FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / BMC Genomics / Dwarfism with joint laxity in Friesian horses is associated ...
BMC genomics2016; 17(1); 839; doi: 10.1186/s12864-016-3186-0

Dwarfism with joint laxity in Friesian horses is associated with a splice site mutation in B4GALT7.

Abstract: Inbreeding and population bottlenecks in the ancestry of Friesian horses has led to health issues such as dwarfism. The limbs of dwarfs are short and the ribs are protruding inwards at the costochondral junction, while the head and back appear normal. A striking feature of the condition is the flexor tendon laxity that leads to hyperextension of the fetlock joints. The growth plates of dwarfs display disorganized and thickened chondrocyte columns. The aim of this study was to identify the gene defect that causes the recessively inherited trait in Friesian horses to understand the disease process at the molecular level. We have localized the genetic cause of the dwarfism phenotype by a genome wide approach to a 3 Mb region on the p-arm of equine chromosome 14. The DNA of two dwarfs and one control Friesian horse was sequenced completely and we identified the missense mutation ECA14:g.4535550C > T that cosegregated with the phenotype in all Friesians analyzed. The mutation leads to the amino acid substitution p.(Arg17Lys) of xylosylprotein beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase 7 encoded by B4GALT7. The protein is one of the enzymes that synthesize the tetrasaccharide linker between protein and glycosaminoglycan moieties of proteoglycans of the extracellular matrix. The mutation not only affects a conserved arginine codon but also the last nucleotide of the first exon of the gene and we show that it impedes splicing of the primary transcript in cultured fibroblasts from a heterozygous horse. As a result, the level of B4GALT7 mRNA in fibroblasts from a dwarf is only 2 % compared to normal levels. Mutations in B4GALT7 in humans are associated with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome progeroid type 1 and Larsen of Reunion Island syndrome. Growth retardation and ligamentous laxity are common manifestations of these syndromes. We suggest that the identified mutation of equine B4GALT7 leads to the typical dwarfism phenotype in Friesian horses due to deficient splicing of transcripts of the gene. The mutated gene implicates the extracellular matrix in the regular organization of chrondrocyte columns of the growth plate. Conservation of individual amino acids may not be necessary at the protein level but instead may reflect underlying conservation of nucleotide sequence that are required for efficient splicing.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2016-10-28 PubMed ID: 27793082PubMed Central: PMC5084406DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3186-0Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research paper examines the cause of dwarfism in Friesian horses related to an inherited trait. This trait leads to health issues such as short limbs, protruding ribs and tendon laxity. The study identifies the gene mutation causing this defect and its implications.

Objective of the Study

  • The aim of the study was to identify the gene defect responsible for the recessively inherited trait causing dwarfism in Friesian horses.
  • The intention was to understand the disease process at the molecular level to pave the way for potential treatments or prevention strategies.

Methodology

  • The researchers narrowed down the genetic cause of the dwarfism phenotype to a particular region on the equine chromosome 14 through a genome-wide approach.
  • A complete DNA sequencing of two dwarf Friesians and one control horse was conducted.

Findings

  • The study discovered a missense mutation that meshed with the dwarfism phenotype in all Friesian horses analysed.
  • The mutation leads to an amino acid substitution in the protein xylosylprotein beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase 7, encoded by B4GALT7.
  • This protein plays a role in synthesizing a structure that connects protein and glycosaminoglycan components of proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix.

Implications of the Mutation

  • The study shows that the mutation impairs the splicing of the primary transcript in cultured fibroblasts from a horse carrying the mutation.
  • The level of B4GALT7 mRNA in fibroblasts from a dwarf horse is only 2% compared to normal levels, indicating a significant deficiency caused by the mutation.

Conclusion

  • The researchers suggest that the identified mutation leads to the typical dwarfism phenotype in Friesian horses, resulting from deficient splicing of transcripts of the gene.
  • This mutated gene suggests the involvement of the extracellular matrix in the organization of chrondrocyte columns of the growth plate.
  • It is suggested that conservation at the protein level may not be necessary, but instead reflects underlying conservation of nucleotide sequences needed for efficient splicing.

