Does the injection of platelet-rich plasma induce changes in the gene expression and morphology of intact Thoroughbred skeletal muscle?
Abstract: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy is promising for treating skeletal muscle injuries in human athletes by promoting muscle regeneration. It might also be useful for treating muscle injuries in equine athletes. In the present study, muscle regeneration induced by injection of PRP into intact muscle of Thoroughbred was investigated. Autologous PRP and saline were injected twice into intact left and right gluteus medius muscles of seven clinically healthy Thoroughbreds. Muscle samples were collected from the injection sites by needle biopsy at 2 and 7 days after PRP injection. Immunohistochemical staining to identify the types of myosin heavy chains (MHCs) and satellite cells was performed to compare morphological changes among intact (pre-injection), saline-, and PRP-injected muscles. The expression of marker genes related to muscle regeneration (MHC-I, MHC-II, and embryonic MHC [MHC-e]), satellite cell activity (CK, Pax7, MyoD, and myogenin), and proinflammatory and promyogenic cytokines (IL-6, IGF-1, and HGF) was analyzed and compared between saline- and PRP-injected muscles. There were no obvious morphological differences among the three treatments. There were no significant differences in gene expression associated with satellite cell activity between saline and PRP injection at 7 days after injection. MHC genes showed significantly higher expression levels with PRP than with saline, including MHC-e at 2 days and MHC-I at 7 days after injection. It is suggested that injection of PRP into intact skeletal muscle does not induce specific morphological changes, but upregulate the expression of genes related to muscle regeneration.
Publication Date: 2017-07-06 PubMed ID: 28721121PubMed Central: PMC5506447DOI: 10.1294/jes.28.31Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
Summary
This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.
This research explored if injecting platelet-rich plasma into healthy skeletal muscles of Thoroughbred horses affected the muscle’s gene expression and structure. The results suggested no significant structural changes but did show an increase in the expression of genes related to muscle regeneration.
Research Methodology
- The study used seven healthy Thoroughbreds. Each horse had autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and saline injected into their intact left and right gluteus medius muscles (part of the hip muscle group). These injections were administered twice.
- Post-injection, muscle sample biopsies were taken at 2 and 7 days from the injection sites.
- The researchers conducted immunohistochemical staining on the samples. This technique allows scientists to visualize specific components of cells. This staining aimed to identify the types of myosin heavy chains (MHC: a protein involved in muscle contraction) and satellite cells (muscle stem cells responsible for regeneration) and to compare morphological changes between pre-injection, after saline injection, and after PRP injection muscles.
- Lastly, the research team examined the expression of genes related to muscle regeneration (MHC-I, MHC-II, and embryonic MHC [MHC-e]), satellite cell activity (CK, Pax7, MyoD, and myogenin), and proteins that promote inflammation and muscle growth (IL-6, IGF-1, and HGF).
Research Findings
- There were no visible morphological or structural differences among the muscles that remained intact (pre-injection), after saline injection, and after PRP injection.
- The gene expression associated with satellite cell activity did not show any significant differences between saline and PRP injection seven days post-injection.
- However, the expression of MHC genes, especially MHC-e at 2 days and MHC-I at 7 days post-injection, showed significantly higher levels with PRP than with saline.
Conclusion
- Based on these findings, the researchers deduced that injecting PRP into intact skeletal muscle does not induce any significant morphological changes.
- The critical finding, though, was that the PRP injection upregulated the expression of genes related to muscle regeneration, namely the MHC genes.
- This has important implications for the potential use of PRP in treating muscle injuries in horses, boosting recovery by enhancing muscle regeneration at the genetic level.
Cite This Article
APA
Fukuda K, Miyata H, Kuwano A, Kuroda T, Tamura N, Kotoyori Y, Kasashima Y.
(2017).
Does the injection of platelet-rich plasma induce changes in the gene expression and morphology of intact Thoroughbred skeletal muscle?
J Equine Sci, 28(2), 31-39.
https://doi.org/10.1294/jes.28.31 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan.
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan.
- Japan Farriery Association, Tokyo 105-0004, Japan.
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan.
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan.
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan.
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan.
References
This article includes 30 references
- Hamid M.S. A, Mohamed Ali M.R., Yusof A., George J., Lee L.P.. Platelet-rich plasma injections for the treatment of hamstring injuries: a randomized controlled trial. Am. J. Sports Med. 2014;42:2410–2418.
