Discrimination of Human Urine from Animal Urine Using 1H-NMR.
Abstract: Urine was most commonly used biological sample in drug test. To create a false-negative test result, some drug abusers were reported to submit animal urine instead of their own. So, the purpose of this study was to compare and differentiate human from animal urine (Rat 370, Pig 12, Horse 10, Cat 8, Dog 13, Cow 10, Monkey 10) samples through the uses of quantitative 1H-NMR and to find biomarkers that can be used for the discrimination of human urine from animal urine. The 1H-NMR spectroscopy was employed and metabolomic analysis with multivariate statistics was carried out. Human urine samples and animal urine samples showed different patterns in metabolites profile and several characteristic metabolites were identified.
Publication Date: 2018-08-31 PubMed ID: 30165495DOI: 10.1093/jat/bky061Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Comparative Study
- Journal Article
Summary
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This research aimed to differentiate human urine from animal urine using a scientific method called 1H-NMR, to avoid false-negative drug test results caused by the substitution of human urine with animal urine.
Research Objective
- The research primarily aimed to establish a scientific method to distinguish human urine from animal urine. This is due to some individuals who are subject to drug testing often use animal urine as a substitute to avoid detection of drug use. The study utilized urine samples from different species including rats, pigs, horses, cats, dogs, cows, and monkeys for comparison.
Research Methodology
- The researchers employed a technique known as 1H-NMR (Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) spectroscopy. This is a type of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) used to identify the presence and concentration of certain atoms, such as hydrogen, in a sample.
- In addition to the application of 1H-NMR, the researchers used metabolomic analysis with multivariate statistics. Metabolomic analysis allows scientists to study the unique chemical fingerprints left behind by specific cellular processes.
Research Findings
- The study found that human and animal urine samples showed different patterns of metabolites, which are essentially the end products of cellular processes.
- Through the analysis, several characteristic metabolites that can act as distinct indicators, or biomarkers, were identified. These biomarkers potentially allow the differentiation of human urine from various animal urine samples, thereby preventing the fraudulent submission of animal urine in drug tests.
Conclusion and Implication
- Overall, the study achieved its objective of establishing a scientific method to differentiate human urine from animal urine. This finding could have significant implications in drug testing procedures, particularly in ensuring the authenticity of urine samples, thereby reducing the incidents of false-negative results due to substitution.
Cite This Article
APA
Lee W, Ko BJ, Sim YE, Suh S, Yoon D, Kim S.
(2018).
Discrimination of Human Urine from Animal Urine Using 1H-NMR.
J Anal Toxicol, 43(1), 51-60.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bky061 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Forensic Genetics & Chemistry Division, Supreme Prosecutors' Office, Seoul, Korea.
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Proteome Biophysics and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Pusan, Korea.
- Forensic Genetics & Chemistry Division, Supreme Prosecutors' Office, Seoul, Korea.
- Forensic Genetics & Chemistry Division, Supreme Prosecutors' Office, Seoul, Korea.
- Forensic Genetics & Chemistry Division, Supreme Prosecutors' Office, Seoul, Korea.
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Proteome Biophysics and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Pusan, Korea.
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Proteome Biophysics and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Pusan, Korea.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Biomarkers / urine
- Cats
- Cattle
- Dogs
- Haplorhini
- Horses
- Humans
- Metabolomics / methods
- Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
- Rats
- Reproducibility of Results
- Species Specificity
- Sus scrofa
- Urinalysis
- Urine / chemistry
Citations
This article has been cited 3 times.- Wissenbach DK, Steuer AE. Advances in testing for sample manipulation in clinical and forensic toxicology - Part A: urine samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023 Sep;415(21):5101-5115.
- Locci E, Bazzano G, Chighine A, Locco F, Ferraro E, Demontis R, d'Aloja E. Forensic NMR metabolomics: one more arrow in the quiver. Metabolomics 2020 Nov 7;16(11):118.
- Carlos G, Dos Santos FP, Fröehlich PE. Canine metabolomics advances. Metabolomics 2020 Jan 18;16(2):16.
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