Cite This Article

APA
Leegwater PA, Vos-Loohuis M, Ducro BJ, Boegheim IJ, van Steenbeek FG, Nijman IJ, Monroe GR, Bastiaansen JW, Dibbits BW, van de Goor LH, Hellinga I, Back W, Schurink A. (2016). Dwarfism with joint laxity in Friesian horses is associated with a splice site mutation in B4GALT7. BMC Genomics, 17(1), 839. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-016-3186-0

Publication

BMC genomics
ISSN: 1471-2164
NlmUniqueID: 100965258
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 17
Issue: 1
Pages: 839

Researcher Affiliations

Leegwater, Peter A
  • Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, PO Box 80154, NL-3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands. p.a.j.leegwater@uu.nl.
Vos-Loohuis, Manon
  • Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, PO Box 80154, NL-3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Ducro, Bart J
  • Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, NL-6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Boegheim, Iris J
  • Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, PO Box 80154, NL-3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
  • Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 112-114, NL-3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
van Steenbeek, Frank G
  • Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, PO Box 80154, NL-3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Nijman, Isaac J
  • Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85090, NL-3508 AB, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Monroe, Glen R
  • Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85090, NL-3508 AB, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Bastiaansen, John W M
  • Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, NL-6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Dibbits, Bert W
  • Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, NL-6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
van de Goor, Leanne H
  • Dr. van Haeringen Laboratorium B.V., PO Box 408, NL-6700 AK, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Hellinga, Ids
  • Koninklijke Vereniging "het Friesch Paarden-Stamboek", PO Box 624, NL-9200 AP, Drachten, The Netherlands.
Back, Willem
  • Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 112-114, NL-3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
  • Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
Schurink, Anouk
  • Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, NL-6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands.

MeSH Terms

  • Amino Acid Sequence
  • Animals
  • Chromosome Mapping
  • Dwarfism / veterinary
  • Female
  • Galactosyltransferases / genetics
  • Genetic Association Studies
  • Horse Diseases / genetics
  • Horses
  • Joint Instability / genetics
  • Mutation
  • Phenotype
  • Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
  • RNA Splice Sites
  • Sequence Analysis, DNA