- Barrientos S., Stojadinovic O., Golinko M.S., Brem H., Tomic-Canic M.. Growth factors and cytokines in wound healing. Wound Repair Regen. 2008;16:585–601.
- Bosch G., van Schie H.T., de Groot M.W., Cadby J.A., van de Lest C.H., Barneveld A., van Weeren P.R.. Effects of platelet-rich plasma on the quality of repair of mechanically induced core lesions in equine superficial digital flexor tendons: a placebo-controlled experimental study. J. Orthop. Res. 2010;28:211–217.
- Daley J.M., Brancato S.K., Thomay A.A., Reichner J.S., Albina J.E.. The phenotype of murine wound macrophages. J. Leukoc. Biol. 2010;87:59–67.
- Delos D., Leineweber M.J., Chaudhury S., Alzoobaee S., Gao Y., Rodeo S.A.. The effect of platelet-rich plasma on muscle contusion healing in a rat model. Am. J. Sports Med. 2014;42:2067–2074.
- Dimauro I., Grasso L., Fittipaldi S., Fantini C., Mercatelli N., Racca S., Geuna S., Di Gianfrancesco A., Caporossi D., Pigozzi F., Borrione P.. Platelet-rich plasma and skeletal muscle healing: a molecular analysis of the early phases of the regeneration process in an experimental animal model. PLoS One 2014;9:e102993.
- Everts P.A., Knape J.T., Weibrich G., Schönberger J.P., Hoffmann J., Overdevest E.P., Box H.A., van Zundert A.. Platelet-rich plasma and platelet gel: a review. J. Extra Corpor. Technol. 2006;38:174–187.
- Gosens T., Peerbooms J.C., van Laar W., den Oudsten B.L.. Ongoing positive effect of platelet-rich plasma versus corticosteroid injection in lateral epicondylitis: a double-blind randomized controlled trial with 2-year follow-up. Am. J. Sports Med. 2011;39:1200–1208.
- Hammond J.W., Hinton R.Y., Curl L.A., Muriel J.M., Lovering R.M.. Use of autologous platelet-rich plasma to treat muscle strain injuries. Am. J. Sports Med. 2009;37:1135–1142.
- Hwang Y.J., Choi J.Y.. Addition of mesenchymal stem cells to the scaffold of platelet-rich plasma is beneficial for the reduction of the consolidation period in mandibular distraction osteogenesis. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2010;68:1112–1124.
- Inchingolo F., Tatullo M., Marrelli M., Inchingolo A.M., Inchingolo A.D., Dipalma G., Flace P., Girolamo F., Tarullo A., Laino L., Sabatini R., Abbinante A., Cagiano R.. Regenerative surgery performed with platelet-rich plasma used in sinus lift elevation before dental implant surgery: an useful aid in healing and regeneration of bone tissue. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci. 2012;16:1222–1226.
- Jaynes J.B., Chamberlain J.S., Buskin J.N., Johnson J.E., Hauschka S.D.. Transcriptional regulation of the muscle creatine kinase gene and regulated expression in transfected mouse myoblasts. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1986;6:2855–2864.
- Jee C.H., Eom N.Y., Jang H.M., Jung H.W., Choi E.S., Won J.H., Hong I.H., Kang B.T., Jeong D.W., Jung D.I.. Effect of autologous platelet-rich plasma application on cutaneous wound healing in dogs. J. Vet. Sci. 2016;17:79–87.
- Karalaki M., Fili S., Philippou A., Koutsilieris M.. Muscle regeneration: cellular and molecular events. In Vivo 2009;23:779–796.
- Kawai M., Aida H., Hiraga A., Miyata H.. Muscle satellite cells are activated after exercise to exhaustion in Thoroughbred horses. Equine Vet. J. 2013;45:512–517.
- Kim J.H., Park C., Park H.M.. Curative effect of autologous platelet-rich plasma on a large cutaneous lesion in a dog. Vet. Dermatol. 2009;20:123–126.
- Lepper C., Partridge T.A., Fan C.M.. An absolute requirement for Pax7-positive satellite cells in acute injury-induced skeletal muscle regeneration. Development 2011;138:3639–3646.
