyns WB, de Carvalho Aguiar P, Borg M, Frijns CJ, Gollamudi S. The phenotypic spectrum of rapid-onset dystonia-parkinsonism (RDP) and mutations in the ATP1A3 gene. Brain 2007;130:828–35.
    pubmed: 17282997
  48. Aughey RJ, Murphy KT, Clark SA, Garnham AP, Snow RJ, Cameron-Smith D. Muscle Na+ -K+ -ATPase activity and isoform adaptations to intense interval exercise and training in well-trained athletes. J Appl Physiol 1985;2007(103):39–47.
    pubmed: 17446412
  49. Alam I, Sun Q, Koller DL, Liu L, Liu Y, Edenberg HJ. Differentially expressed genes strongly correlated with femur strength in rats. Genomics 2009;94:257–62.
    pmc: PMC3052638pubmed: 19482074
  50. Medina-Gomez C, Kemp JP, Dimou NL, Kreiner E, Chesi A, Zemel BS. Bivariate genome-wide association meta-analysis of pediatric musculoskeletal traits reveals pleiotropic effects at the SREBF1/TOM1L2 locus. Nat Commun 2017;8:121.
    pmc: PMC5527106pubmed: 28743860
  51. Chiusaroli R, Knobler H, Luxenburg C, Sanjay A, Granot-Attas S, Tiran Z. Tyrosine phosphatase epsilon is a positive regulator of osteoclast function in vitro and in vivo. Mol Biol Cell 2004;15:234–44.
    pmc: PMC307543pubmed: 14528021
  52. Song R, Gu J, Liu X, Zhu J, Wang Q, Gao Q. Inhibition of osteoclast bone resorption activity through osteoprotegerin-induced damage of the sealing zone. Int J Mol Med 2014;34:856–62.
    pubmed: 25017214
  53. DeLise AM, Fischer L, Tuan RSC. Cellular interactions and signaling in cartilage development. Osteoarthr Cartil 2000;8:309–34.
    pubmed: 10966838
  54. Hou N, Yang Y, Scott IC, Lou X. The Sec domain protein Scfd1 facilitates trafficking of ECM components during chondrogenesis. Dev Biol 2017;421:8–15.
    pubmed: 27851892
  55. Yi F, Brubaker PL, Jin T. TCF-4 mediates cell type-specific regulation of proglucagon gene expression by β-catenin and glycogen synthase kinase-3β. J Biol Chem 2005;280:1457–64.
    pubmed: 15525634
  56. Ahmetov II, Fedotovskaya ON. Current progress in sports genomics. Adv Clin Chem 2015;70:247–314.
    pubmed: 26231489
  57. Giordano Attianese GM, Desvergne B. Integrative and systemic approaches for evaluating PPARβ/δ (PPARD) function. Nucl Recept Signal 2015;13:e001.
    pmc: PMC4419664pubmed: 25945080
  58. Ropka-Molik K, Stefaniuk-Szmukier M, Ukowski Z, Piórkowska K, Bugno-Poniewierska KM. Exercise-induced modification of the skeletal muscle transcriptome in Arabian horses. Physiol Genomics 2017;49:318–26.
    pubmed: 28455310
  59. Cappelli K, Verini-Supplizi A, Capomaccio S, Silvestrelli M. Analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells gene expression in endurance horses by cDNA-AFLP technique. Res Vet Sci 2007;82:335–43.
    pubmed: 17098267
  60. Morabito C, Lanuti P, Caprara GA, Guarnieri S, Verratti V, Ricci G. Responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to moderate exercise and hypoxia. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016;26:1188–99.
    pubmed: 26432186
  61. Conquet F, Bashir ZI, Davies CH, Daniel H, Ferraguti F, Bordi F. Motor deficit and impairment of synaptic plasticity in mice lacking mGluR1. Nature 1994;372:237–43.
    pubmed: 7969468
  62. Bossi S, Musante I, Bonfiglio T, Bonifacino T, Emionite L, Cerminara M. Genetic inactivation of mGlu5 receptor improves motor coordination in the Grm1crv4 mouse model of SCAR13 ataxia. Neurobiol Dis 2017;109:44–53.
    pubmed: 28982591
  63. Momozawa Y, Takeuchi Y, Kusunose R, Kikusui T, Mori Y. Association between equine temperament and polymorphisms in dopamine D4 receptor gene. Mamm Genome 2005;16:538–44.
    pubmed: 16151699
  64. Bryan A, Hutchison KE, Seals DR, Allen DL. A transdisciplinary model integrating genetic, physiological, and psychological correlates of voluntary exercise. Health Psychol 2007;26:30–9.