References

This article includes 30 references
  1. Back W, Van der Lugt JJ, Nikkels PGJ, Van den Belt AJM, Van der Kolk JH, Stout TAE. Phenotypic diagnosis of dwarfism in six Friesian horses.. Equine Vet J 2008;40:282–287.
    doi: 10.2746/042516408X278201pubmed: 18267883google scholar: lookup
  2. University of Sydney: OMIA - Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals. http://omia.angis.org.au/home/. Accessed 7 Dec 2015.
  3. De Graaf-Roelfsema E, Back W, Keizer HA, Stout TA, van der Kolk JH. Normal function of the hypothalamic-pituitary growth axis in three dwarf Friesian foals.. Vet Rec 2009;165:373–376.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.165.13.373pubmed: 19783851google scholar: lookup
  4. Orr N, Back W, Gu J, Leegwater P, Govindarajan P, Conroy J, Ducro B, Van Arendonk JAM, MacHugh DE, Ennis S, Hill EW, Brama PA. Genome-wide SNP association-based localization of a dwarfism gene in Friesian dwarf horses.. Anim Genet 2010;41(Suppl 2):2–7.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2010.02091.xpubmed: 21070269google scholar: lookup
  5. NCBI: map viewer. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/mapview/map_search.cgi?taxid=9796&build=101.0. Accessed 7 Dec 2015.
  6. Doan R, Cohen ND, Sawyer J, Ghaffari N, Johnson CD, Dindot SV. Whole-genome sequencing and genetic variant analysis of a Quarter Horse mare.. BMC Genomics 2012;13:78.
    doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-78pmc: PMC3309927pubmed: 22340285google scholar: lookup
  7. Kumar P, Henikoff S, Ng PC. Predicting the effects of coding non-synonymous variants on protein function using the SIFT algorithm.. Nat Protoc 2009;4:1073–1081.
    doi: 10.1038/nprot.2009.86pubmed: 19561590google scholar: lookup
  8. Robinson JT, Thorvaldsdóttir H, Winckler W, Guttman M, Lander ES, Getz G, Mesirov JP. Integrative Genomics Viewer.. Nat Biotechnol 2011;29:24–26.
    doi: 10.1038/nbt.1754pmc: PMC3346182pubmed: 21221095google scholar: lookup
  9. Adzhubei IA, Schmidt S, Peshkin L, Ramensky VE, Gerasimova A, Bork P, Kondrashov AS, Sunyaev SR. A method and server for predicting damaging missense mutations.. Nat Methods 2010;7:248–249.
    doi: 10.1038/nmeth0410-248pmc: PMC2855889pubmed: 20354512google scholar: lookup
  10. Reese MG, Eeckman FH, Kulp D, Haussler D. Improved Splice Site Detection in Genie.. J Comp Biol 1997;4:311–323.
    doi: 10.1089/cmb.1997.4.311pubmed: 9278062google scholar: lookup
  11. Lossos A, Stümpfig C, Stevanin G, Gaussen M, Zimmerman BE, Mundwiller E, Asulin M, Chamma L, Sheffer R, Misk A, Dotan S, Gomori JM, Ponger P, Brice A, Lerer I, Meiner V, Lill R. Fe/S protein assembly gene IBA57 mutation causes hereditary spastic paraplegia.. Neurology 2015;84:659–667.
    doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000001270pubmed: 25609768google scholar: lookup
  12. Voorbij AM, Van Steenbeek FG, Vos-Loohuis M, Martens EE, Hanson-Nilsson JM, Van Oost BA, Kooistra HS, Leegwater PA. A contracted DNA repeat in LHX3 intron 5 is associated with aberrant splicing and pituitary dwarfism in German shepherd dogs.. PLoS One 2011;6:e27940.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027940pmc: PMC3223203pubmed: 22132174google scholar: lookup
  13. Almeida R, Levery SB, Mandel U, Kresse H, Schwientek T, Bennett EP, Clausen H. Cloning and expression of a proteoglycan UDP-galactose:beta-xylose beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase I: a seventh member of the human beta4-galactosyltransferase gene family.. J Biol Chem 1999;274:26165–26171.
    doi: 10.1074/jbc.274.37.26165pubmed: 10473568google scholar: lookup
  14. Okajima T, Fukumoto S, Furukawa K, Urano T, Furukawa K. Molecular basis for the progeroid variant of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: identification and characterization of two mutations in galactosyltransferase I gene.. J Biol Chem 1999;274:28841–28844.
    doi: 10.1074/jbc.274.41.28841pubmed: 10506123google scholar: lookup
  15. Faiyaz-Ul-Haque M, Zaidi SHE, Al-Ali M, Al-Mureikhi MS, Kennedy S, Al-Thani G, Tsui L-C, Teebi AS. A novel missense mutation in the galactosyltransferase-I (B4GALT7) gene in a family exhibiting facioskeletal anomalies and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome resembling the progeroid type.. Am J Med Genet A 2004;128A:39–45.
    doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30005pubmed: 15211654google scholar: lookup