- Marukawa E., Oshina H., Iino G., Morita K., Omura K.. Reduction of bone resorption by the application of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in bone grafting of the alveolar cleft. J. Craniomaxillofac. Surg. 2011;39:278–283.
- Marx R.E.. Platelet-rich plasma: evidence to support its use. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2004;62:489–496.
- Matsuo R., Ohkohchi N., Murata S., Ikeda O., Nakano Y., Watanabe M., Hisakura K., Myronovych A., Kubota T., Narimatsu H., Ozaki M.. Platelets strongly induce hepatocyte proliferation with IGF-1 and HGF in vitro. J. Surg. Res. 2008;145:279–286.
- Mei-Dan O., Lippi G., Sánchez M., Andia I., Maffulli N.. Autologous platelet-rich plasma: a revolution in soft tissue sports injury management?. Phys. Sportsmed. 2010;38:127–135.
- Schnabel L.V., Sonea H.O., Jacobson M.S., Fortier L.A.. Effects of platelet rich plasma and acellular bone marrow on gene expression patterns and DNA content of equine suspensory ligament explant cultures. Equine Vet. J. 2008;40:260–265.
- Schnabel L.V., Mohammed H.O., Miller B.J., McDermott W.G., Jacobson M.S., Santangelo K.S., Fortier L.A.. Platelet rich plasma (PRP) enhances anabolic gene expression patterns in flexor digitorum superficialis tendons. J. Orthop. Res. 2007;25:230–240.
- Shi X., Garry D.J.. Muscle stem cells in development, regeneration, and disease. Genes Dev. 2006;20:1692–1708.
- Textor J.A., Norris J.W., Tablin F.. Effects of preparation method, shear force, and exposure to collagen on release of growth factors from equine platelet-rich plasma. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2011;72:271–278.
- Theoret C.L., Barber S.M., Moyana T.N., Gordon J.R.. Expression of transforming growth factor beta(1), beta(3), and basic fibroblast growth factor in full-thickness skin wounds of equine limbs and thorax. Vet. Surg. 2001;30:269–277.
- Waselau M., Sutter W.W., Genovese R.L., Bertone A.L.. Intralesional injection of platelet-rich plasma followed by controlled exercise for treatment of midbody suspensory ligament desmitis in Standardbred racehorses. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2008;232:1515–1520.
- Xie X., Zhao S., Wu H., Xie G., Huangfu X., He Y., Zhao J.. Platelet-rich plasma enhances autograft revascularization and reinnervation in a dog model of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J. Surg. Res. 2013;183:214–222.
- Yamano S., Eto D., Kasashima Y., Hiraga A., Sugiura T., Miyata H.. Evaluation of developmental changes in the coexpression of myosin heavy chains and metabolic properties of equine skeletal muscle fibers. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2005;66:401–405.
- Zhang C., Li Y., Wu Y., Wang L., Wang X., Du J.. Interleukin-6/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway is essential for macrophage infiltration and myoblast proliferation during muscle regeneration. J. Biol. Chem. 2013;288:1489–1499.
Citations
This article has been cited 3 times.- Camargo Garbin L, Lopez C, Carmona JU. A Critical Overview of the Use of Platelet-Rich Plasma in Equine Medicine Over the Last Decade. Front Vet Sci 2021;8:641818.
- Fukuda K, Kuroda T, Tamura N, Mita H, Kasashima Y. Optimal activation methods for maximizing the concentrations of platelet-derived growth factor-BB and transforming growth factor-β1 in equine platelet-rich plasma. J Vet Med Sci 2020 Oct 20;82(10):1472-1479.
- Longhini ALF, Salazar TE, Vieira C, Trinh T, Duan Y, Pay LM, Li Calzi S, Losh M, Johnston NA, Xie H, Kim M, Hunt RJ, Yoder MC, Santoro D, McCarrel TM, Grant MB. Peripheral blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells demonstrate immunomodulatory potential for therapeutic use in horses. PLoS One 2019;14(3):e0212642.
Use Nutrition Calculator
Check if your horse's diet meets their nutrition requirements with our easy-to-use tool Check your horse's diet with our easy-to-use tool
Talk to a Nutritionist
Discuss your horse's feeding plan with our experts over a free phone consultation Discuss your horse's diet over a phone consultation
Submit Diet Evaluation
Get a customized feeding plan for your horse formulated by our equine nutritionists Get a custom feeding plan formulated by our nutritionists
