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Journal of virology2018; 92(23); e00927-18; doi: 10.1128/JVI.00927-18

Distribution, Diversity, and Evolution of Endogenous Retroviruses in Perissodactyl Genomes.

Abstract: The evolution of mammalian genomes has been shaped by interactions with endogenous retroviruses (ERVs). In this study, we investigated the distribution and diversity of ERVs in the mammalian order , with a view to understanding their impact on the evolution of modern equids (family ). We characterize the major ERV lineages in the horse genome in terms of their genomic distribution, ancestral genome organization, and time of activity. Our results show that subsequent to their ancestral divergence from rhinoceroses and tapirs, equids acquired four novel ERV lineages. We show that two of these ERV lineages proliferated extensively in the lineage leading to modern horses, and one contains loci that are actively transcribed in specific tissues. In addition, we show that the white rhinoceros has resisted germ line colonization by retroviruses for more than 54 million years-longer than any other extant mammalian species. The map of equine ERVs that we provide here will be of great utility to future studies aiming to investigate the potential functional roles of equine ERVs and their impact on equine evolution. ERVs in the host genome are highly informative about the long-term interactions of retroviruses and hosts. They are also interesting because they have influenced the evolution of mammalian genomes in various ways. In this study, we derive a calibrated timeline describing the process through which ERV diversity has been generated in the equine germ line. We determined the distribution and diversity of perissodactyl ERV lineages and inferred their retrotranspositional activity during evolution, thereby gaining insight into the long-term coevolutionary history of retroviruses and mammals. Our study provides a platform for future investigations to identify equine ERV loci involved in physiological processes and/or pathological conditions.
Copyright © 2018 American Society for Microbiology.
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Publication Date: 2018-11-12 PubMed ID: 30209175PubMed Central: PMC6232481DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00927-18Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research provides insights into the presence and evolution of endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) in the genomes of members of the Perissodactyl order, primarily focusing on horses (equids). The study uncovers how these ERVs have influenced the evolution of these animal genomes over millions of years and how specific ERVs in horses are still active.

Investigation of ERVs in Perissodactyl Genomes

  • The study scrutinized the distribution and diversity of ERVs in perissodactyl genomes, which has a direct correlation with their evolutionary trajectory.
  • Researchers dissected the genomic organization of the major ERV lineages present in the equid (horse) genome, their respective periods of activity, and their overall distribution.
  • Findings revealed that after genetically diverging from the Rhinoceros and Tapir lineage, the equids acquired four new ERV lineages.

Activity of ERV Lineages in Equids

  • The study found two ERV lineages that were particularly prolific, directly impacting the lineage that led to modern horses.
  • One of these active ERV lineages even contains loci (specific locations in the genome) that are still transcribed in certain types of tissues.

Resistance to ERVs in the White Rhinoceros

  • In contrast to the equids, the research highlighted the unique ability of the white rhinoceros to resist ERVs in their germ line for over 54 million years. This makes it the mammalian species with the longest recorded resistance to ERV colonization.

Relevance for Further Research

  • The distribution of ERVs in the horse genome, mapped out in this study, is invaluable for future research on the functional roles of horse ERVs and their impacts on equine evolution.
  • The findings motive continued study to identify which horse ERV loci are potentially involved in physiological and pathological processes, providing an in-depth understanding of the long-term coevolutionary history between retroviruses and mammals.

Cite This Article

APA
Zhu H, Gifford RJ, Murcia PR. (2018). Distribution, Diversity, and Evolution of Endogenous Retroviruses in Perissodactyl Genomes. J Virol, 92(23), e00927-18. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00927-18

Publication

Journal of virology
ISSN: 1098-5514
NlmUniqueID: 0113724
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 92
Issue: 23
PII: e00927-18

Researcher Affiliations

Zhu, Henan
  • MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Gifford, Robert James
  • MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom gifford@glasgow.ac.uk pablo.murcia@glasgow.ac.uk.
Murcia, Pablo Ramiro
  • MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom gifford@glasgow.ac.uk pablo.murcia@glasgow.ac.uk.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Base Sequence
  • Cell Lineage
  • Computational Biology
  • Endogenous Retroviruses / classification
  • Endogenous Retroviruses / genetics
  • Endogenous Retroviruses / isolation & purification
  • Evolution, Molecular
  • Genetic Variation
  • Genome
  • Genomics
  • Horses / genetics
  • Horses / virology
  • Perissodactyla / genetics
  • Perissodactyla / virology
  • Phylogeny
  • Retroviridae Infections / veterinary
  • Retroviridae Infections / virology
  • Sequence Homology
  • Transcriptome

Grant Funding

  • MC_UU_12014/1 / Medical Research Council
  • MC_UU_12014/12 / Medical Research Council
  • MC_UU_12014/9 / Medical Research Council

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Citations

This article has been cited 3 times.
  1. Tsangaras K, Mayer J, Mirza O, Dayaram A, Higgins DP, Bryant B, Campbell-Ward M, Sangster C, Casteriano A, Höper D, Beer M, Greenwood AD. Evolutionarily Young African Rhinoceros Gammaretroviruses.. J Virol 2023 Apr 27;97(4):e0193222.
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