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Current biology : CB2023; 33(12); 2515-2527.e6; doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.05.047

Dynamics of eastern equine encephalitis virus during the 2019 outbreak in the Northeast United States.

Abstract: Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) causes a rare but severe disease in horses and humans and is maintained in an enzootic transmission cycle between songbirds and Culiseta melanura mosquitoes. In 2019, the largest EEEV outbreak in the United States for more than 50 years occurred, centered in the Northeast. To explore the dynamics of the outbreak, we sequenced 80 isolates of EEEV and combined them with existing genomic data. We found that, similar to previous years, cases were driven by multiple independent but short-lived virus introductions into the Northeast from Florida. Once in the Northeast, we found that Massachusetts was important for regional spread. We found no evidence of any changes in viral, human, or bird factors which would explain the increase in cases in 2019, although the ecology of EEEV is complex and further data is required to explore these in more detail. By using detailed mosquito surveillance data collected by Massachusetts and Connecticut, however, we found that the abundance of Cs. melanura was exceptionally high in 2019, as was the EEEV infection rate. We employed these mosquito data to build a negative binomial regression model and applied it to estimate early season risks of human or horse cases. We found that the month of first detection of EEEV in mosquito surveillance data and vector index (abundance multiplied by infection rate) were predictive of cases later in the season. We therefore highlight the importance of mosquito surveillance programs as an integral part of public health and disease control.
Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Publication Date: 2023-06-08 PubMed ID: 37295427PubMed Central: PMC10316540DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.05.047Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research explores the dynamics of the Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) outbreak that occurred in the Northeast United States in 2019. Researchers discovered that the outbreak, which had not last this extreme for over 50 years, resulted from multiple, isolated introductions of the virus from Florida and spread substantially from Massachusetts. The research underscores the importance of mosquito surveillance in public health and disease control.

Introduction and Overview on EEEV

  • Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) is a severe disease that affects both humans and horses. The virus is primarily transmitted through songbirds and Culiseta melanura mosquitoes.
  • In 2019, a record-breaking outbreak of EEEV occurred in the United States, specifically centered in the Northeast region — the largest in over half a century.

Findings and Analysis

  • To better understand the dynamics of this outbreak, researchers sequenced 80 isolates of EEEV, combining this new information with existing genomic data.
  • The researchers discovered that the cases were likely caused through multiple independent–yet short-lived–introductions of the virus into the Northeast from Florida.
  • They noted Massachusetts as a significant point of regional virus propagation. However, there was no indication in changes in the viral, human, or bird factors that could clarify the increase in cases in 2019.
  • The research points out the complexity of investigating EEEV ecology and expresses the need for more data for deeper examination.

The Role of Mosquito Surveillance and Risk Estimation

  • Detailed mosquito surveillance data was obtained from Massachusetts and Connecticut. The researchers found that the abundance of Cs. melanura mosquitoes and the EEEV infection rate were exceptionally high during 2019.
  • The mosquito data was used to create a negative binomial regression model, and this was applied to estimate the early-season risks of human or horse cases of EEEV.
  • The findings showed that both the month of the first detection of EEEV in the mosquito surveillance data and the vector index (based on mosquito abundance and infection rate) were indictors of EEEV cases appearing later in the season.
  • The study concludes by emphasizing the importance of mosquito surveillance programs for public health and disease control.

Cite This Article

APA
Hill V, Koch RT, Bialosuknia SM, Ngo K, Zink SD, Koetzner CA, Maffei JG, Dupuis AP, Backenson PB, Oliver J, Bransfield AB, Misencik MJ, Petruff TA, Shepard JJ, Warren JL, Gill MS, Baele G, Vogels CBF, Gallagher G, Burns P, Hentoff A, Smole S, Brown C, Osborne M, Kramer LD, Armstrong PM, Ciota AT, Grubaugh ND. (2023). Dynamics of eastern equine encephalitis virus during the 2019 outbreak in the Northeast United States. Curr Biol, 33(12), 2515-2527.e6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2023.05.047

Publication

Current biology : CB
ISSN: 1879-0445
NlmUniqueID: 9107782
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 33
Issue: 12
Pages: 2515-2527.e6
PII: S0960-9822(23)00679-6

Researcher Affiliations

Hill, Verity
  • Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA. Electronic address: verity.hill@yale.edu.
Koch, Robert T
  • Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
Bialosuknia, Sean M
  • The Arbovirus Laboratory, New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA.
Ngo, Kiet
  • The Arbovirus Laboratory, New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA.
Zink, Steven D
  • The Arbovirus Laboratory, New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA.
Koetzner, Cheri A
  • The Arbovirus Laboratory, New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA.
Maffei, Joseph G
  • The Arbovirus Laboratory, New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA.
Dupuis, Alan P
  • The Arbovirus Laboratory, New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA.
Backenson, P Bryon
  • New York State Department of Health, Bureau of Communicable Disease Control, Albany, NY 12237, USA.
Oliver, JoAnne
  • New York State Department of Health, Bureau of Communicable Disease Control, Syracuse, NY 13202, USA; Division of Environmental and Renewable Resources, State University of New York at Morrisville - School of Agriculture, Business and Technology, Morrisville, NY 13408, USA.
Bransfield, Angela B
  • Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, Department of Entomology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
Misencik, Michael J
  • Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, Department of Entomology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
Petruff, Tanya A
  • Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, Department of Entomology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
Shepard, John J
  • Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, Department of Entomology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
Warren, Joshua L
  • Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Public Health Modeling Unit, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
Gill, Mandev S
  • Department of Statistics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
Baele, Guy
  • Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven BE-3000, Belgium.
Vogels, Chantal B F
  • Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
Gallagher, Glen
  • Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, MA 02108, USA; Rhode Island State Health Laboratory, Rhode Island Department of Health, Providence, RI 02904, USA.
Burns, Paul
  • Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, MA 02108, USA.
Hentoff, Aaron
  • Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, MA 02108, USA.
Smole, Sandra
  • Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, MA 02108, USA.
Brown, Catherine
  • Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, MA 02108, USA.
Osborne, Matthew
  • Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, MA 02108, USA.
Kramer, Laura D
  • The Arbovirus Laboratory, New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Albany School of Public Health, Albany, NY 12237, USA.
Armstrong, Philip M
  • Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Division of Environmental and Renewable Resources, State University of New York at Morrisville - School of Agriculture, Business and Technology, Morrisville, NY 13408, USA. Electronic address: philip.armstrong@ct.gov.
Ciota, Alexander T
  • The Arbovirus Laboratory, New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Albany School of Public Health, Albany, NY 12237, USA. Electronic address: alexander.ciota@health.ny.gov.
Grubaugh, Nathan D
  • Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. Electronic address: nathan.grubaugh@yale.edu.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Horses
  • Humans
  • Encephalitis Virus, Eastern Equine / genetics
  • Mosquito Vectors
  • Encephalomyelitis, Equine / epidemiology
  • Encephalomyelitis, Equine / veterinary
  • Culicidae
  • Massachusetts / epidemiology
  • Disease Outbreaks / veterinary
  • Songbirds

Grant Funding

  • DP2 AI176740 / NIAID NIH HHS
  • U01 CK000509 / NCEZID CDC HHS
  • UL1 TR001863 / NCATS NIH HHS

Conflict of Interest Statement

Declaration of interests The authors declare no conflicts of interest related to this work.

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Citations

This article has been cited 15 times.
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