    pmc: PMC1896050pubmed: 17209695
  65. Kulikova MA, Maliuchenko NV, Timofeeva MA, Shleptsova VA, Tschegol’kova IUA, Vediakov AM. Polymorphisms of the main genes of neurotransmitter systems: I. the dopaminergic system. Fiziol Cheloveka 2007;33:105–12.
    pubmed: 18265580
  66. Lippi G, Longo UG, Maffulli N. Genetics and sports. Br Med Bull 2010;93:27–47.
    pubmed: 19208613
  67. Eugenia MC, Mona W, Maria C, Gilmara GA, Wojciech B, Silvia RR. BDNF impact on biological markers of depression-role of physical exercise and training. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021 Jul 15;18(14):7553.
    pmc: PMC8307197pubmed: 34300001
  68. Kamm JL, Frisbie DD, McIlwraith CW, Orr KE. Gene biomarkers in peripheral white blood cells of horses with experimentally induced osteoarthritis. Am J Vet Res 2013;74:115–21.
    pubmed: 23270355
  69. Xin L, Yu F, Mingxia L, Xiao C, Jun Q. HTR2B and SLC5A3 are specific markers in age-related osteoarthritis and involved in apoptosis and inflammation of osteoarthritis synovial cells. Front Mol Biosci 2021 Jun 16;8:691602.
    pmc: PMC8241908pubmed: 34222340
  70. Aishwarya G, Samyuktha S, RanjithKumar M, Udayakumar N. Atypical presentation of rapid-onset dystonia-parkinsonism in a toddler with a novel mutation in the ATP1A3 gene. J Case Rep 2021 Aug 19;14(8):e244152.
    pmc: PMC8378372pubmed: 34413044
  71. van de Lest CH, Brama PA, Van Weeren PR. The influence of exercise on the composition of developing equine joints. Biorheology 2002;39:183–91.
    pubmed: 12082281
  72. Tranquille CA, Blunden AS, Dyson SJ, Parkin TD, Goodship AE, Murray RC. Effect of exercise on thicknesses of mature hyaline cartilage, calcified cartilage, and subchondral bone of equine tarsi. Am J Vet Res 2009;70:1477–83.
    pubmed: 19951119
  73. Silva DBS, Fonseca LFS, Pinheiro DG, Magalhes AFB, Muniz MMM, Ferro JA. Spliced genes in muscle from nelore cattle and their association with carcass and meat quality. Sci Rep 2020 Sep 7;10(1):14701.
    pmc: PMC7477197pubmed: 32895448
  74. Testi R, Phillips JH, Lanier LL. Leu 23 induction as an early marker of functional CD3/T cell antigen receptor triggering. Requirement for receptor cross-linking, prolonged elevation of intracellular [Ca + +] and stimulation of protein kinase C. J Immunol 1989;142:1854–60.
    pubmed: 2466079
  75. Gradi A, Imataka H, Svitkin YV, Rom E, Raught B, Morino S. A novel functional human eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4G. Mol Cell Biol 1998;18:334–42.
    pmc: PMC121501pubmed: 9418880

Citations

This article has been cited 4 times.
  1. Pallotti S, Garcia AFR, Deiana G, Antonini M, Zhou J, Sun H, Renieri C, Napolioni V. A comprehensive genome-wide analysis for signatures of selection in goat (genus Capra) revealed new candidate genes for environmental adaptation and productive traits. BMC Genomics 2025 Oct 21;26(1):935.
    doi: 10.1186/s12864-025-12133-4pubmed: 41120831google scholar: lookup
  2. Mainzer J, Yin T, Giambra I, Hümmelchen H, Engel P, Wagner H, Wehrend A, König S. Genetic parameters, genome-wide associations and potential candidate genes for additive and dominance effects of tail traits in Merinoland sheep based on whole-genome sequence data in a selection experiment. Anim Genet 2025 Oct;56(5):e70041.
    doi: 10.1111/age.70041pubmed: 40965274google scholar: lookup
  3. Wang J, Ren W, Li Z, Li L, Wang R, Ma S, Zeng Y, Meng J, Yao X. Regulatory Mechanisms of Yili Horses During an 80 km Race Based on Transcriptomics and Metabolomics Analyses. Int J Mol Sci 2025 Mar 8;26(6).
    doi: 10.3390/ijms26062426pubmed: 40141070google scholar: lookup
  4. Vincelette A. The Characteristics, Distribution, Function, and Origin of Alternative Lateral Horse Gaits. Animals (Basel) 2023 Aug 8;13(16).
    doi: 10.3390/ani13162557pubmed: 37627349google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 100,129 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.