Eastern equine encephalomyelitis in upstate New York 1972-1974.
Abstract: No abstract available
Publication Date: 1975-11-01 PubMed ID: 919DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1975.24.986Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
Summary
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The study discusses the findings from a surveillance program on eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) that was conducted in central New York State from 1972 to 1974. EEE is a viral disease that affects both humans and animals, especially horses. It is transmitted primarily through mosquitoes. The period being examined included the state’s second outbreak or “epizootic” of this disease, which happened in 1974.
Results:
- Horse Deaths: During this period, there were 17 horse deaths in a three-county area that were investigated for potential EEE infection:
- Virus Isolation: EEE virus was confirmed in 5 of these horses by isolating it directly from their brain tissues.
- Antibody Testing: Diagnostic levels of EEE antibodies were detected in the blood of 7 other horses. This indicates that these horses were exposed to the EEE virus.
- Other Animal and Mosquito Infections:
- Fox Sparrow: In 1974, the EEE virus was also isolated from a fox sparrow, specifically from its brain and liver.
- Mosquitoes: The virus was found in eight pools of mosquitoes. The species included:
- Culiseta melanura (5 pools)
- Aedes canadensis (2 pools)
- Culex pipiens-restuans complex (1 pool)
- Bird Infections: The study also monitored EEE infection in local bird populations by testing their blood for EEE antibodies:
- Between May and August, 6.5% of the tested birds had EEE antibodies.
- By September 1974, this percentage had risen significantly to 35.7%, indicating a spike in EEE infections among birds.
Implication:
These findings highlight the spread and presence of the EEE virus in New York State during 1972-1974. The data showcases the virus’s impact on horses, its presence in mosquitoes (the primary vectors), and its effect on local bird populations. Monitoring such patterns is crucial for predicting potential future outbreaks and implementing preventive measures.
Cite This Article
APA
Morris CD, Caines AR, Woodall JP, Bast TF.
(1975).
Eastern equine encephalomyelitis in upstate New York 1972-1974.
Am J Trop Med Hyg, 24(6 Pt 1), 986-991.
https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1975.24.986 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral / isolation & purification
- Birds / microbiology
- Brain / microbiology
- Child
- Culicidae / microbiology
- Encephalitis Virus, Eastern Equine / isolation & purification
- Encephalomyelitis, Equine / epidemiology
- Encephalomyelitis, Equine / immunology
- Horses
- Humans
- New York
- Population Surveillance
Citations
This article has been cited 10 times.- Armstrong PM, Andreadis TG. Ecology and Epidemiology of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus in the Northeastern United States: An Historical Perspective. J Med Entomol 2022 Jan 12;59(1):1-13.
- Corrin T, Ackford R, Mascarenhas M, Greig J, Waddell LA. Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus: A Scoping Review of the Global Evidence. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2021 May;21(5):305-320.
- Oliver J, Tan Y, Haight JD, Tober KJ, Gall WK, Zink SD, Kramer LD, Campbell SR, Howard JJ, Das SR, Sherwood JA. Spatial and temporal expansions of Eastern equine encephalitis virus and phylogenetic groups isolated from mosquitoes and mammalian cases in New York State from 2013 to 2019. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020 Dec;9(1):1638-1650.
- Sherwood JA, Stehman SV, Howard JJ, Oliver J. Cases of Eastern equine encephalitis in humans associated with Aedes canadensis, Coquillettidia perturbans and Culiseta melanura mosquitoes with the virus in New York State from 1971 to 2012 by analysis of aggregated published data. Epidemiol Infect 2020 Apr 1;148:e72.
- Oliver J, Lukacik G, Kokas J, Campbell SR, Kramer LD, Sherwood JA, Howard JJ. Twenty years of surveillance for Eastern equine encephalitis virus in mosquitoes in New York State from 1993 to 2012. Parasit Vectors 2018 Jun 25;11(1):362.
- Molaei G, Thomas MC, Muller T, Medlock J, Shepard JJ, Armstrong PM, Andreadis TG. Dynamics of Vector-Host Interactions in Avian Communities in Four Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Foci in the Northeastern U.S. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016 Jan;10(1):e0004347.
- Molaei G, Armstrong PM, Abadam CF, Akaratovic KI, Kiser JP, Andreadis TG. Vector-Host Interactions of Culiseta melanura in a Focus of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Activity in Southeastern Virginia. PLoS One 2015;10(9):e0136743.
- Burkett-Cadena ND, Graham SP, Hassan HK, Guyer C, Eubanks MD, Katholi CR, Unnasch TR. Blood feeding patterns of potential arbovirus vectors of the genus culex targeting ectothermic hosts. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008 Nov;79(5):809-15.
- Young DS, Kramer LD, Maffei JG, Dusek RJ, Backenson PB, Mores CN, Bernard KA, Ebel GD. Molecular epidemiology of eastern equine encephalitis virus, New York. Emerg Infect Dis 2008 Mar;14(3):454-60.
- Sellers RF. Eastern equine encephalitis in Quebec and Connecticut, 1972: introduction by infected mosquitoes on the wind?. Can J Vet Res 1989 Jan;53(1):76-9.
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