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Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity2016; 2016; 1535367; doi: 10.1155/2016/1535367

Effect of High-Intensity Training in Normobaric Hypoxia on Thoroughbred Skeletal Muscle.

Abstract: Hypoxic training is believed to increase endurance capacity in association with hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), a modulator of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), and to influence activation of satellite cells (SCs). However, the effect of hypoxic training on SC activation and its relation to angiogenesis has not been thoroughly investigated. Eight Thoroughbred horses were subjected to normoxic (F = 21%) or hypoxic (F = 15%) training for 3 days/week (100%  [Formula: see text]) for 4 weeks. Incremental exercise tests (IET) were conducted on a treadmill under normoxia and the maximal oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text]) and running distance were measured before and after each training session. Muscle biopsy samples were obtained from the gluteus medius muscle at 6 scheduled times before, during, and one week after IET for immunohistochemical analysis and real-time RT-PCR analysis. Running distance and [Formula: see text], measured during IET, increased significantly after hypoxic training compared with normoxic training. Capillary density and mRNA expression related to SC activation (e.g., myogenin and hepatocyte growth factor) and angiogenesis (VEGF-A) increased only after hypoxic training. These results suggest that increases in mRNA expression after training enhance and prolong SC activation and angiogenesis and that nitric oxide plays an important role in these hypoxia-induced training effects.
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Publication Date: 2016-09-19 PubMed ID: 27721912PubMed Central: PMC5046030DOI: 10.1155/2016/1535367Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research explores the impact of high-intensity exercise in a low-oxygen environment on the muscles of Thoroughbred horses. Findings reveal that hypoxic training led to improved running performance and stimulated mechanisms related to muscle growth and blood vessel formation.

Study Design and Methods

  • The study involved eight Thoroughbred horses that were either subject to normal oxygen (normoxic) training, or training under reduced oxygen (hypoxic) conditions.
  • Training took place 3 times a week, over a period of 4 weeks.
  • Physical performance was measured using incremental exercise tests (IET) on a treadmill under normal oxygen conditions. Measures included maximal oxygen consumption and running distance, before and after each training session.
  • Biopsies were sampled from the horses’ gluteus medius muscle at scheduled intervals before, during, and one week after the exercise tests for further analysis.

Results and Findings

  • The horses that undertook hypoxic training had significantly improved performance on the treadmill tests in terms of running distance and oxygen consumption, when compared to those who undertook normoxic training.
  • Only the muscles of the horses subjected to hypoxic training exhibited an increase in capillary density and increased mRNA expression relating to satellite cell (SC) activation and the promotion of angiogenesis.
  • Increased mRNA expression following hypoxic training may enhance and prolong SC activation and angiogenesis – processes beneficial for the endurance and performance of the horses.
  • In addition, the study suggests nitric oxide plays a key role in these training effects induced by a low-oxygen environment.

Conclusion

  • In conclusion, this study provides evidence that high-intensity training in a reduced-oxygen environment can promote beneficial adaptations in the muscle tissue of Thoroughbred horses. These include enhanced muscle growth and vascular development, which could improve performance and endurance capacity.

Cite This Article

APA
Nagahisa H, Mukai K, Ohmura H, Takahashi T, Miyata H. (2016). Effect of High-Intensity Training in Normobaric Hypoxia on Thoroughbred Skeletal Muscle. Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2016, 1535367. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/1535367

Publication

Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity
ISSN: 1942-0994
NlmUniqueID: 101479826
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 2016
Pages: 1535367
PII: 1535367

Researcher Affiliations

Nagahisa, Hiroshi
  • Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida 1677-1, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan.
Mukai, Kazutaka
  • Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan.
Ohmura, Hajime
  • Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan.
Takahashi, Toshiyuki
  • Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan.
Miyata, Hirofumi
  • Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida 1677-1, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Body Weight
  • Cross-Over Studies
  • Female
  • Hepatocyte Growth Factor / genetics
  • Hepatocyte Growth Factor / metabolism
  • Horses
  • Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / metabolism
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Male
  • Muscle, Skeletal / metabolism
  • Muscle, Skeletal / pathology
  • Myogenin / genetics
  • Myogenin / metabolism
  • Oxygen Consumption
  • Physical Endurance
  • RNA, Messenger / metabolism
  • Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle / cytology
  • Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle / metabolism
  • Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / genetics
  • Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / metabolism

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests regarding the publication of this paper.

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Citations

This article has been cited 17 times.
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