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Effect of corticosteroid and bronchodilator therapy on bronchoalveolar lavage cytology following intrapulmonary blood inoculation.
Abstract: Intrapulmonary blood causes an inflammatory response. Modifying this inflammatory response may be useful in the treatment of exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH). Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of 3 treatments, an oral bronchodilator, inhaled steroid and oral steroid in modifying the cellular response to intrapulmonary blood inoculation. Methods: Experimental design was a randomised block divided into 4 experimental segments of 2 weeks. Eight normal horses were randomly assigned to pairs and treatments. Autologous blood was inoculated into the lungs on 4 occasions over an 8 week period. For each treatment, a bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) sample was collected on Day 0 and then 2 randomly selected segmental bronchi (one in each lung) were inoculated with blood (50 ml). BAL fluid was collected from one inoculated bronchus on Day 3 and from the other on Day 10. From BAL samples, total RBC and total and differential WBC were determined. Results for percentages and absolute cell counts were expressed as mean +/- s.e. and analysed using one, 2 and 3 way analysis of variance. Results: All treatments significantly reduced the number of erythrophages at Day 3 (P = 0.02) Treatment with oral prednisolone resulted in a significantly higher percentage of macrophages (P = 0.03) and also reduced the relative and absolute number of haemosiderophages in BAL compared to the other 2 treatments at Day 10 (P = 0.07). Conclusions: We concluded that treatments altered the dynamics of cell populations in BAL following blood inoculation. Whether this alters the evolution of lung lesions following episodes of EIPH and indeed whether there are benefits for equine lungs following episodes of EIPH, remain to be determined. Conclusions: Future studies into treatments for EIPH may benefit from incorporating a variety of dose rates for oral prednisolone and a longer period of evaluation. Such studies may also benefit from the use of cell activation markers. The concomitant use of pulmonary function testing and cytology in the field may assist in ascertaining whether treatments influence the performance and welfare of athletic horses subsequent to episodes of EIPH.
Publication Date: 2007-04-04 PubMed ID: 17402476DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05597.xGoogle Scholar: Lookup The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
- Randomized Controlled Trial
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
- Athletic Horses
- Athletic Performance
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage
- Bronchodilation
- Cells
- Clinical Study
- Corticosteroids
- Disease Treatment
- Equine Health
- Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage
- Experimental Methods
- Hemorrhage
- Horses
- Inflammation
- Inflammatory Response
- Lung Health
- Respiratory Health
- Steroids
- Veterinary Care
- Veterinary Medicine
Summary
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The research study explores the effect of corticosteroid and bronchodilator therapy on bronchoalveolar lavage cytology in horses following an induced inflammatory response caused by intrapulmonary blood inoculation. The findings indicate alterations in cell dynamics due to treatments, though the implications on lung lesions or benefits for equine lungs after an exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage are to be further investigated.
Research Methods
- The investigators adopted a randomised block experimental design divided into four segments across a duration of two weeks each.
- Eight healthy horses were randomly selected for the study. These horses underwent an intrapulmonary blood inoculation procedure four times over an eight-week period involving the injection of autologous blood (from their own body) into their lungs.
- The study utilized three treatments: an oral bronchodilator, an inhaled steroid, and an oral steroid. The aim was to observe the alterations in the cellular response to the administered treatments after blood inoculation.
- At the start of each treatment, a bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) sample (lung washing) was collected. Post blood inoculation, BAL fluid was collected from one inoculated bronchus on the 3rd day and from another bronchus on the 10th day.
- The number of red blood cells (RBC) and white blood cells (WBC) were calculated from the BAL samples.
- Percentages and absolute cell counts were expressed as the mean along with the standard error and were analyzed using one, two, and three-way analysis of variance.
Results
- All three treatments significantly reduced the number of erythrophages (cells that eat red blood cells) by the third day of treatment.
- Treatment with oral prednisolone, a type of steroid, resulted in a notably higher percentage of macrophages (large immune cells) and reduced haemosiderophages (cells that digest blood and cellular debris) in the BAL over the ten day period compared to the other two treatments.
Conclusions
- The study concluded that the treatments altered cell populations in the lungs after blood inoculation. However, the role this plays in the progression of lung lesions after exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) episodes and the potential benefits for equine lungs following such episodes requires further research.
- The researchers suggested that future studies on EIPH treatments could incorporate varying dose rates of oral prednisolone and a longer evaluation period. Additionally, using cell activation markers could be beneficial for deeper analysis.
- Together with cytology, pulmonary function testing in the field can help in determining whether treatments affect the performance and welfare of athletic horses following EIPH episodes.
Cite This Article
APA
Walker HJ, Evans DL, Slocombe RF, Hodgson JL, Hodgson DR.
(2007).
Effect of corticosteroid and bronchodilator therapy on bronchoalveolar lavage cytology following intrapulmonary blood inoculation.
Equine Vet J Suppl(36), 516-522.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05597.x Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
MeSH Terms
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents / therapeutic use
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / cytology
- Bronchodilator Agents / therapeutic use
- Cross-Over Studies
- Erythrocyte Count / veterinary
- Female
- Hemorrhage / drug therapy
- Hemorrhage / prevention & control
- Hemorrhage / veterinary
- Horse Diseases / drug therapy
- Horse Diseases / prevention & control
- Horses
- Leukocyte Count / veterinary
- Lung Diseases / drug therapy
- Lung Diseases / prevention & control
- Lung Diseases / veterinary
- Male
- Prednisolone / therapeutic use
- Pulmonary Circulation
Citations
This article has been cited 2 times.- Shawaf T, Almubarak A, Alhumam N, Almathen F, Hussen J. Cytological analysis of tracheal wash and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in health and respiratory disease in dromedary camels. PeerJ 2021;9:e11723.
- Hinchcliff KW, Couetil LL, Knight PK, Morley PS, Robinson NE, Sweeney CR, van Erck E. Exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage in horses: American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine consensus statement. J Vet Intern Med 2015 May-Jun;29(3):743-58.
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