  16. Guo MH, Stoler J, Lui J, Nilsson O, Bianchi DW, Hirschhorn JN, Dauber A. Redefining the progeroid form of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: report of the fourth patient with B4GALT7 deficiency and review of the literature.. Am J Med Genet A 2013;161A:2519–2527.
    pmc: PMC3788078pubmed: 23956117
  17. Cartault F, Munier P, Jacquemont ML, Vellayoudom J, Doray B, Payet C, Randrianaivo H, Laville JM, Munnich A, Cormier-Daire V. Expanding the clinical spectrum of B4GALT7 deficiency: homozygous p.R270C mutation with founder effect causes Larsen of Reunion Island syndrome.. Eur J Hum Genet 2015;23:49–53.
    doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.60pmc: PMC4266744pubmed: 24755949google scholar: lookup
  18. Salter CG, Davies JH, Moon RJ, Fairhurst J, Bunyan D, Foulds N. Further defining the phenotypic spectrum of B4GALT7 mutations.. Am J Med Genet A 2016.
    pubmed: 26940150doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37604google scholar: lookup
  19. Laville JM, Lakermance P, Limouzy F. Larsen’s syndrome: review of the literature and analysis of thirty-eight cases.. J Pediatr Orthop 1994;14:63–73.
    doi: 10.1097/01241398-199401000-00014pubmed: 8113375google scholar: lookup
  20. Seidler DG, Faiyaz-Ul-Haque M, Hansen U, Yip GW, Zaidi SH, Teebi AS, Kiesel L, Götte M. Defective glycosylation of decorin and biglycan, altered collagen structure, and abnormal phenotype of the skin fibroblasts of an Ehlers-Danlos syndrome patient carrying the novel Arg270Cys substitution in galactosyltransferase I (beta4GalT-7). J Mol Med (Berl) 2006;84:583–594.
    doi: 10.1007/s00109-006-0046-4pubmed: 16583246google scholar: lookup
  21. Jones KL, Schwarze U, Adam MP, Byers PH, Mefford HC. A homozygous B3GAT3 mutation causes a severe syndrome with multiple fractures, expanding the phenotype of linkeropathy syndromes.. Am J Med Genet A 2015;167A:2691–2696.
    doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37209pmc: PMC4654953pubmed: 26086840google scholar: lookup
  22. Ducro BJ, Schurink A, Bastiaansen JWM, Boegheim IJ, van Steenbeek FG, Vos-Loohuis M, Nijman IJ, Monroe GR, Hellinga I, Dibbits BW, Back W, Leegwater PA. A nonsense mutation in B3GALNT2 is concordant with hydrocephalus in Friesian horses.. BMC Genomics 2015;16:761.
    doi: 10.1186/s12864-015-1936-zpmc: PMC4600337pubmed: 26452345google scholar: lookup
  23. Aulchenko YS, Ripke S, Isaacs A, van Duijn CM. GenABEL: an R library for genome-wide association analysis.. Bioinformatics 2007;23:1294–1296.
    doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btm108pubmed: 17384015google scholar: lookup
  24. University Medical Center Utrecht: Illumina analysis pipeline. https://github.com/CuppenResearch/IAP. Accessed 7 Dec 2015
  25. McKenna A, Hanna M, Banks E, Sivachenko A, Cibulskis K, Kernytsky A, Garimella K, Altshuler D, Gabriel S, Daly M, DePristo MA. The Genome Analysis Toolkit: a MapReduce framework for analyzing next-generation DNA sequencing data.. Genome Res 2010;20:1297–1303.
    doi: 10.1101/gr.107524.110pmc: PMC2928508pubmed: 20644199google scholar: lookup
  26. Van der Auwera GA, Carneiro M, Hartl C, Poplin R, del Angel G, Levy-Moonshine A, Jordan T, Shakir K, Roazen D, Thibault J, Banks E, Garimella K, Altshuler D, Gabriel S, DePristo M. From FastQ Data to High-Confidence Variant Calls: The Genome Analysis Toolkit Best Practices Pipeline.. Curr Protoc Bioinformatics 2013;11:11.10.1–11.10.33.
    pmc: PMC4243306pubmed: 25431634
  27. Li H, Durbin R. Fast and accurate short read alignment with Burrows-Wheeler Transform.. Bioinformatics 2009;25:1754–1760.
    doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btp324pmc: PMC2705234pubmed: 19451168google scholar: lookup
  28. Cingolani P, Platts A, le Wang L, Coon M, Nguyen T, Wang L, Land SJ, Lu X, Ruden DM. A program for annotating and predicting the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms, SnpEff: SNPs in the genome of Drosophila melanogaster strain w1118; iso-2; iso-3.. Fly (Austin) 2012;6:80–92.
    doi: 10.4161/fly.19695pmc: PMC3679285pubmed: 22728672google scholar: lookup
  29. Stassen QE, Riemers FM, Reijmerink H, Leegwater PA, Penning LC. Reference genes for reverse transcription quantitative PCR in canine brain tissue.. BMC Res Notes 2015;8:761.
    doi: 10.1186/s13104-015-1628-4pmc: PMC4673830pubmed: 26654363google scholar: lookup
  30. EMBL-EBI: European Nucleotide Archive. http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena. Accessed 4 May 2016.

