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Home / Equine Research Bank / Drug Test Anal / Doping Control Analysis of Perfluorocarbons in Equine Plasma...
Drug testing and analysis2024; 17(7); 1011-1027; doi: 10.1002/dta.3801

Doping Control Analysis of Perfluorocarbons in Equine Plasma by Headspace Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry.

Abstract: In order to control the potential misuse of perfluorocarbons as an oxygen carrier in equine sports, a simple and sensitive method for detecting perfluorocarbons in equine plasma by gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry using negative chemical ionization with methane as reagent gas has been developed and fully validated. The method covers seven perfluorocarbons, which are the active components in blood substitute products, and shows good sensitivity and robustness. Limits of detection as low as 0.01 ng/mL could be achieved by the method. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a detection method for the screening of perfluorocarbons in equine biological samples.
© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Publication Date: 2024-09-18 PubMed ID: 39295175DOI: 10.1002/dta.3801Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
  • Validation Study

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This research developed and validated a sensitive analytical method to detect perfluorocarbons in horse plasma, aiming to prevent their misuse as oxygen carriers in equine sports.

Introduction and Background

  • Perfluorocarbons are synthetic compounds capable of carrying oxygen, sometimes used in medical applications as blood substitutes.
  • In equine sports, the misuse of perfluorocarbons as performance enhancers by increasing oxygen supply is a concern.
  • There was a lack of reliable, sensitive detection methods for perfluorocarbons in horse biological samples to enforce doping control.

Objective

  • To develop a simple, sensitive, and robust analytical method to detect and quantify perfluorocarbons in equine plasma.
  • This would enable effective screening and doping control in equine sports.

Methodology

  • Analytical Technique: Gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) was utilized.
  • Detection Mode: Negative chemical ionization (NCI) was employed using methane as the reagent gas, enhancing sensitivity for perfluorocarbons.
  • Sample Type: Equine plasma, the biological matrix relevant for doping tests in horses.
  • Target Analytes: Seven specific perfluorocarbons, known active ingredients in blood substitute products, were included in the method scope.
  • Validation: The method was fully validated for parameters such as sensitivity, robustness, and detection limits.

Key Findings

  • The developed method demonstrated excellent sensitivity with limits of detection (LODs) as low as 0.01 ng/mL.
  • Robustness and reproducibility were established, indicating reliable performance for routine screening.
  • This is reported as the first-ever method published specifically for screening perfluorocarbons in equine biological samples, filling a critical gap in doping control.

Significance and Applications

  • Provides regulatory and doping control authorities with a powerful tool to detect illegal use of oxygen-carrying perfluorocarbons in horse racing and other equine sports.
  • Facilitates fair competition and animal welfare by enabling surveillance against performance enhancement via blood substitutes.
  • Supports broader research and forensic investigations where detection of perfluorocarbons in biological specimens is required.

Conclusion

  • The study successfully established a pioneering, well-validated analytical method for detecting multiple perfluorocarbons in equine plasma.
  • This advancement contributes significantly to doping control capabilities in the equine sports community, improving fairness and safety standards.

Cite This Article

APA
Kong FKW, Wong ASY, Cheung RKK, Wan TSM, Ho ENM. (2024). Doping Control Analysis of Perfluorocarbons in Equine Plasma by Headspace Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Drug Test Anal, 17(7), 1011-1027. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3801

Publication

Drug testing and analysis
ISSN: 1942-7611
NlmUniqueID: 101483449
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 17
Issue: 7
Pages: 1011-1027

Researcher Affiliations

Kong, Fred K W
  • Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T. Hong Kong, China.
Wong, April S Y
  • Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T. Hong Kong, China.
Cheung, Raymond K K
  • Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T. Hong Kong, China.
Wan, Terence S M
  • Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T. Hong Kong, China.
Ho, Emmie N M
  • Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T. Hong Kong, China.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Fluorocarbons / blood
  • Horses / blood
  • Tandem Mass Spectrometry / methods
  • Doping in Sports
  • Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / methods
  • Limit of Detection
  • Substance Abuse Detection / methods

References

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