Effect of position on transdiaphragmatic pressure and hemodynamic variables in anesthetized horses.
Abstract: Recumbency affects respiratory mechanics and oxygenation in anesthetized horses. Changes in pleural and abdominal pressures that can impair ventilation have not been described in all recumbencies. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of patient positioning on transdiaphragmatic pressure and selected hemodynamic variables. Horses were maintained under total intravenous general anesthesia with nasal oxygen supplementation. Transnasal balloon catheters in the stomach and thoracic esophagus were used to measure intrathoracic and gastric pressures in standing horses and in anesthetized horses positioned in right and left lateral recumbency, dorsal recumbency, reverse Trendelenburg position, and Trendelenburg position. Transdiaphragmatic pressure was calculated as the difference between gastric and intrathoracic pressures. Measurements of oxygen saturation (SpO2), heart rate, systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures, and respiratory rate were obtained every 5 minutes. When compared to dorsal recumbency, gastric expiratory pressure is decreased in the standing position. Thoracic expiratory pressure is decreased in standing and reverse Trendelenburg. Transdiaphragmatic expiratory pressure and SpO2 are decreased in Trendelenburg. Heart rate is increased in reverse Trendelenburg. Systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures are decreased in reverse Trendelenburg and increased in left lateral and right lateral recumbency. We found that there is wide variation in respiratory pressures between horses and positions and they are not predictive of associated changes in hemodynamic variables. Le décubitus affecte la mécanique respiratoire et l’oxygénation chez les chevaux anesthésiés. Les changements dans les pressions pleurales et abdominales qui peuvent affecter la ventilation n’ont pas été décrites dans tous les décubitus. L’objectif de la présente étude était de déterminer les effets du positionnement du patient sur la pression trans-diaphragmatique et une sélection de variables hémodynamiques. Des chevaux furent maintenus sous anesthésie intraveineuse générale totale avec supplémentation en oxygène par voie nasale. Des cathéters à ballon intra-nasal placés dans l’estomac et l’oesophage thoracique furent utilisés pour mesurer les pressions intrathoracique et gastrique chez des chevaux en position debout et des chevaux anesthésiés positionnés en décubitus latéral droit et gauche, en décubitus dorsal, en position renversée de Trendelenburg et en position de Trendelenburg. La pression trans-diaphragmatique fut calculée comme étant la différence entre les pressions gastrique et intrathoracique. Les mesures de saturation en oxygène (SpO2), du rythme cardiaque, des pressions artérielles systolique, diastolique et moyenne, ainsi que le rythme respiratoire furent obtenues à toutes les 5 minutes. Lors de la comparaison avec le décubitus dorsal, la pression expiratoire gastrique est diminuée dans la position debout. La pression thoracique expiratoire est diminuée en position debout et en position renversée de Trendelenburg. La pression expiratoire trans-diaphragmatique et la SpO2 sont diminuées en position Trendelenburg. Le rythme cardiaque est augmenté en position renversée de Trendelenburg. Les pressions artérielles systolique, diastolique et moyenne sont diminuées en position renversée de Trendelenburg et augmentées en décubitus latéral gauche et droit. Nous avons trouvé qu’il y avait de grandes variations dans les pressions respiratoires entre les chevaux et les positions et qu’elles ne sont pas prédictives de changements associés dans les variables hémodynamiques.(Traduit par Docteur Serge Messier).
Copyright and/or publishing rights held by the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association.
Publication Date: 2020-08-18 PubMed ID: 32801455PubMed Central: PMC7301668
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- Journal Article
Summary
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This research seeks to analyze how a horse’s position affects its breathing and certain heart-related variables when under general anesthesia. The study shows that different positions and horse-to-horse variables cause a wide range of respiratory pressures that do not necessarily indicate changes in heart-related factors.
Research Aim
- The main objective of this study was to determine the effects of different physical positions on transdiaphragmatic pressure and selected heart-related (hemodynamic) variables in anesthetized horses.
Methods
- Horses were kept under total general anesthesia with nasal oxygen supplementation, a technique used to ensure breathing.
- Transnasal balloon catheters placed in the stomach and thoracic esophagus were used to measure pressures within the chest and stomach. These measurements were taken for both standing and anesthetized horses in various positions: right and left lateral recumbency, dorsal recumbency, reverse Trendelenburg (head-down tilt), and Trendelenburg position (head-up tilt).
- Transdiaphragmatic pressure, which is the difference between gastric and thoracic pressures, was also calculated. This pressure indicates how well the diaphragm— the main muscle used for breathing — is working.
- Measurements, including oxygen saturation (SpO), heart rate, and systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures, and respiratory rate were collected every 5 minutes.
Findings
- Results showed that there is a decrease in gastric expiratory pressure (pressure in the stomach at the end of expiration or breathing out) in the standing position when compared to dorsal recumbency (lying on the back).
- In standing and reverse Trendelenburg positions, thoracic expiratory pressure (pressure within the chest at the end of expiration) decreased.
- The transdiaphragmatic expiratory pressure and oxygen saturation decreased in the Trendelenburg position.
- Heart rate increased in the reverse Trendelenburg position.
- Meanwhile, systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures dropped in reverse Trendelenburg position, but rose in both left and right lateral recumbency (lying on side).
- The findings revealed significant variation in respiratory pressures (breathing-related pressures) between horses and positions which did not predict associated changes in heart-related variables.
Cite This Article
APA
Youngblood CD, Hodgson DS, Beard WL, Song Y, Prakash P, Heflin LV.
(2020).
Effect of position on transdiaphragmatic pressure and hemodynamic variables in anesthetized horses.
Can J Vet Res, 84(3), 205-211.
Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University Veterinary Health Center, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA (Youngblood, Hodgson, Beard, Heflin); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA (Song, Prakash).
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University Veterinary Health Center, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA (Youngblood, Hodgson, Beard, Heflin); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA (Song, Prakash).
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University Veterinary Health Center, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA (Youngblood, Hodgson, Beard, Heflin); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA (Song, Prakash).
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University Veterinary Health Center, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA (Youngblood, Hodgson, Beard, Heflin); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA (Song, Prakash).
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University Veterinary Health Center, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA (Youngblood, Hodgson, Beard, Heflin); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA (Song, Prakash).
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University Veterinary Health Center, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA (Youngblood, Hodgson, Beard, Heflin); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA (Song, Prakash).
MeSH Terms
- Anesthesia, General / veterinary
- Anesthetics, Intravenous / administration & dosage
- Animals
- Body Weight
- Diaphragm
- Female
- Heart Rate / drug effects
- Hemodynamics
- Horses
- Male
- Oxygen / blood
- Pressure
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