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Home / Equine Research Bank / J Vet Diagn Invest / Diseases of the nervous system of equids in Brazil: a review...
Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc2025; 37(5); 729-752; doi: 10.1177/10406387251325881

Diseases of the nervous system of equids in Brazil: a review.

Abstract: In Brazil, CNS diseases in equids were little known until the 1980s. Since then, several diagnostic laboratories have been operating in different universities, initially in the South and Southeast regions and, later, in the Central-West, Northeast and North regions. However, the knowledge accumulated from the diagnoses of nervous system diseases of equids made at these institutions over the years has not been reviewed comprehensively, and many papers are published in Portuguese. Here, we review 18 diseases that occur in the nervous system of equids in Brazil, including some critical infectious diseases (rabies, equine encephalomyelitides, equine herpesviral myeloencephalopathy, protozoan myeloencephalitis), and diseases caused by toxic plants and mycotoxins. Our review provides reference data to assist pathologists and clinicians in diagnosing neurologic diseases in equids. We also hope it will serve as a reference for professionals in this field abroad, allowing them to compare data in the epidemiology and pathology of the nervous system diseases of equids in different regions of the world.
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Publication Date: 2025-05-30 PubMed ID: 40443203PubMed Central: PMC12125018DOI: 10.1177/10406387251325881Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This research article provides a comprehensive review of 18 diseases affecting the nervous system of horses and related animals (equids) in Brazil.
  • It compiles data from various regions and laboratories to aid veterinary diagnosis and offers comparative epidemiological insights for global professionals.

Background and Context

  • Before the 1980s, central nervous system (CNS) diseases in equids in Brazil were not well understood.
  • Post-1980s, multiple diagnostic laboratories began operating at universities initially in the South and Southeast regions of Brazil, and later expanded to the Central-West, Northeast, and North regions.
  • Despite the increasing knowledge from these diagnostic efforts, their findings had not been comprehensively reviewed in a single study before this publication.
  • Much of the previous research had been published primarily in Portuguese, limiting accessibility for non-Portuguese speakers.

Scope of the Review

  • The article reviews 18 neurological diseases affecting equids in Brazil.
  • Diseases included cover a range of infectious, toxic, and other etiologies:
    • Critical infectious diseases: Rabies, equine encephalomyelitis viruses, equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy, and protozoan myeloencephalitis.
    • Toxic diseases: Those caused by toxic plants and mycotoxins affecting the nervous system.
  • The diseases examined highlight both the diversity and complexity of CNS disorders in Brazilian equids.

Significance and Applications

  • The review consolidates scattered knowledge, enabling:
    • Veterinary pathologists to improve diagnosis accuracy for neurological diseases in horses.
    • Clinicians to better understand symptoms, disease progression, and regional prevalence.
  • It provides valuable reference data for veterinary professionals within Brazil by summarizing epidemiological, pathological, and clinical aspects.
  • The work also serves international veterinary and research communities by:
    • Enabling epidemiological comparisons between Brazil and other regions worldwide.
    • Increasing accessibility of Brazilian research findings to non-Portuguese speakers.

Conclusion

  • The review bridges a knowledge gap regarding CNS diseases in Brazilian equids, reflecting improvements in diagnostic capacity over recent decades.
  • It supports enhanced clinical management and facilitates global research collaborations focused on equine neurological health.

Cite This Article

APA
Carvalho KS, de Barros CSL, Mendonça FS, Machado M, Riet-Correa F. (2025). Diseases of the nervous system of equids in Brazil: a review. J Vet Diagn Invest, 37(5), 729-752. https://doi.org/10.1177/10406387251325881

Publication

Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc
ISSN: 1943-4936
NlmUniqueID: 9011490
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 37
Issue: 5
Pages: 729-752
PII: 10406387251325881

Researcher Affiliations

Carvalho, Kesia S
  • Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Centro Universitário Cesmac, Alagoas, AL, Brazil.
de Barros, Claudio S L
  • Laboratory of Anatomic Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
Mendonça, Fabio S
  • Laboratório de Diagnóstico Animal, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
Machado, Mizael
  • Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental del Norte, Tacuarembó, Uruguay.
Riet-Correa, Franklin
  • Postgraduate Program in Animal Science in the Tropics, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Brazil / epidemiology
  • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
  • Horse Diseases / diagnosis
  • Horses
  • Equidae
  • Nervous System Diseases / veterinary
  • Nervous System Diseases / epidemiology
  • Central Nervous System Diseases / veterinary
  • Central Nervous System Diseases / epidemiology
  • Rabies / veterinary
  • Rabies / epidemiology

Conflict of Interest Statement

Declaration of conflicting interestsThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

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