Citations

This article has been cited 14 times.
  1. Steensma MJ, Ducro BJ, Dibbits B, Doekes HP, van Schipstal JGC, Kalblfleisch T, Groenen MAM, Derks MFL. High-quality, haplotype-resolved reference genomes of the Dutch warmblood horse and Friesian horse using trio binning. BMC Genomics 2025 Sep 1;26(1):790.
    doi: 10.1186/s12864-025-11985-0pubmed: 40890628google scholar: lookup
  2. Wiener P, Friedrich J, Marr MM, Simo G, Tanya VN, Ballingall KT, Flegontov P, Rosen BD, Sallé G, Spangler G, Van Tassell CP, Salavati M, Meutchieye F, Clark EL. Genomic Analysis of Hair Sheep From West/Central Africa Reveals Unique Genetic Diversity and Ancestral Links to Breed Formation in the Caribbean. Mol Ecol 2025 Dec;34(24):e17796.
    doi: 10.1111/mec.17796pubmed: 40454862google scholar: lookup
  3. Momen M, Brauer K, Patterson MM, Sample SJ, Binversie EE, Davis BW, Cothran EG, Rosa GJM, Brounts SH, Muir P. Genetic architecture and polygenic risk score prediction of degenerative suspensory ligament desmitis (DSLD) in the Peruvian Horse. Front Genet 2023;14:1201628.
    doi: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1201628pubmed: 37645058google scholar: lookup
  4. McElroy A, Gray-Edwards H, Coghill LM, Lyons LA. Precision medicine using whole genome sequencing in a cat identifies a novel COL5A1 variant for classical Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. J Vet Intern Med 2023 Sep-Oct;37(5):1716-1724.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16805pubmed: 37594181google scholar: lookup
  5. Chavez DE, Gronau I, Hains T, Dikow RB, Frandsen PB, Figueiró HV, Garcez FS, Tchaicka L, de Paula RC, Rodrigues FHG, Jorge RSP, Lima ES, Songsasen N, Johnson WE, Eizirik E, Koepfli KP, Wayne RK. Comparative genomics uncovers the evolutionary history, demography, and molecular adaptations of South American canids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022 Aug 23;119(34):e2205986119.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.2205986119pubmed: 35969758google scholar: lookup
  6. Vroman R, Malfait AM, Miller RE, Malfait F, Syx D. Animal Models of Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes: Phenotype, Pathogenesis, and Translational Potential. Front Genet 2021;12:726474.
    doi: 10.3389/fgene.2021.726474pubmed: 34712265google scholar: lookup
  7. Hisey EA, Hermans H, Lounsberry ZT, Avila F, Grahn RA, Knickelbein KE, Duward-Akhurst SA, McCue ME, Kalbfleisch TS, Lassaline ME, Back W, Bellone RR. Whole genome sequencing identified a 16 kilobase deletion on ECA13 associated with distichiasis in Friesian horses. BMC Genomics 2020 Nov 30;21(1):848.
    doi: 10.1186/s12864-020-07265-8pubmed: 33256610google scholar: lookup
  8. Albaradei S, Magana-Mora A, Thafar M, Uludag M, Bajic VB, Gojobori T, Essack M, Jankovic BR. Splice2Deep: An ensemble of deep convolutional neural networks for improved splice site prediction in genomic DNA. Gene X 2020 Dec;5:100035.
    doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.100035pubmed: 32550561google scholar: lookup
  9. Pu Y, Zhang Y, Zhang T, Han J, Ma Y, Liu X. Identification of Novel lncRNAs Differentially Expressed in Placentas of Chinese Ningqiang Pony and Yili Horse Breeds. Animals (Basel) 2020 Jan 11;10(1).
    doi: 10.3390/ani10010119pubmed: 31940795google scholar: lookup
  10. Raudsepp T, Finno CJ, Bellone RR, Petersen JL. Ten years of the horse reference genome: insights into equine biology, domestication and population dynamics in the post-genome era. Anim Genet 2019 Dec;50(6):569-597.
    doi: 10.1111/age.12857pubmed: 31568563google scholar: lookup
  11. Schurink A, Shrestha M, Eriksson S, Bosse M, Bovenhuis H, Back W, Johansson AM, Ducro BJ. The Genomic Makeup of Nine Horse Populations Sampled in the Netherlands. Genes (Basel) 2019 Jun 25;10(6).
    doi: 10.3390/genes10060480pubmed: 31242710google scholar: lookup
  12. Renaud G, Hanghøj K, Korneliussen TS, Willerslev E, Orlando L. Joint Estimates of Heterozygosity and Runs of Homozygosity for Modern and Ancient Samples. Genetics 2019 Jul;212(3):587-614.
    doi: 10.1534/genetics.119.302057pubmed: 31088861google scholar: lookup
  13. Burns EN, Bordbari MH, Mienaltowski MJ, Affolter VK, Barro MV, Gianino F, Gianino G, Giulotto E, Kalbfleisch TS, Katzman SA, Lassaline M, Leeb T, Mack M, Müller EJ, MacLeod JN, Ming-Whitfield B, Alanis CR, Raudsepp T, Scott E, Vig S, Zhou H, Petersen JL, Bellone RR, Finno CJ. Generation of an equine biobank to be used for Functional Annotation of Animal Genomes project. Anim Genet 2018 Dec;49(6):564-570.
    doi: 10.1111/age.12717pubmed: 30311254google scholar: lookup
  14. Saey V, Tang J, Ducatelle R, Croubels S, De Baere S, Schauvliege S, van Loon G, Chiers K. Elevated urinary excretion of free pyridinoline in Friesian horses suggests a breed-specific increase in collagen degradation. BMC Vet Res 2018 Apr 25;14(1):139.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-018-1454-8pubmed: 29699546google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,357 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.