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Home / Equine Research Bank / Animals (Basel) / Early Embryonic Development in Agriculturally Important Spec...
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2024; 14(13); 1882; doi: 10.3390/ani14131882

Early Embryonic Development in Agriculturally Important Species.

Abstract: The fertilization of oocytes ovulated by pigs, sheep, cows, and horses is not considered a limiting factor in successful establishment of pregnancy. Pig, sheep, and cow embryos undergo cleavage to the blastocyst stage, hatch from the zona pellucida, and undergo central-type implantation. Hatched blastocysts of pigs, sheep, and cows transition from tubular to long filamentous forms to establish surface area for exchange of nutrients and gases with the uterus. The equine blastocyst, surrounded by external membranes, does not elongate but migrates throughout the uterine lumen before attaching to the uterine luminal epithelium (LE) to begin implantation. Pregnancy recognition signaling in pigs requires the trophectoderm to express interleukin 1 beta, estrogens, prostaglandin E2, and interferon gamma. Sheep and cow conceptus trophectoderm expresses interferon tau that induces interferon regulatory factor 2 that inhibits transcription of estrogen and oxytocin receptors by uterine epithelia. This prevents oxytocin-induced luteolytic pulses of prostaglandin F2-alpha from regressing the corpora lutea, as well as ensuring the secretion of progesterone required for maintenance of pregnancy. The pregnancy recognition signal produced by equine blastocysts is not known. Implantation in these species requires interactions between extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and integrins as the conceptus undergoes apposition and firm attachment to the uterine LE. This review provides details with respect to early embryonic development and the transition from spherical to filamentous conceptuses in pigs, sheep, and cows, as well as pre-implantation development of equine blastocysts and implantation of the conceptuses.
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Publication Date: 2024-06-26 PubMed ID: 38997994PubMed Central: PMC11240814DOI: 10.3390/ani14131882Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research article discusses the early embryonic development in certain agriculturally important animals, such as pigs, sheep, cows, and horses. It explains the differences in their development and implantation journeys, as well as the signaling requirements for pregnancy recognition in each species.

Embryonic Development Stages

  • This study highlights that the fertilization of oocytes in pigs, sheep, cows, and horse does not pose any limitation for a successful commencement of pregnancy.
  • The embryos of pigs, sheep, and cows proceed through a process known as cleavage until the stage known as “blastocyst,” where they hatch from their protective membrane called “zona pellucida.”
  • After hatching, these blastocysts morph from a tubular to an elongated filamentous shape. This shape shift is to increase the surface area for better exchange of essential nutrients and gases with the uterus.
  • However, equine (horse) embryos differ. Instead of elongating, the equine blastocyst, surrounded by external membranes, moves within the uterine lumen before attaching to the uterine luminal epithelium (uterine lining) to commence implantation.

Pregnancy Recognition Signaling

  • In pigs, the signal for pregnancy recognition requires the expression of several compounds from the embryo’s outer layer, known as the “trophectoderm.” These compounds include interleukin 1 beta, estrogens, prostaglandin E2, and interferon gamma.
  • Sheep and cow embryos, on the other hand, show a quite different signaling method. Their trophectoderm expresses a protein called interferon tau which, in turn, induces the production of interferon regulatory factor 2. This key player inhibits the transcription of estrogen and oxytocin receptors by uterine epithelia.
  • This inhibition prevents the rise of oxytocin-induced luteolytic bursts of prostaglandin F2-alpha that would otherwise cause the regression of the corpora lutea, a structure pivotal for the secretion of progesterone which is required for the maintenance of the pregnancy.
  • In horses, however, the mechanism for pregnancy recognition signal production is not yet understood.

Implantation Process

  • The implantation process in these species is reliant on interactions between the extracellular matrix proteins and integrins as the embryo, also known as the conceptus, prepares itself for firm attachment to the uterine luminal epithelium.
  • The review provided in the research article throws light on the fascinating early embryonic development journey and the transformation of conceptuses from spherical to filamentous shapes in pigs, sheep, and cows.
  • Additionally, it elucidates the pre-implantation development process of equine blastocysts and the procedure of implantation of the conceptuses.

Cite This Article

APA
Bazer FW, Johnson GA. (2024). Early Embryonic Development in Agriculturally Important Species. Animals (Basel), 14(13), 1882. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14131882

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 14
Issue: 13
PII: 1882

Researcher Affiliations

Bazer, Fuller W
  • Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA.
Johnson, Gregory A
  • Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA.

Grant Funding

  • Research in the laboratories of F.W.B. and G.A. J. has been supported by Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grants 2016-67015-24958, 2018-67015-28093, and 2022-67015-36376 to F.W.B. and Grants 2016-67015-24955, 2020-67015-31136, and 2022 / United States Department of Agriculture, National Institute for Food and Agriculture

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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